Airfoil Shape Optimisation Using a Multi-Fidelity Surrogate-Assisted Metaheuristic with a New Multi-Objective Infill Sampling Technique

This work presents multi-fidelity multi-objective infill-sampling surrogate-assisted optimization for airfoil shape optimization.The optimization problem is posed to maximize the lift and drag coefficient ratio subject to airfoil geometry constraints.Computational Fluid Dynamic(CFD)and XFoil tools are used for high and low-fidelity simulations of the airfoil to find the real objective function value.A special multi-objective sub-optimization problem is proposed for multiple points infill sampling exploration to improve the surrogate model constructed.To validate and further assess the proposed methods,a conventional surrogate-assisted optimization method and an infill sampling surrogate-assisted optimization criterion are applied with multi-fidelity simulation,while their numerical performance is investigated.The results obtained show that the proposed technique is the best performer for the demonstrated airfoil shape optimization.According to this study,applying multi-fidelity with multi-objective infill sampling criteria for surrogate-assisted optimization is a powerful design tool.

利用辐射度模型模拟玉米冠层辐射分布

随着遥感研究的深入和计算机技术的提高,地面目标二向性反射分布函数(BRDF)的研究不断深入,计算机模拟模型因其对植被结构的细致描述并能更真实模拟光线与植被冠层之间的相互作用,受到越来越多的学者重视。本文以2000年在中国科学院栾城生态系统试验站测量的夏玉米为例,在对玉米三维结构进行实地测量的基础上,利用扩展的L系统对生长期的玉米进行建模,进而应用基于真实结构场景的辐射度模型(RGM)计算了玉米场景的二向性反射率因子(BRF),对模拟结果与实测结果进行了分析与比较,结果显示两者之间具有较好的一致性。证明辐射度模型用于植被冠层光辐射分布模拟是行之有效的,可以为波谱库提供可靠的多角度数据,并为进一步冠层辐射分布的研究工作奠定了基础。

叶片非朗伯特性影响冠层辐射分布的辐射度模型模拟与分析

在大量的植被冠层遥感模型中,辐射度模型作为一种计算机模拟模型具有很多优点,它对理解植被—辐射相互作用过程和研究植被冠层辐射机理具有重要的理论价值。传统的辐射度模型假设冠层内叶片为朗伯体。但随着对叶片特性的深入研究发现,叶片的反射特性不能单纯的看成是理想漫反射过程。为了消除传统辐射度模型的朗伯假设,完善辐射度模型,本文利用Phong光照模型模拟叶片表面非朗伯(镜面反射)部分的分布特性,在基于真实结构冠层场景的辐射度模型(RGM)的基础上,增加了叶片镜面反射分量的计算。文中以玉米冠层为例,比较并分析了叶片的镜面反射分量对冠层辐射分布的影响。最后,从辐射度模型原理出发,进一步推导得出了计算冠层镜面反射分量的辐射度公式,从理论上证明了在可见光—近红外区的冠层镜面反射分量与波长无关。本文使用的方法具有简单、易于实现的特点。经过扩展后的辐射度模型既保留了传统辐射度模型的优点,又增加了该模型的功能和模拟范围。

扩展真实结构模型模拟植被冠层半球图像

半球成像技术是植被冠层结构非接触测量方法中的重要手段之一,但是在提取针叶林等复杂植被结构参数方面精度较低。目前,利用多波段计算和多相机比对来提高精度成为研究热点。由于仪器和环境条件限制,地面试验较为困难,因此开展半球图像模拟试验非常必要。目前的模拟研究仅集中在可见光波段,且多考虑单次散射,因而不适应多波段的模拟需求。基于球形投影和画家算法,对计算机真实结构模型RGM进行了扩展,充分考虑多次散射,实现了可见光、近红外和热红外多波段植被半球图像的快速模拟。模拟实例显示,扩展模型能有效而逼真地模拟不同类型冠层下方的不同波段的半球图像,并在可见光波段模拟出较好的太阳和天空效果。该扩展模型将为植被冠层结构测量和遥感反演研究提供有利支撑。

三维森林场景生成方法研究

森林的组成、结构及其动态变化一直是森林生态学研究的一个热点。由于森林结构复杂,如何用简单的模型模拟森林结构是一个难点问题。主要介绍了L-系统的原理,并用L-系统生成了单棵针叶树和阔叶树,进而结合森林生长模型ZELIG生成了复杂的针阔混交林场景。研究表明采用该方法很容易生成比较复杂的森林场景。

康普顿化的计算——推广的Kompaneets方程与Monte Carlo方法比较

在X射线天文学以及辐射物理学中,当硬X射线穿过“冷”的等离子体时所发生的Compton软化是一种重要的辐射转移过程。简要介绍推广的Kompaneets方程,该方程在hv《m_ec^2及kT_e《m_ec^2较宽松的条件下广泛成立,因此不仅能处理Compton硬化过程,而且也适用于Compton软化过程,后者在目前快速发展的X射线和γ射线天文学中十分重要。基于此方程,我们对天体物理中4种常见辐射谱(Gauss型发射谱线、黑体辐射谱、幂律辐射谱和热轫致辐射谱)在Compton软化情况下的港演化进行了数值求解,并同 Monte Carlo模拟结果做比较,证实了推广的 Kompaneets方程的正确性和有效性。最后指出此方程在X射线天文学和γ射线天文学中的重要意义和潜在应用。

地形因子对森林冠层BRF模拟的影响分析

针对利用计算机模拟模型进行森林冠层BRF模拟时,地形因子——高程、坡度和坡向对森林冠层接收太阳辐射的影响等问题,本文探讨了利用RGM(Radiosity-Graphics combined Model)模型进行森林冠层反射特性的研究,研究了将森林生长ZELIG模型和L-系统结合起来构建三维森林场景,并采用RGM模型模拟森林冠层的二向性反射特性。研究结果表明地形因子对BRF分布影响非常明显。

基于三维真实场景的落叶松林参数敏感性分析

森林冠层结构对太阳辐射能量有重要的影响,而双向反射率因子(BRF)在植被冠层反射研究中对冠层的生物物理特性起重要作用。本文在针叶树简化实验和落叶松模拟的基础上,分析了BRF对落叶松及其环境参数的敏感性:叶面积指数(LAI)、太阳位置、地面背景和天空光比例。研究结果表明冠层的空间结构分布、地面背景的类型对BRF有很大的影响。

A Study of Air/Space-borne Dual-Wavelength Radar for Estimation of Rain Profiles

In this study, a framework is given by which air/space-borne dual-wavelength radar data can be used to estimate the characteristic parameters of hydrometeors. The focus of the study is on the Global Precipitation Measurement （GPM） precipitation radar, a dual-wavelength radar that will operate in the Ku （13.6 GHz） and Ka （35 GHz） bands. A key aspect of the retrievals is the relationship between the differential frequency ratio （DFR） and the median volume diameter, Do, and its dependence on the phase state of the hydrometeors. It is shown that parametric plots of Do and particle concentration in the plane of the DFR and the radar reflectivity factor in the Ku band can be used to reduce the ambiguities in deriving Do from DFR. A self-consistent iterative algorithm, which does not require the use of an independent pathattenuation constraint, is examined by applying it to the apparent radar reflectivity profiles simulated from a drop size distribution （DSD） model. For light to moderate rain, the self-consistent rain profiling approach converges to the correct solution only if the same shape factor of the Gamma distributions is used both to generate and retrieve the rain profiles. On the other hand, if the shape factors differ, the iteration generally converges but not to the correct solution. To further examine the dual-wavelength techniques, the selfconsistent iterative algorithm, along with forward and backward rain profiling algorithms, are applied to measurements taken from the 2nd generation Precipitation Radar （PR-2） built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Consistent with the model results, it is found that the estimated rain profiles are sensitive to the shape factor of the size distribution when the iterative, self-consistent approach is used but relatively insensitive to this parameter when the forward- and backward-constrained approaches are used.

“Trends” and variations of global oceanic evaporation data sets from remote sensing

The variability in global oceanic evaporation data sets was examined for the period 1988-2000. These data sets are satellite estimates based on bulk aerodynamic formulations and include the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Flux version 2 （ GSSTF2）, the Japanese-ocean flux using remote sensing observations （J-OFURO）, and the Hamburg Ocean-Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite version 2 （HOAPS2）. The National Center for Environmental Prediction （NCEP） reanalysis is also included for comparison. An increase in global average surface latent heat flux （SLHF） can be observed in all the data sets. Empirical mode decomposition （EMD） shows long-term increases that started around 1990 for all remote sensing data sets. The effect of Mt. Pinatubo eruption in 1991 is clearly evident in HOAPS2 but is independent of the longterm increase. Linear regression analyses show increases of 9.4%, 13.0%, 7. 3%, and 3.9% for GSSTF2, J-OFURO, HOAPS2 and NCEP, for the periods of the data sets. Empirical orthogonal function （EOF） analyses show that the pattern of the first EOF of all data sets is consistent with a decadal variation associated with the enhancement of the tropical Hadley circulation, which is supported by other satellite observations. The second EOF of all four data sets is an ENSO mode, and the correlations between their time series and an SO1 are 0.74, 0.71,0.59, and 0.61 for GSSTF2, J-OFURO, HOAPS2, and NCEP in that order. When the Hadley modes are removed from the remote sensing data, the residue global increases are reduced to 2.2% , 7. 3%, and 〈 1% for GSSTF2, J-OFURO and HOAPS, respectively. If the ENSO mode is used as a calibration standard for the data sets, the Hadley mode is at least comparable to, if not larger than, the ENSO mode during our study period.

A Physical Origin for Quantum Entanglement and Probabilistic Behaviors

Quantum Mechanics’ entanglement and probabilistic behaviors are viewed in the light of Quantum Field Theory’s (QFT’s) advances made during the last century. In particular, Bohm’s version (B-EPR) of the Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen (EPR) experiment is now viewed with the aid of QFT’s modern description of electrons. In QFT, free electrons possess a bare core surrounded by a “dressing”. The dressing consists of one or more virtual particles/fields pulled from the vacuum during the bound electron’s parturition. In QFT, a bound electron’s freedom is aided by eliminating its energy losses from bremsstrahlung. The paper develops a “Shimony” numerical model using QFT’s free electron structure with the aid of a “random vector paradigm” (RVP). The RVP simply expresses QFT’s free electron as a bare core surrounded by an EM dressing. Using this RVP, we imbue newly freed electrons with a vector-like EM spin property of 1/2. From this, the Shimony Monte Carlo computer analysis provides a detailed comparison of the B-EPR experiment as described by Bell. The entanglement property can serve to provide a way to transport shared encoded information. Overall, the electron dressing can convey random elements that may provide QM with its entanglement and probabilistic behaviors.

A Note on Reviving the Goddard Satellite-Based Surface Turbulent Fluxes (GSSTF) Dataset

Accurate sea surface flux measurements are crucial for understanding the global water and energy cycles. The oceanic evaporation, which is a major component of the global oceanic fresh water flux, is useful for predicting oceanic circulation and transport. The global Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes Version-2 （GSSTF2; July 1987–December 2000） dateset that was o？cially released in 2001 has been widely used by scientific community for global energy and water cycle research, and regional and short period data analyses. We have recently been funded by NASA to resume processing the GSSTF dataset with an objective of continually producing a uniform dataset of sea surface turbulent fluxes, derived from remote sensing data. The dataset is to be reprocessed and brought up-to-date （GSSTF2b） using improved input datasets such as a recently upgraded NCEP/DOE sea surface temperature reanalysis, and an upgraded surface wind and microwave brightness temperature V6 dataset （Version 6） from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager （SSM/I） produced by Remote Sensing Systems （RSS）. A second new product （GSSTF3） is further proposed with a finer temporal （12-h） and spatial （0.25° × 0.25°） resolution. GSSTF2b （July 1987–December 2008） and GSSTF3 （July 1999–December 2009） will be released for the research community to use by late 2009 and early 2011, respectively.

The Influence of Changes in Vegetation Type on the Surface Energy Budget

The influence of changes in vegetation type on the surface energy budget was studied using the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) of Sellers et al. (1986). The modeled energy budget response to the conversion of forest to short vegetation or bare soil (deforestation) was investigated with SiB forced by three time--series of atmospheric boundary conditions collected at three different climatic sites: an Amazonian tropical forest, a U.S. Great Plains grassland, and a central Wales spruce forest. The results show that SiB can simulate realistic surface energy budgets and surface temperatures, and that deforestation may have a significant influellce on the local surface energy budget and surface weather. The influence is especially prominent at the Amazonian and U.S. Great Plains sites, and greater in summer than in other seasons.It was found that atmospheric boundary conditions play a dominant role in determining the degree of changes in the surface fluxes and temperature induced by deforestation; the largest change in latent heat flux appeared at the Amazon site, the largest change in sensible heat flux appeared at the Spruce forest site, and the largest change in surface temperature appeared at the Great Plains site. The Bowen ratios of the SiB sensitivity integrations for each site are comparable with observations. The values of the Bowen ratio and the ratio of latent heat flux to net radiation vary distinctly from site to site, implying that local atmospheric conditions limit the range of changes caused by the vegetation change.

A striking confluence between theory and observations of high-mass X-ray binary pulsars

We analyze the most powerful X-ray outbursts from neutron stars in eleven Magellanic high-mass X-ray binaries and three pulsating ultraluminous X-ray sources. Most of the outbursts rise to Lmax which is about the level of the Eddington luminosity, while the remaining more powerful outbursts also appear to recognize that limit when their emissions are assumed to be anisotropic and beamed toward our direction. We use the measurements of pulsar spin periods Ps and their derivatives Ps to calculate the X-ray luminosities Lp in their faintest accreting （＂propeller-line＂） states. In five cases with unknown Ps, we use the lowest observed X-ray luminosities, which only adds to the heterogeneity of the sample. Then we calculate the ratios Lp/Lmax and we obtain an outstanding confluence of theory and observations from which we conclude that work done on both fronts is accurate and the results are trustworthy： sources known to reside on the lowest Magellanic propeller line are all located on/near that line, whereas other sources jump higher and reach higher-lying propeller lines. These jumps can be interpreted in only one way, higher-lying pulsars have stronger surface magnetic fields in agreement with previous empirical results in which Ps and Lp values were not used.

Coniferous Canopy BRF Simulation Based on 3-D Realistic Scene

It is difficulties for the computer simulation method to study radiation regime at large-scale.Simplified coniferous model was investigated in the present study.It makes the computer simulation methods such as L-systems and radiosity-graphics combined method(RGM) more powerful in remote sensing of heterogeneous coniferous forests over a large-scale region.L-systems is applied to render 3-D coniferous forest scenarios,and RGM model was used to calculate BRF(bidirectional reflectance factor) in visible and near-infrared regions.Results in this study show that in most cases both agreed well.Meanwhile at a tree and forest level,the results are also good.

Flaring activity from quiescent states in neutron-star X-ray binaries

We examine systematically the observed X-ray luminosity jumps(or flares) from quiescent states in millisecond binary pulsars(MSBPs) and high-mass X-ray binary pulsars(HMXBPs). We rely on the published X-ray light curves of seven pulsars: four HMXBPs, two MSBPs and the ultraluminous X-ray pulsar M82 X-2. We discuss the physics of their flaring activities or lack thereof, paying special attention to their emission properties when they are found on the propeller line, inside the Corbet gap or near the light-cylinder barrier. We provide guiding principles for future interpretations of faint X-ray observations, as well as a method of constraining the propeller lines and the dipolar surface magnetic fields of pulsars using a variety of quiescent states. In the process, we clarify some disturbing inaccuracies that have made their way into the published literature.

森林冠层BRF分布模拟

森林的组成、结构及其动态变化一直是林业遥感研究的一个热点,森林冠层结构对太阳辐射能量分布以及植被冠层的生物物理参数有非常重要的影响.针对计算机模拟模型难以用于大尺度的森林场景模拟和森林参数反演等问题,基于针叶枝简化的方法,分析了利用辐射度模型(RGM)进行森林冠反射特性研究,将森林生长模型(ZELIG)和L-系统结合进行三维虚拟森林场景建模,进而利用RGM模型模拟它们在可见光和近红外波段的双向反射率因子(BRF),并将模拟光谱和长白山研究区的多角度CHRIS(the compact high resolution imaging spectrometer)数据进行了比较.结果表明:模型模拟的5个角度光谱和图像光谱基本吻合.这将对利用RGM模型和多角度CHRIS数据进行森林冠层结构参数的反演具有重要的参考价值.

THEMIS observations of two substorms on February 26,2008

Two substorms occurred at ～04:05 and ～04:55 UT on February 26,2008 are studied with the in-situ observations of THEMIS satellites and ground-based aurora and magnetic field measurements.Angelopoulos et al.have made a comprehensive study of the 04:55 UT event.We showed detailed features of the two substorms with much attention to the first event and to the rela-tionship between mid-tail magnetic reconnection(MR) and substorm activities.It was found that in the earlier stage of each substorm,a first auroral intensification occurred 2-3 min soon after the start of mid-tail MR,followed by a slow and very lim-ited expansion.The auroral arcs were weak,short-lived,and localized,characterizing all features of a pseudobreakup.We re-garded the first auroral brightening as the initial onset of the substorms.A few minutes later,a second stronger auroral intensification appeared,followed by quick and extensive expansions.It was interesting to note that the second brightening and related poleward expansion happened almost simultaneously(within a couple of minutes) with the onset of earthward flow and dipolarization in the near-Earth tail and other phenomenon of the substorm expansion phase.We thus regarded the second auroral brightening as the major onset of the substorms.Furthermore,it was seen that during the growth phase of the two substorms,the polar cap open flux Ψ kept increasing,while it quickly reduced during the substorm expansion and recovery phase.These variations of Ψ implied that the evolution of the two substorm expansion phases were closely related to MR of tail lobe open field lines.Analysis of substorm activities revealed that the two events studied were small substorms;while estimate of MR rate indicated that the MR processes in the two substorms were weak.The aforementioned observations suggested that mid-tail MR initiated the pseudobreakup first;the earthward flow generated by MR transported magnetic flux and energy to the near-Earth tail to cause the formation of SCW and CD,which induced near-Earth dipolarization and major auroral brightening,and eventually led to the onset of the substorm expansion phase.These results were clearly consistent with the picture of NENL and RCS models and supported the two step initiation scenario of substorms.

THEMIS星座对2008年2月26日磁层亚暴的观测--磁尾重联触发的亚暴分析研究

本文利用THEMIS卫星结合地面极光和地磁的观测,研究了2008年2月26日04:05和04:55UT的两次亚暴事件.Angelopoulos已经对发生在04:55UT的第二个亚暴事件做了分析.本文对两次亚暴的相关活动进行了详细研究,特别对第一次做了深入讨论,并着重分析了磁重联与亚暴活动的关系.在两次亚暴的初始阶段,第一次极光增亮发生在中磁尾磁重联后2～3min,但是持续时间较短,极向膨胀缓慢,与伪暴的特征相似,标志了亚暴的初突发(initial onset).两次亚暴都存在第二次极光增亮和极光的极向膨胀,且时间与近地磁尾观测的地向流和磁场偶极化同时发生,并与亚暴膨胀相的其他活动的发生同步,标志了亚暴的主突发(major onset).在两次亚暴的增长相期间,极盖区开放磁通量持续增加;在亚暴膨胀相和恢复相中,极盖区磁通量迅速减少.表明两次亚暴膨胀相的演化分别与两次尾瓣开放磁力线重联过程相联系的.从亚暴活动的参数分析,这两次亚暴都属于小亚暴范围;从重联率分析,两次磁重联都属于弱重联.本文的观测结果表明,中磁尾磁尾重联首先触发伪暴;高速流将磁通量和能量传输到近地磁尾;高速流减速最终导致亚暴电流楔(substorm current wedge,简称SCW)的形成和电流中断,产生近地偶极化和极光膨胀,引起亚暴膨胀相突发.本文的观测结果是对近地中性线模型(near earth neutral line,简称NENL)和重联-电流中断协同模型(synthesis scenario of MR and CD,简称RCS)模型及亚暴膨胀相两步突发观点的有力支持.

Metadata requirements analysis for the emerging Sensor Web

The Sensor Web has emerged from Earth Science research with the development of Web technology,to achieve process automation,sensor interoperation,and service synergy.These promises require the discovery of the right sensor at the right time and the right location with the right quality.Metadata,for sensor,platform,and data,are crucial for achieving such goals.However,analysis and practical use of these metadata reveals that the metadata and their associations are not applicable or suitable for the Sensor Web.The shortfalls are(1)the nonstandard metadata expression language;(2)the missing link between sensor and domain knowledge;(3)the insufficiency in the information for geographic locating and sensor tasking;and(4)the enhanced requirements on the quality,security,and ownership of both sensors and their sensed data.This paper reviews the current standards that have metadata components for the sensor and its platform,especially those from ISO TC211,Open Geospatial Consortium Inc.,and The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Change Master Directory.A recommendation on metadata that meets the requirement of crossmission sensor discovery in a pervasive Web environment is derived from them.The recommendation addresses issues on language formalization,sensor geolocation,semantics,quality,and accessibility.Roles of the emerging semantic Web technology for enabling robust discovery of sensor are discussed.