Leisure-time physical activity and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes:Cross-country comparison of cohort studies

Purpose:This study aimed to quantify the dose-response association and the minimal effective dose of leisure-time physical activity(PA)to prevent mortality and cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes.Methods:Cross-country comparison of 2 prospective cohort studies including 14,913 and 17,457 population-based adults with type 2 diabetes from the UK and China.Baseline leisure-time PA was self-reported and categorized by metabolic equivalent hours per week(MET-h/week)according to World Health Organization recommendations:none,below recommendation(>0-7.49 MET-h/week);at recommended level(7.5-14.9 MET-h/week);above recommendation(>15 MET-h/week).Mortality and cardiovascular disease data were obtained from national registries.Results:During a median follow-up of 12.4 and 9.7 years,in the UK and China cohorts,repectively,higher levels of leisure-time PA were inversely associated with all-cause(1571 and 2351 events)and cardiovascular mortality(392 and 1060 events),mostly consistent with a linear dose-response relationship.PA below,at,and above recommendations,compared with no activity,yielded all-cause mortality hazard ratios of0.94(95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.79-1.12),0.90(95%CI:0.74-1.10),and 0.85(95%CI:0.70-1.02)in British adults and 0.87(95%CI:0.68-1.10),0.88(95%CI:0.74-1.03),and 0.77(95%CI:0.70-0.85)in Chinese adults.Associations with cardiovascular mortality were more pronounced in British adults(0.80(95%CI:0.58-1.11),0.75(95%CI:0.52-1.09),and 0.69(95%CI:0.48-0.97))but less pronounced in Chinese adults(1.06(95%CI:0.76-1.47),1.01(95%CI:0.80-1.28),and 0.79(95%CI:0.69-0.92)).PA at recommended levels was not associated with lower rates of major adverse cardiovascular events(2345 and 4458 events).Conclusion:Leisure-time PA at the recommended levels was not convincingly associated with lower mortality and had no association with risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in British or Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes.Leisure-time PA above current recommendations may be needed to prevent cardiovascular disease and premature mortality in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Dendritic cell deficiencies persist seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus(SARS-CoV)-2 infection induces an exacerbated inflammation driven by innate immunity components.Dendritic cells(DCs)play a key role in the defense against viral infections,for instance plasmacytoid DCs(pDCs),have the capacity to produce vast amounts of interferon-alpha(IFN-α).In COVID-19 there is a deficit in DC numbers and IFN-αproduction,which has been associated with disease severity.In this work,we described that in addition to the DC deficiency,several DC activation and homing markers were altered in acute COVID-19 patients,which were associated with multiple inflammatory markers.Remarkably,previously hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients remained with decreased numbers of CD1c+myeloid DCs and pDCs seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection.Moreover,the expression of DC markers such as CD86 and CD4 were only restored in previously nonhospitalized patients,while no restoration of integrinβ7 and indoleamine 2,3-dyoxigenase(IDO)levels were observed.These findings contribute to a better understanding of the immunological sequelae of COVID-19.

Plasmonic metal‐organic frameworks

Plasmonic metal‐organic frameworks are composite nanoparticles comprising plasmonic metal nanoparticles(NPs)embedded within a metalorganic framework(MOF)matrix.As a result,not only the functionalities of the individual components are retained,but synergistic effects additionally provide improved chemical and physical properties.Recent progress in plasmonic MOFs has demonstrated the potential for nanofabrication and various nanotechnology applications.Synthetic challenges toward plasmonic MOFs have been recently addressed,resulting in new opportunities toward practical applications,such as surface‐enhanced Raman scattering,therapy,and catalysis.The impact of key parameters(thermodynamic vs.kinetic)on the synthetic pathways of plasmonic MOFs is reviewed,while providing insight into related progress toward structure‐derived applications.

The versatility of Fe(Ⅱ) in the synthesis of uniform citrate-stabilized plasmonic nanoparticles with tunable size at room temperature

A highly versatile seed-mediated approach for the synthesis of citrate-stabilized gold,silver and palladium nanoparticles(NPs)with size control is reported.The use of iron(Ⅱ)as a reducing agent enables the fabrication of monodisperse NPs in a wide range of sizes(from 15 nm to at least 120 nm(90 nm for Pd))at room temperature.The citrate as capping ligand on the NPs surface facilitates its further surface modification with proteins and thiolated molecules.

SERS sensing for cancer biomarker:Approaches and directions

These days,cancer is thought to be more than just one illness,with several complex subtypes that require different screening approaches.These subtypes can be distinguished by the distinct markings left by metabolites,proteins,miRNA,and DNA.Personalized illness management may be possible if cancer is categorized according to its biomarkers.In order to stop cancer from spreading and posing a significant risk to patient survival,early detection and prompt treatment are essential.Traditional cancer screening techniques are tedious,time-consuming,and require expert personnel for analysis.This has led scientists to reevaluate screening methodologies and make use of emerging technologies to achieve better results.Using time and money saving techniques,these methodologies integrate the procedures from sample preparation to detection in small devices with high accuracy and sensitivity.With its proven potential for biomedical use,surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)has been widely used in biosensing applications,particularly in biomarker identification.Consideration was given especially to the potential of SERS as a portable clinical diagnostic tool.The approaches to SERS-based sensing technologies for both invasive and non-invasive samples are reviewed in this article,along with sample preparation techniques and obstacles.Aside from these significant constraints in the detection approach and techniques,the review also takes into account the complexity of biological fluids,the availability of biomarkers,and their sensitivity and selectivity,which are generally lowered.Massive ways to maintain sensing capabilities in clinical samples are being developed recently to get over this restriction.SERS is known to be a reliable diagnostic method for treatment judgments.Nonetheless,there is still room for advancement in terms of portability,creation of diagnostic apps,and interdisciplinary AI-based applications.Therefore,we will outline the current state of technological maturity for SERS-based cancer biomarker detection in this article.The review will meet the demand for reviewing various sample types(invasive and non-invasive)of cancer biomarkers and their detection using SERS.It will also shed light on the growing body of research on portable methods for clinical application and quick cancer detection.