Mortality Observed in the General Surgery Department “A” at the University Hospital Center of Point “G” in Bamako

In Mali, few studies have concerned overall mortality in general surgery, but several specific studies have concerned the different affections. Reflection on the causes of death is an inherent part of the activity of any motivated surgical team. Objective: To analyze the rate and the main causes of mortality in the General “A” surgical department of the Point “G” CHU. Patients Method: Our study was retrospective, descriptive and covered a period of 5 years from 01/01/2014 to 12/31/2018. We collected 152 deaths for 2011 hospitalized patients. The data were collected from the files of these deaths on pre-established investigation forms. The deceased patients were classified as operative and non-operative death, death from non-cancerous and cancerous diseases, deaths occurring in emergencies and deaths in regulated surgery. Results: We recorded 152 cases of death for 2011 hospitalized patients, either an overall mortality rate of 7.55%. The average age of deaths was 44.20 years +- 17.51 years with extremes ranging from 7 years to 85 years. The sex ratio was 1.62 in favor of men. The causes of death were represented by cancerous pathologies (69 deaths or 34.67%), non-cancerous pathologies (83 deaths or 4.58%). Conclusion: The mortality rate in general surgery remains high and is mainly linked to cancerous pathologies and the delay in taking care of patients.

Volvulus of the Sigmoid Colon—Management in the Surgery “A” Department of the Teaching Hospital of Point G

Introduction: The volvulus of the sigmoid colon is the twist of the sigmoid handle on its mesocolic axis, achieving a low occlusion by strangulation. Methodology: The study was conducted in the surgery “A” department of the Teaching Hospital of Point G in Bamako. The study is retrospective and descriptive, over 5 years, ranging from January 2014 to December 2018. We conducted a comprehensive recruitment of all patients operated on for sigmoid volvulus during the study period. The only criterion for inclusion was patients operated on for volvulus of the sigmoid colon in the surgery “A” department of the Point G Hospital and the non-inclusion criteria were all patients operated on for other sigmoid pathologies without volvulation and patients operated on for other types of occlusions. Result: We conducted an exhaustive recruitment of 55 patients operated on for sigmoid volvulus during the study period. Sigmoid volvulus accounted for 13.75% of intestinal obstructions. The average age of patients was 48.013 ± 18.042 years with extremes of 24 years and 82 years. The age group 40 - 49 was the most represented at 21.8%. The sex ratio (M/F) was 8 in favour of male sex. The duration of the disease was less than 1-day in 50.94% of patients. There were two cases of ileo-sigmoid nodes. Immediate anastomosis resection was performed in 27 patients or 49.2% of cases. The time to restore continuity when specified was between 60 - 90 days and the median incision was the most common route of recovery at 80.8% of cases. The average length of hospitalization was 9 days with extremes of 2 days and 42 days. The morbidity rate was 7.3%. In our study we had 3 deaths or 5.5% of the cases. Conclusion: The volvulus of the sigmoid colon is the twist of the sigmoid handle on its mesocolic axis, achieving a low occlusion by strangulation. The volvulus of sigmoid is a serious surgical emergency that requires early diagnosis and management. In Mali, there is no validated consensus for the choice between immediate anastomosis resection if possible and multi-stage surgery. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the different surgical approaches carried out in the surgery “A” department of the Point G Hospital.

Stomach Cancer: Surgical Management and Impact of Lymph Node Dissection in Survival at the Surgery “A” Department of the National Hospital of Point “G” (Mali)

Introduction: Although its incidence has tended to decrease for several years, stomach cancer remains one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Globally, gastric cancer is the 4th most common cancer in men, the 5th in women, and the third leading cause of cancer death in men, the 5th in women. Patients and Methods: This was an analytical, prospective and descriptive study. Study Framework: Our study took place in the “A” surgery department of the Point “G” Hospital in Bamako. Study Period: August 1, 2003 to August 31, 2005. The design and preparation phase of the fact sheet lasted 1 month. The data collection phase lasted 18 months. All the patients who consulted for gastric tumor had a record. The follow-up phase of the patients lasted 6 months during which the patients were followed by appointment, by contact person or seen at home. Data entry and analysis were conducted with Epi-Info software (version 6.0). Inclusion Criteria: All patients hospitalized for gastric cancer in the “A” surgery department of the Point “G” Hospital. Result: The distribution of patients according to the evolutionary stage TNM was: Stage IV (50 cases, or 64.94%);Stage III (21 cases, or 27.27%);Stage II (6 cases, or 7.79%). In our series the average age was 59 with extremes of 20 to 85 years. The most represented age group was 46 - 65 years. Men were 60 cases (77.90%) 17 cases for women (22.10%). The sex ratio was 3.53 in favor of men. All 77 patients were recruited during the outpatient clinic, including 55 patients referred by a physician and 20 patients who came by themselves. Esogastroduodenal fibroscopy was performed in all of our patients. The tumor was localized: to the cardia in 10 cases;cardiac fundus in 2 cases;antrum in 24 cases;antro-pyloric in 28 cases;Pylorus in 1 case;great curvature in 5 cases;small curvature in 2 cases. Postoperative complications were: parietal infection in 12 cases or 17.40%;digestive fistula in 3 cases and evisceration is 1.40%. The overall three-month survival rate was 51.90% and at 6 months was 48.10%. Conclusion: Stomach cancer is the most common digestive cancer in Mali. In Africa the diagnosis is usually late and the R1 lymph node dissections remain the basic technique, despite the results obtained in the Japanese series. The results of several major series argue for their effectiveness in improving patient survival.

Peritonitis Management through Appendicular Perforation in the Department of Surgery Bougouni Hospital (Mali)

Introduction: Appendicular peritonitis is a complication of acute appendicitis characterized by the spread of the infectious process in the peritoneal cavity thus achieving wide spread or localized purulent peritonitis;it’s a medico-surgical emergency. Our objectives are to determine the frequency, describe the clinical, therapeutic and prognostic aspects of peritonitis by appendicular perforations. Patients-Method: This was a 24-month retro, prospective, descriptive study from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019;conducted in the Bougouni Reference Health Center Surgery Unit. All patients of appendicular peritonitis at the Bougouni Reference Health Centre were included. Results: During the study period, 68 cases of generalized acute peritonitis including 30 appendicular peritonitis cases were collected. Appendicular peritonitis accounted for 44.1% of surgical procedures. Males accounted for 71.0% with a sex ratio of 1.2 at risk of men, the average age was 26.07 years. Abdominal pain and vomiting were the reasons for consultation in 86.7% and 76.7% of cases. Physical examination was used in most cases to make the diagnosis. X-ray of the abdomen without preparation, and abdominal ultrasound were performed systematically. Surgical treatment consisted of an appendectomy with peritoneal toilet followed by drainage. The average length of hospitalization was 8.8 days with extremes of 1 - 44 days. Hospital mortality was 3.3%;morbidity and high mortality were related to delayed consultation. Conclusion: Appendicular generalized acute peritonitis is a medical-surgical emergency with a high mortality rate associated with delayed management.

Experience of the Department of Surgery “A” Point-G Hospital in the Management of Hemorrhoids (Mali)

Introduction: Hemorrhoidal disease is the most common condition in proctology: it is defined by signs or symptoms attributed to hemorrhoids. There is no parallel between the extent of hemorrhoidal anatomical disease and the symptoms described by patients. Our objective was to assess the incidence of hemorrhoidal disease, to diagnose it and to propose therapeutics. Patients and Method: This was a prospective and descriptive study based on a pre-established protocol that had taken place over a 12-month period. All patients (92 cases) underwent a general examination and a proctological examination. Anoscopy has often been associated with rectoscope with or without biopsy of the rectal mucosa. The inclusion criteria were the finding of hemorrhoidal disease, associated or not with other proctological diseases and the criteria for non-inclusion was any other anorectal pathology. Results: Among our patients there were 69 men or 75% of cases and 23 women or 25% of cases. The sex ratio was 3 in favor of men, the average age was 35.42. The duration of progression of the disease was between 0 - 2 years in 59.78%. Constipation (60 cases or 66.3%) and diarrhea (60 cases or 22.8%) were the factors that triggered the disease. Hemorrhoids with 3 packets were the most common (49 cases or 53.26%). 56 patients were treated medically and 36 patients were operated on. The surgical technique was simple hemorrhoidectomy according to MILLIGAN and MORGAN. It was associated with a fissurectomy in 8.33% of cases, a fistulectomy in 13.90% of cases or a thrombectomy in 33.33%. Early surgical sequels were dominated by pain in all patients, rectorragie, and urine retention. We did not deplore any deaths. Conclusion: Hemorrhoidal disease is an anatomoclinical entity that is still poorly elucidated and no direct link between the nature of the lesions and symptomatology can be established.

Complications of Goitre Surgery in “A” Surgery at the Chu of Point G

Total or partial thyroidectomy has been proposed as the initial treatment for benign euthyroid oiter. The aim of this study is to determine the complications associated with surgical procedures for goiter, based on our experience. Material and method: A retrospective study over 10 years concerning 409 patients operated on for goiters in the department with 48 cases of complications. Results: 409 patients operated on for goiter in the department with 48 cases of complications (11.82%). The per- and post-operative complications were: hemorrhage (18: 4.40%), recurrent lesions (1;0.24%), 8 cases of infection (1.96%), 5 cases of transient hypocalcemia (1.22%) and phonation disorders 9 cases (2.20%). Conclusion: Complications from goiter surgery seem to be more related to thyroid disease and the surgeon’s experience than to the surgical procedure. Better knowledge of the factors leading to complications will improve the outcome of goiter surgery.

Post-Operatory Acute Eviscerations in Teaching Hospitals of Bamako (Mali)

Introduction: Post-operative acute evisceration is defined as a total dehiscence of the abdominal wall of all the constituents of the abdominal wall. The objective is to determine hospital frequency, identify favorable factors and key etiologies, and assess the rate of morbi-mortality. Patients and Method: This is a retrospective and descriptive study carried out in the general surgery departments of the Teaching Hospitals of Point “G”, Gabriel TOURE and the pediatric surgery department of the Gabriel TOURE University Hospital in Bamako, involving 53 patients. The study ran from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2007. Inclusion Criteria: All cases of postoperative acute evisceration operated. Non-Inclusion Criteria: All cases of evisceration of other etiologies. Results: The average age was 34.2 years with extremes of 6 and 75 years, the sex ratio was 1.12 in favor of women. The initial clinical picture was peritonitis in 26 cases or 49.1%, occlusion in 16 cases or 30.2% and tumors in 6 cases or 11.3%. The post-operative complications responsible for evisceration were: parietal suppuration 28 cases or 52.8%;digestive fistulas 15 cases or 28.3%;post-operative ascites 4 cases or 7.5%. Conclusion: Post-operative acute evisceration is a rare but serious condition due to morbidity and mortality.

Surgical Management of a Case of Splenic Necrosis at Point G Chu in Bamako

Splenic infarction is a rare condition (1/500,000 and 1/100,000) but potentially fatal. The prognosis depends on the diagnostic delay and above all on the speed of treatment. It usually occurs in a particular area such as myeloproliferative syndrome, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia etc. The objective of this work was to report a clinical case of necrosis of the spleen.

Popliteal Artery Aneurysms

A popliteal artery aneurysm is defined as a dilation of the popliteal artery greater than 20 mm, or greater than 50% at diameter of the native artery. Popliteal artery aneurysms are rare, but are most common in the lower extremities. These aneurysms have a high risk of ischemic complications and amputations even in unoperated patients. We describe the case of a 54-year-old man, hypertensive, with a large popliteal artery aneurysm. Doppler ultrasound and CT angiography of the lower limbs showed a 100 × 80 mm aneurysm of the popliteal artery. This aneurysm is responsible for venous compression with edema of the tissues under the skin. The patient was treated and a flattening of the aneurysm associated with bypass by the inverted right internal saphenous vein taken from the ipsilateral leg was performed. The patient was discharged on the 6th day of the operation. The patient was seen again at the outpatient clinic for one month and in the 3rd month an arterial Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs performed had shown patency of the venous graft and disappearance of the intermittent claudication.

Double Volvulus, Transverse Colon and Sigmoid at Kati Chu BSS: About 2 Cases

The simultaneous double volvulus of the transverse colon and sigmoid in the same patient is a rare cause of intestinal occlusion. Two cases were observed in general surgery in Kati. Its clinical symptomatology does not differ from other occlusions as well as simple radiological images. It is an extreme surgical emergency, the diagnosis is generally intraoperative. Extensive left hemi colectomy with terminoterminal rectal anastomosis was performed. The surgical follow-up was simple.

TyphicIleal Perforation at Kati Chu-BSS for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects (Mali)

Ileal perforation of typhus origin is a common and serious complication of typhoid fever in tropical environments. It is one of the main causes of morbidity in surgery in Mali. However, it would be preventable if salmonellosis were properly managed upstream, and if our living environments were cleaned up. The purpose of this study is to report on the experience of the Kati UHC General Surgery Department in the management of peritonitis by typhic perforation and to assess its prognosis. Patients and Method: This is a retrospective descriptive study that took place from January 2007 to December 2020 in the General Surgery department of the Hospitalo-University BSS Center of Kati (Mali). We have included patients who have undergone peritonitis with confirmed typhic ileal perforation with laparotomy. The other etiologies of peritonitis by ileal perforation were not retained. Results: In 14 years, we collected 89 cases of peritonitis by typhic ileal perforation. It accounted for 3.14% (89/2829) of surgical procedures, 37.5% (89/1181) of visceral surgical emergencies and 27.6% (89/322) of all acute peritonitis causes combined. There were 70 men against 29 women;the sex ratio was 2.4 with an average age of 25.8 years (extremes 8 years to 65 years). Anastomosis resetions (ileo ileal and ileocolic) predominated in 71.8% of patients. However, the ileo stoma was performed in 5.6%. A significant relationship (p 0.05) was observed between high mortality and MPI score > 26. Morbidity was 39.4% with mortality of 15.7%. The average length of stay in hospital was 12.2 days. Conclusion: Typhoid ileal perforation is common in young male adolescents in visceral surgery. This pathology generates significant morbidity. However with the extension of hand washing after Ebola disease its frequency has dropped.

Kati Chu BSS External Genital Organ Delivery Syndrome: Inguinal Pedicle Flap Plasty

Fournier’s syndrome is a poly microbial necrotizing fasciitis, of severe evolution of the perineum and external genitals. Objectives: We report the experience of the service in the management of Fournier gangrene of the external genital organs by inguinal flap pediculated in front of the loss of significant substances of the scrotum. Patients and method: This was a mono-centric retrospective study from January 2008 to August 2021 in the General Surgery Department of the Bocar Sidi Sall University Hospital (CHU BSS) in Kati. It focused on patients treated for Fournier gangrene of external genitals. The variables studied were age, sex, blood count, germs encountered, the antibiogram, duration of evolution, reconstruction of the scrotum by pedicle flap, and morbidity. Results: During the study period we collected 5 cases of Fournier gangrene of external genitals in the service. The average age was 57.6 years and all the patients were male. The average duration of evolution was 5 days for an average age of 57.6 years. All patients were male. Echerichia coli (E. coli) was the frequently observed germ followed by Enterobacter fécalis (E. fecalis). They were resistant to the usual antibiotics. The germs were 100% sensitive to imipeneme and nitrofurantoin, 70% to gentamycin. The wide necrosectomy followed 3 weeks later by the inguinal flap pedicular plasty greatly improved the surgical procedures. Conclusion: Fournier’s syndrome is a medical surgical emergency whose prognosis is strongly related to early management.