Deposits and depositional sequence nearby Iluanghe Harbour in the Huanghe River Delta

The sedimentary sequence of the upper 4 m deposits in the Huanghe Harbour Pit is as follows, 1, Distributary mouth bar deposits formed before 1964; 2. lower delta plain (tidal flat) and subaqueous delta lateral deposits formed in the period of 1964-1972; 3. deposits of crevasse splay and distributary channel near mouth, formed in the period of 1972-1974; 4. tidal flat deposits formed in the period of 1975-1984. The sequence shows superimposition of sedimentary environments parallel to coastline.

Review of the Ochsenius Theory for Salt Generation in the Transylvanian Basin,Romania

This short study aims to highlight contradictions in Ochsenius’s model for the basin-wide salt generation(Kara-Bogas bay desiccation).Without claiming completeness,and through numerous records cited from the specific literature,we attempt to point at crucial incoherencies in the classical evaporitic model.In our presupposition,these might have led our ancestors to conclude that basin-wide salt generation needs theoretically well-based models.This is emphatically true for the Transylvanian Basin,Romania.The selected records are basic for the specific topic.We checked their validity by logical reasoning and by literature references.As for salt generation,the classical Ochsenius model has been upheld for the generation of evaporates even though it has been known that there are records denying the exclusivity of the evaporation model.It has also been proven that deep-sea salt exists,yet terminology is reluctant to follow the new discoveries.If non-evaporitic salt generation exists,it entails that huge salt deposits may exist,which are not remnants of a desiccation process.These cannot be considered as part of the classical theory of evaporation.Former researchers left important but neglected records,which should have updated the model of Ochsenius by now.Well-documented historical observation uncovered some contradictions in the salt generation of the Transylvanian Basin,Romania.Hereby we list 10 important contradictions,which may reveal that the well-known theory of Ochsenius(i.e.drying of Kara Bogaz bay)ought to be challenged for the Transylvanian Basin.

Assessment of hybrid geoids in Chile and Spain,combining GGM and GNSS/Leveling observations

This research presents the results for analyses done to five geopotential global models(GGM),comparing them with ground data from GNSS and leveling in heterogenic zones from the geodetic perspective,in Chile and Spain.While the official and complete implementation of the International Height Reference Frame(IHRF)has not yet been established,the vertical geodetic system of many countries is not calculated on a global scale;instead,it is calculated by the variation of relative heights between one or more local tide gauges,such as in the case of Spain and Chile.This aspect creates regional and specific altimetry data,which disables the use of GGM to directly obtain the orthometric height of the vertical reference system(VRS)from the GNSS heights.Global models currently reach centimetric precision due to their high resolution but are directly incompatible for a local level.To solve this,we expose in this article the contrast between geometric geoidal undulation(ellipsoidal heights and orthometric data from the leveling networks in Spain and Chile)with the geoidal undulation in more recent models and higher resolution:Earth Gravitational Model 2008(EGM08),European Improved Gravity model of the Earth by New techniques(EIGEN6 C4),Gravity Observation Combination(GOCO05 C),Experimental Gravity Field Model(XGM2016),and Ultra-High Resolution Global Geopotential Model(SGG-UGM),adjusting the residual between both referential heights by different parametric models and polynomials of determined order.Once evaluated,their geoidal undulations are combined with GNSS/leveling data from the corresponding VRS to generate a correcting surface,which is also known as a hybrid geoid,resulting in a model of optimal adjustment for the combination of five parameters of the EIGEN-6 C4 with orthometric heights and ellipsoids of both Chile and Spain.The results show 2-3 cm precisions,which were statistically analyzed to determine the suitability for use.The final products are three grids of independent hybrid geoids,one for northern Spain and two for Chile(central and north),which allow continuous access to the VRS of each country using the GNSS’s full potential until the IHRF is available and ready for use.

南京汤山石笋高分辨率氧-碳同位素记录对气候事件的快速响应

根据南京汤山石笋高分辨率氧－碳同位素分析结果，讨论了 ５０～４０ ｋａＢＰ期间 ４个 Ｄａｎｓｇａａｒｄ－Ｏｅｓｃｈｇｅｒ冷暖旋回的洞穴温度和地表植被的快速响应过程．研究发现，Ｄ－Ｏ暖事件时Ｃ３型植被丰度降低，指示了大气有效降水量的减少．石笋氧同位素曲线与格陵兰冰芯对比表明，东亚季风气候在数十年至百年尺度上与高纬极地气候变化基本一致，但石笋对冰漂碎屑事件Ｈ５标定的年龄比格陵兰冰芯提前 ２０ ｋａ，由于定年方法不同，目前尚难确定两者气候事件的相位问题．

Application of Remote Sensing and GIS to the Study of Land Use/Cover Change and Urbanization Expansion in Basrah Province, Southern Iraq

In recent years, land use/cover dynamic change has become a key subject that needs to be dealt with in the study of global environmental change. In this paper, remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are integrated to monitor, map, and quantify the land use/cover change in the southern part of Iraq (Basrah Province was taken as a case) by using a 1:250 000 mapping scale. Remote sensing and GIS software were used to classify Landsat TM in 1990 and Landsat ETM+ in 2003 imagery into five land use and land cover (LULC) classes: vegetation, sand, urban area, unused land, and water bodies. Supervised classification and normalized difference build-up index (NDBI) were used respectively to retrieve its urban boundary. An accuracy assessment was performed on the 2003 LULC map to determine the reliability of the map. Finally, GIS software was used to quantify and illustrate the various LULC conversions that took place over the 13-year span of time. Results showed that the urban area had increased by the rate of 1.2% per year, with area expansion from 3 299.1 km2 in 1990 to 3 794.9 km2 in 2003. Large vegetation area in the north and southeast were converted into urban construction land. The land use/cover changes of Basrah Province were mainly caused by rapid development of the urban economy and population immigration from the countryside. In addition, the former government policy of "returning farmland to transportation and huge expansion in military camps" was the major driving force for vegetation land change. The paper concludes that remote sensing and GIS can be used to create LULC maps. It also notes that the maps generated can be used to delineate the changes that take place over time.