Platform Evolution in an Oligo-Miocene Back-arc Basin:An Example from the Central Iran Basin

The Qom Formation is the most important hydrocarbon reservoir target in Central Iran.The Qom platform developed in a back-arc basin during the Oligo-Miocene due to the closing of the Tethyan Seaway.This formation consists of a variety of carbonate and non-carbonate facies deposited on a platform ranging from supratidal to basin.A combination of tectonic and eustatic events led to some lateral and vertical facies variations in the study area.Six third-order depositional sequences and related surfaces were identified regarding vertical facies changes in the studied sections of this Oligo-Miocene succession.According to all results and data,this succession was initially deposited during the Chattian upon a distally steepened ramp of siliciclastic-carbonate composition,including the Bouma sequence.Then,from the late Chattian to the Aquitanian,the platform changed into a homoclinal carbonate ramp with a gentle profile.With respect to tectonic activity,this phase was a calm period during the deposition of the Qom Formation.Finally,a drowned carbonate platform and a rimmed shelf emerged during the Burdigalian,terminated by the continental deposits of the Upper Red Formation.Regarding all geological characteristics,three main tectono-eustatic evolutionary phases have been recognized in the Qom back-arcbasin.

主动源全波形反演在内蒙古居延海坳陷多资源勘查中的应用

主动源全波形反演(Full Waveform Inversion,FWI)是一种基于波形匹配的高分辨率成像方法,近年来在近地表高分辨率成像中得到了较多的实际应用.然而,由于周期跳跃等因素导致的强非线性特征使得该方法对初始模型的准确性和地震数据的质量具有较高的依赖性.初始模型与地下实际结构较大的偏差、数据中的噪声及低频成分缺失等问题都会导致反演过程中陷入局部极小值,从而难以收敛到真实的速度结构.目前,FWI主要用于处理海上数据,在短偏移距陆地数据的应用中仍面临着较大挑战.内蒙古居延海坳陷拥有丰富的煤和油气资源,勘探开发潜力很大,但由于地质条件较为复杂,构造不清,迫切需要对地下进行高精度、高分辨率成像以进行细致研究.本研究利用该地区采集的可控震源地震勘探数据,采用多目标函数FWI获得了2 km以浅的高精度纵波速度结构.同时,通过波形对比验证了速度模型的准确性,并基于波形反演获得的速度模型进行Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移,获得了高分辨率的深度域反射剖面.成像结果揭示了研究区域的4套主要沉积地层,为后期对该区域的进一步研究提供了重要依据,并通过程序开源共享为国内大量主动源活动构造探测提供了一套可靠的高分辨率反演成像流程.

3D static modeling and sequence stratigraphy using well logs and seismic data:An example of Abu Roash G member in Bahga oilfield

This research uses both three-dimensional(3D)modeling and geologic well control to piece back together the architectural parts of the Late Cretaceous formations.The goal is to figure out the sizes,directions,locations,and controls of the layers of the fluvial sandstone reservoirs.Sequence stratigraphy is essential for 3D reservoir modeling and petroleum geology understanding in the Bahga oilfield.The purpose of this work is to create a static model that shows the layers and facies distribution in the reservoir interval.We will use data from nine well logs and 22 seismic lines calibrated by the Abu Roash G Member reservoir core intervals to accomplish this.The petrophysical study discovered three parts in the Abu Roash G Member reservoir rock:channel fill that is affected by tides,channel fill that is dominated by tides(intertidal sands),and channel top with lenticular bedded sandstone.The model's findings point to the existence of an NNW-oriented sand body,which could be a prime location to produce hydrocarbons.The original oil in place(OOIP)is about 3,438,279 Stock Tank Barrels(STB),and the oil reserve reaches up to 1,031,484(STB).Sequence stratigraphic analysis using seismic and well log information(SB)reveals that the Upper Cretaceous AR/G reservoir of the Bahga field is characterized by third-and fourth-order stratigraphic sequences,which are constrained by three Maximum Flooding Surfaces(MFS)and two Sequence Boundaries.The integration of the derived geological model and sequence stratigraphic results can lower future extraction risk by identifying the locations and trends of the geologic facies with the necessary petrophysical properties for the hydrocarbon accumulations.

Oil-source correlation and Paleozoic source rock analysis in the Siwa Basin,Western Desert:Insights from well-logs,Rock-Eval pyrolysis,and biomarker data

Understanding the origins of potential source rocks and unraveling the intricate connections between reservoir oils and their source formations in the Siwa Basin(Western Desert,Egypt)necessitate a thorough oil-source correlation investigation.This objective is achieved through a meticulous analysis of well-log responses,Rock-Eval pyrolysis,and biomarker data.The analysis of Total Organic Carbon across 31 samples representing Paleozoic formations in the Siwa A-1X well reveals a spectrum of organic richness ranging from 0.17 wt%to 2.04 wt%,thereby highlighting diverse levels of organic content and the presence of both Type II and Type III kerogen.Examination of the fingerprint characteristics of eight samples from the well suggests that the Dhiffah Formation comprises a blend of terrestrial and marine organic matter.Notably,a significant contribution from more oxidized residual organic matter and gas-prone Type III kerogen is observed.Contrarily,the Desouky and Zeitoun formations exhibit mixed organic matter indicative of a transitional environment,and thus featuring a pronounced marine influence within a more reducing setting,which is associated with Type II kerogen.Through analysis of five oil samples from different wells—SIWA L-1X,SIWA R-3X,SIWA D-1X,PTAH 5X,and PTAH 6X,it is evident that terrestrial organic matter,augmented by considerable marine input,was deposited in an oxidizing environment,and contains Type III kerogen.Geochemical scrutiny confirms the coexistence of mixed terrestrial organic matter within varying redox environments.Noteworthy is the uniformity of identified kerogen Types II and III across all samples,known to have potential for hydrocarbon generation.The discovery presented in this paper unveils captivating prospects concerning the genesis of oil in the Jurassic Safa reservoir,suggesting potential links to Paleozoic sources or even originating from the Safa Member itself.These revelations mark a substantial advancement in understanding source rock dynamics and their intricate relationship with reservoir oils within the Siwa Basin.By illuminating the processes of hydrocarbon genesis in the region,this study significantly enriches our knowledge base.

A Theory of Bio-Quantum Genetics

The physical mechanism of heredity or inheritance of genes is a quantum mechanical and/or quantum computational process. A theory of bio-quantum genetics is established in this paper. Principle of Bio-quantum Genetics is suggested. I propose and define the soft-genes of genetics controlling the processes of heredity or inheritance of genes. This research deals with the quantum mechanisms of Mendel plant heredity and family inheritance as examples of bio-quantum genetics, deepening our understanding of heredity or inheritance. I believe that more contributions will be made to promote researches of bio-quantum genetics or quantum biology at large.

Integrated Geophysical, Remote Sensing and GIS Studies for Groundwater Assessment, Abu Zenima Area, West Sinai, Egypt

The integration between advanced techniques for groundwater exploration is necessary to protect and to manage the vital resources. Enhanced Thematic Mapper Landsat (ETM+) images, a geographic information system (GIS), hydrological modeling and direct current (DC) resistivity geoelectrical techniques were used in integrated manner to identify the groundwater potentialities in the study area. The study area is approximately 1195 km2, located at the western portion of south Sinai. From the results of the eight thematic layers as input to GIS model, the suitable locations for dams could be estimated in the two main drainage basins Matulla and Tayiba.

Integrated Geophysical Investigations to Detect the Shallow Subsurface Settings at New Sohag City, Egypt

New Sohag City has an area of approximately 1300 acres (546 hectares) and is located within Sohag Governorate limits, about 18 km away from old Sohag City. It is established to reduce the population within the old Sohag city and to create better economic conditions in a new appropriate living environment. The main target of this study is to apply the relevant surface geophysical methods to image the shallow subsurface setting, to define the shallow lithological layers and to locate any geological structures that may be cause cracks in buildings, and any unstable materials, which may decrease the bearing capacity or human activities, hence increasing hazards in the study area. This study embraces, Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Shallow Seismic Refraction (SSR), and Ground Penetrating Radar surveys (GPR). The integrated interpretation of all techniques classified the subsurface layers into two layers. A strong reflector separating the upper gravel and calcareous sandy layer from the lower clayey layer. They gave also interesting information about the geotechnical competent of the ground and some structural features in the study area.

Insights into the adsorption performance and mechanism of Cr(Ⅵ)onto porous nanocomposite prepared from gossans and modified coal interface:Steric,energetic,and thermodynamic parameters interpretations

Herein,iron oxide/hydroxides deposits(gossans)were utilized,for the first time,in the fabrication of magnetite nanoparticles(MNPs)to load modified coal(MC).The as-synthesized MNPs@MC composite was characterized via different techniques and utilized for the Cr(Ⅵ)remediation.Experimental studies supported by theoretical treatment were applied to offer a new overview of the Cr(Ⅵ)adsorption geometry and mechanism at 25-45℃.Experimental results suggested that the Cr(Ⅵ)uptake was mainly governed by adsorption-reduction coupled mechanism.The Langmuir model fitted well the Cr(Ⅵ)adsorption data with maximum adsorption capacities extended from 115.24 to 129.63 mg·g^(-1).Theoretical calculations indicated that Cr(Ⅵ)ions were adsorbed on the MNPs@MC following the theory of the advanced monolayer statistical model.The number of ions removed per site ranged from 1.88 to1.23 suggesting the involvement of vertical geometry and multi-ionic mechanism at all temperatures.The increment of the active sites density and the adsorption capacity at saturation with improving temperature reflected an endothermic process.Energetically,the Cr(Ⅵ)adsorption was controlled by physical forces as the adsorption energies were less than 40 kJ·mol^(-1).The calculated free enthalpy,entropy.and internal energy explained the spontaneous nature and the viability of Cr(Ⅵ)adsorption on the MNPs@MC adsorbent.These results offer a new approach in utilizing the iron-rich deposits as gossans in the preparation of magnetic and low-cost adsorbents for wastewater remediation.

Determination of Curie Point Depth and Heat Flow Using Airborne Magnetic Data over the Kom-Ombo and Nuqra Basins, Southern Eastern Desert, Egypt

The Kom-Ombo and Nuqra basins in southern Egypt have recently been discovered as potential hydrocarbon basins. The lack of information about the geothermal gradient and heat flow in the study area gives importance to studying the heat flow and the geothermal gradient. Several studies were carried out to investigate the geothermal analyses of the northwestern desert, as well as the west and east of the Nile River, using density, compressive wave velocity, and bottom hole temperature (BHT) measured from deep oil wells. This research relies on spectral analysis of airborne magnetic survey data in the Kom-Ombo and Nuqra basins in order to estimate the geothermal gradient based on calculating the depth to the bottom of the magnetic source that caused the occurrence of these magnetic deviations. This depth is equal to the CPD, at which the material loses its magnetic polarisation. This method is fast and gives satisfactory results. Usually, it can be applied as a reconnaissance technique for geothermal exploration targets due to the abundance of magnetic data. The depth of the top (Zt) and centroid (Z0) of the magnetic source bodies was calculated for the 32 windows representing the study area using spectral analysis of airborne magnetic data. The curie-isotherm depth, geothermal gradient, and heat flow maps were constructed for the study area. The results showed that the CPD in the study area ranges from 13 km to 20 km. The heat flow map values range from 69 to 109 mW/m2, with an average of about 80 mW/m2. The calculated heat flow values in the assigned areas (A, B, C, and D) of the study area are considered to have high heat flow values, reaching 109 mW/m2. On the other hand, the heat flow values in the other parts range from 70 to 85 mW/m2. Since heat flow plays an essential role in the maturation of organic matter, it is recommended that hydrocarbon accumulations be located in places with high heat flow values, while deep drilling of hydrocarbon wells is recommended in places with low to moderate heat flow values.

Impacts of anisotropy coefficient and porosity on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity of calcarenites used as building materials of historical monuments in Morocco

It is essential to study the porosity,thermal conductivity,and P-wave velocity of calcarenites,as well as the anisotropy coefficients of the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity,for civil engineering,and conservation and restoration of historical monuments.This study focuses on measuring the thermal conductivity using the thermal conductivity scanning(TCS)technique and measuring the P-wave ve-locity using portable equipment.This was applied for some dry and saturated calcarenite samples in the horizontal and vertical directions(parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane,respectively).The calcarenites were selected from some historical monuments in Morocco.These physical properties were measured in the laboratory to find a reliable relationship between all of these properties.As a result of the statistical analysis of the obtained data,excellent linear relationships were observed between the porosity and both the thermal conductivity and porosity.These relationships are characterized by relatively high coefficients of determination for the horizontal and vertical samples.Based on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity values in these two directions,the anisotropy coefficients of these two properties were calculated.The internal structure and the pore fabric of the calcarenite samples were delineated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),while their chemical and mineral compositions were studied using the energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)techniques.

Curupira V1.0: Joint Inversion of VES and TEM for Environmental and Mass Movements Studies

An innovative inversion code, named “Curupira v1.0”, has been developed using Matlab to determine the vertical distribution of resistivity beneath the subsoil. The program integrates Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), successful in shallow subsurface exploration and Time Domain Electromagnetic (TEM) techniques, better suited for deeper exploration, both of which are widely employed in geophysical exploration. These methodologies involve calculating subsurface resistivity through appropriate inversion processes. To address the ill-posed nature of inverse problems in geophysics, a joint inversion scheme combining VES and TEM data has been incorporated into Curupira v1.0. The software has been tested on both synthetic and real-world data, the latter of which was acquired from the Parana sedimentary basin which we summarise here. The results indicate that the joint inversion of VES and TEM techniques offers improved recovery of simulated models and demonstrates significant potential for hydrogeological studies.

过去25万年黔桂地区千年尺度东亚季风气候的变化

对取自中国黔桂地区广西桂林水南洞、贵州都匀七星洞及荔波董歌洞的7根大型石笋,进行了系统的120件TIMS-U系测年及1295件稳定同位素分析,揭示的气候变化记录时限范围为25万年前至今,氧同位素样品平均分辨率为150～300a。研究表明,相当于海洋记录冰期旋回 、 、 终止点的石笋氧同位素跃变事件,其年龄值分别为11.3kaB.P.,129.3中kaB.P.及242.5kaB.P.。相当于海洋同位素阶段MIS1～MIS7各阶段界线的年代及其延续时间,通过石笋记录也得到了准确的界定,此外还揭示出了25万年来东亚季风气候的波动过程和变化规律。黔桂地区25万年来的气候在千年尺度上与深海氧同位素记录的可比性,及与N65°夏季太阳幅射能量变化的一致性,显示了亚洲古季风的气候变化规律,同样受轨道参数变化周期以及全球冰量变化所驱动。

贵州都匀七星洞石笋剖面晚更新世高分辨率的气候地层学

通过对贵州都匀七星洞 4根石笋 4 2件系统的TIMS2 30 Th测年及 6 94件稳定同位素分析 ,揭示的气候变化记录时限范围连续 1～ 15万年 ,稳定同位素样品平均分辨率晚期达 15 0～ 2 2 0a,早期达 4 4 0～ 5 30a。研究表明 ,石笋δ1 8O曲线 ,相当于海洋记录的终止点Ⅰ及终止点Ⅱ具有特别明显的突变 ,其年龄分别为 11.3kaB .P .及 12 9.3kaB .P .,应为晚更新世顶、底界线的准确年代。晚更新世与深海氧同位素记录MIS2～MIS5e相对应的气候地层单元,其界限年代也分别得到了明确的界定。相当于格陵兰冰芯记录、北大西洋沉积记录的YD事件、Heinrich气候突变事件 ,几个石笋记录取得了一致的准确定位及定年。其中YD事件为 12 .76～ 11.5 2kaB .P .;Heinrich事件的H1～H6分别为 17～ 15kaB .P .,2 4 .6kaB .P .,30 .5kaB .P .,39.3kaB .P .,4 7.8～ 4 6 .8kaB .P .以及 6 0 .4kaB .P .。对其与北大西洋沉积及格陵兰冰芯记录所揭示的短尺度气候突变事件的可比性 ,表明东亚季风气候变化 ,与高纬度地区的气候变化呈遥相关响应 ,对研究东亚季风气候驱动机制及其与全球气候变化的响应关系和对晚更新世的地层学研究 ,均具有特别重要的意义。

贵州荔波董歌洞D3石笋碳氧稳定同位素及微量元素记录的环境变化

通过对贵州荔波董歌洞D3石笋一系列的TIMSU系法测年以及碳氧稳定同位素分析 ,取得了连续 90 .0～ 16 0 .0ka气候变化高分辨率的同位素记录。表明石笋氧同位素记录和海洋同位素记录一样 ,也可以明显地按峰、谷划分为MIS5c,MIS5d ,MIS5e及MIS6多个气候阶段 ,界线年龄分别为 :5c/ 5d为 110 .0kaBP ,5d/ 5e为 12 0 .0kaBP ,5e/ 6为 12 9.2kaBP。在由冰盛期的 6阶段到间冰期的 5e,δ18O值由偏重的谷底至偏轻的峰顶的跃变 ,代表冰期旋回之间由冷到暖的快速转变。此外 ,δ13 C值也同样自谷底至峰顶的快速变化 ,说明生态环境也随气候环境的迅速变化而变化。系统的微量元素分析表明 ,Si,Al,Sr,P ,F等均表现出由冰盛期 6阶段至间冰期 5e阶段最大幅度的迅速变化 ,在间冰期 ,微量元素记录变化幅度较小 ,变化波形与δ13 C记录更为相似 ,研究表明 ,这些微量元素与δ13 C记录一样也可以作为岩溶区生态环境重建的代用指标。

公元8世纪以来贵州荔波石笋高分辨率的气候变化记录

通过中国贵州荔波龙泉洞L 1及L 2两根石笋19件ICPM S230T h测年和459件氧稳定同位素分析,L 1时限范围为918-1910aA.D.,L 2为724-1888aA.D.;稳定同位素样品的平均分辨率分别为6.6a和3.6a。两根石笋1δ8O记录取得了平行一致的结果,石笋记录可分为3个气候期,即:中世纪冷期(公元8世纪-995aA.D.),石笋1δ8O总的偏重,变化幅度较小,最轻为-8.84‰,最重为-6.72‰,平均值为-7.76‰;中世纪暖期(995-1340aA.D.),石笋记录为两峰夹一谷,200年级的一个半旋回,δ18O最轻为-9.47‰,最重为-6.58‰,平均值为-7.94‰;小冰期(1340-1880aA.D.),石笋记录为四谷三峰相间交替,即季风表现出由弱到强的200年级3个半旋回,1δ8O最轻为-9.50‰,最重为-6.07‰,平均值与中世纪暖期基本一致,为-7.92‰,但变化幅度要大一些,特别是弱季风期要偏重一些。L 1及L 2两石笋δ18O记录可以很好地和中国中东部物候记录对比。在总体变化格局上也可以和格陵兰冰芯记录进行对比。石笋记录也可以与宇宙核素产率及太阳耀斑记录进行对比,小冰期中石笋δ18O记录的4个低谷期(弱季风期),正好与宇宙核素产率及太阳耀斑曲线的低谷区相对应,并分别可以和太阳黑子1810年达尔顿极小值、1645-1715年蒙德极小值、1420-1530年的斯波瑞尔极小值、1280-1440年的沃尔夫极小值一一对应。太阳黑子的变化,直接改变地球接受太阳辐射能量的变化,说明低纬度地区短尺度季风气候直接响应于太阳辐射能量的变化。

改进的各向异性标准化方差探测斜磁化磁异常源边界

针对存在强剩磁作用磁化方向不明的磁异常,本项研究探索直接处理斜磁化磁异常的识别,提出了基于磁力梯度张量模的各向异性边界探测方法.首先利用各向异性尺度改进了各向异性标准差的核函数,突出各向异性高斯函数的作用;结合磁力梯度张量模来消弱斜磁化的影响.数值实验模拟了一组复杂磁异常模型,在斜磁化条件下分析该研究方法的边界探测效果.实验表明:改进方法,即磁力梯度张量模的各向异性标准化方差,它可以探测非垂直磁化磁异常的磁源边界;同时指出,改进方法比基于三维解析信号振幅的各向异性标准化方差对磁化方向的依赖性更小.将该方法应用于中国西部某磁铁矿集区的精细探测,在非垂直磁化条件下对实测磁异常直接进行边界探测,获得了较为理想的处理结果.

文石-方解石石笋U／Th体系的封闭性判断及意义

湖南省龙山县莲花洞两根大型石笋LL1(文石-方解石型)和LL5(文石型)ICP-MS230Th结果表明,82个年龄数据并不完全符合石笋生长层序律。根据U/Th同位素比值、沉积和矿物学特征,分析了同位素体系开放度对建立石笋正确年代学模式的影响。莲花洞LL1石笋全新世以来234U/238U对230Th/238U的比值具有谐和性特征并且230Th年龄层序正常,说明文石矿物基本接近U/Th同位素封闭系统,实测年龄基本可靠。10～40ka期间234U/238U与230Th/238U离散度较大和矿物具有溶蚀、风化现象,表明体系发生U加入/流失作用。LL5石笋60～80ka期间封闭性较好,实测年龄可信。上述结果表明,同一洞穴中文石石笋U/Th同位素体系开放度与时间的关系并不是线性关系,沉积时水文和物理化学性质以及随后的保存状况是决定洞穴文石石笋同位素封闭性的关键因素。

高精度ICP-MS ^(230)Th测年新技术及其在贵州衙门洞Y1石笋测年研究中的应用

在系统介绍洞穴石笋高精度ICP-M S铀系年代学原理与方法的基础上,对贵州荔波县衙门洞Y 1石笋进行了ICP-M S 2 30 T h测年研究。综合分析认为精确时标的建立对于利用石笋进行古气候重建具有重要的实际意义;采用ICP-M S2 3 0 T h测年方法进行石笋样品定年准确可靠,并且比T IM S方法具有更高的效率,所需样品更微量。通过生长速率变化分析表明,石笋生长速率记录了过去冷暖突变事件,因此可以用它作为一个有意义的环境记录替代指标来研究古降水及古气候变化。

末次冰消期以来气候期划分的准确定位与定年

对贵州荔波董歌洞D4石笋的再次高密度^230Th测年及碳、氧同位素分析，在16ka以来的部分，平均分辨率达18a。研究表明，氧同位素记录除反映季风的强弱变化外，能更好地揭示H1，BA，YD以及全新世中9．1ka，8．2ka、4．6ka气候突变事件。碳同位素记录和沉积速率则能更好地反映气候干湿的变化。石笋记录对气候期的正确划分及突变事件的准确定位及定年，可为全球变化其他记录的研究提供一个可靠时间系列的基准标尺。

青藏高原中东部古近纪盆地封闭的构造-沉积-岩浆活动和古气候响应

青藏高原中东部分布着一系列中小型古近纪盆地,详细的野外地质调查、盆地构造-沉积学和生物地层学、地球化学和岩浆岩的40Ar/39Ar年代学结果表明,盆内充填了紫红色的陆源碎屑岩夹火山碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩和石膏层,并被晚期岩浆岩所切割,盆缘地层发生大规模掀斜而形成高陡地层和挤压向斜,盆内地层发生褶皱变形。地层内部细碎屑岩孢粉和古植物、火山碎屑岩和侵入岩的40Ar/39Ar年代学揭示盆地充填沉积物形成于38～28Ma(晚始新世—早渐新世)。古近纪紫红色沉积物、碳酸盐岩和石膏层的出现代表干旱-炎热的古气候环境。印度-欧亚板块碰撞过程中因陆壳变形和高原早期构造隆升产生的走滑拉分和逆冲挤压是导致高原中东部古近纪盆地裂解和封闭的主要原因。