A unified fractional flow framework for predicting the liquid holdup in two-phase pipe flows

Two-phase pipe flow occurs frequently in oil&gas industry,nuclear power plants,and CCUS.Reliable calculations of gas void fraction(or liquid holdup)play a central role in two-phase pipe flow models.In this paper we apply the fractional flow theory to multiphase flow in pipes and present a unified modeling framework for predicting the fluid phase volume fractions over a broad range of pipe flow conditions.Compared to existing methods and correlations,this new framework provides a simple,approximate,and efficient way to estimate the phase volume fraction in two-phase pipe flow without invoking flow patterns.Notably,existing correlations for estimating phase volume fraction can be transformed and expressed under this modeling framework.Different fractional flow models are applicable to different flow conditions,and they demonstrate good agreement against experimental data within 5%errors when compared with an experimental database comprising of 2754 data groups from 14literature sources,covering various pipe geometries,flow patterns,fluid properties and flow inclinations.The gas void fraction predicted by the framework developed in this work can be used as inputs to reliably model the hydraulic and thermal behaviors of two-phase pipe flows.

On the Features of Thermal Convection in a Compressible Gas

The fully nonlinear equations of gas dynamics are solved in the framework of a numerical approach in order to study the stability of the steady mode of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in compressible,viscous and heat-conducting gases encapsulated in containers with no-slip boundaries and isothermal top and bottom walls.An initial linear temperature profile is assumed.A map of the possible convective modes is presented assuming the height of the region and the value of the temperature gradient as influential parameters.For a relatively small height,isobaric convection is found to take place,which is taken over by an adiabatic mode when the height exceeds the critical value,or by a super-adiabatic mode in case of a relatively high temperature gradient.In the adiabatic mode,convective flow develops due to adiabatic processes given a stable initial stratification.An analytic formula for the critical height of the region is derived taking into account and neglecting the dependence of the gas viscosity on the temperature.Moreover,an analytic formula is obtained for the upper boundary of the region of applicability of the Boussinesq approximation for incompressible gases.These models for compressible gases are relevant to practical situations such as the study of convective flows in spatially extended gas mixtures when dealing with safety issues related to hydrocarbons stored in gas stations.A dangerous situation arises when the tank is almost empty but some hydrocarbon is left at the bottom of the tank.In the presence of convective flows,the vaporized fuel is mixed with the oxidizer(air)forming a gas-vapor medium.However,if the volumetric concentration of fuel vapor(hydrocarbon)is in the interval between the lower and upper concentration limits of ignition,then the gas-vapor mixture becomes explosive and any accidental spark is sufficient to cause an emergency.

Seasonal influence of freshwater discharge on spatio-temporal variations in primary productivity, sea surface temperature, and euphotic zone depth in the northern Bay of Bengal

Ocean productivity is the foundation of marine food web,which continuously removes atmospheric carbon dioxide and supports life at sea and on land.Spatio-temporal variability of net primary productivity(NPP),sea surface temperature(SST),sea surface salinity(SSS),mixed layer depth(MLD),and euphotic zone depth(EZD) in the northern B ay of Bengal(BoB) during three monsoon seasons were examined in this study based on remote sensing data for the period 2005 to 2020.To compare the NPP distribution between the coastal zones and open BoB,the study area was divided into five zones(Z1-Z5).Results suggest that most productive zones Z2 and Zl are located at the head bay area and are directly influenced by freshwater discharge together with riverine sediment and nutrient loads.Across Z1-Z5,the NPP ranges from 5 315.38 mg/(m^(2)·d) to 346.7 mg/(m^(2)·d)(carbon,since then the same).The highest monthly average NPP of 5 315.38 mg/(m^(2)·d) in February and 5 039.36 mg/(m^(2)·d) in June were observed from Z2,while the lowest monthly average of 346.72 mg/(m^(2)·d) was observed in March from Z4,which is an oceanic zone.EZD values vary from 6-154 m for the study area,and it has an inverse correlation with NPP concentration.EZD is deeper during the summer season and shallower during the wintertime,with a corresponding increase in productivity.Throughout the year,monthly SST shows slight fluctuation for the entire study area,and statistical analysis shows a significant correlation among NPP,and EZD,overall positive between NPP and MLD,whereas no significant correlation among SSS,and SST for the northern BoB.Long-term trends in SST and productivity were significantly po sitive in head bay zones but negatively productive in the open ocean.The findings in this study on the distribution of NPP,SST,SSS,MLD,and EZD and their seasonal variability in five different zones of BoB can be used to further improve the management of marine resources and overall environmental condition in response to climate changes in BoB as they are of utmost relevance to the fisheries for the three bordering countries.

Shale gas production evaluation framework based on data-driven models

Increasing the production and utilization of shale gas is of great significance for building a clean and low-carbon energy system.Sharp decline of gas production has been widely observed in shale gas reservoirs.How to forecast shale gas production is still challenging due to complex fracture networks,dynamic fracture properties,frac hits,complicated multiphase flow,and multi-scale flow as well as data quality and uncertainty.This work develops an integrated framework for evaluating shale gas well production based on data-driven models.Firstly,a comprehensive dominated-factor system has been established,including geological,drilling,fracturing,and production factors.Data processing and visualization are required to ensure data quality and determine final data set.A shale gas production evaluation model is developed to evaluate shale gas production levels.Finally,the random forest algorithm is used to forecast shale gas production.The prediction accuracy of shale gas production level is higher than 95%based on the shale gas reservoirs in China.Forty-one wells are randomly selected to predict cumulative gas production using the optimal regression model.The proposed shale gas production evaluation frame-work overcomes too many assumptions of analytical or semi-analytical models and avoids huge computation cost and poor generalization for numerical modelling.

Feasibility study of assessing cotton fiber maturity from near infrared hyperspectral imaging technique

Background Fiber maturity is a key cotton quality property,and its variability in a sample impacts fiber processing and dyeing performance.Currently,the maturity is determined by using established protocols in laboratories under a controlled environment.There is an increasing need to measure fiber maturity using low-cost(in general less than $20000)and small portable systems.In this study,a laboratory feasibility was performed to assess the ability of the shortwave infrared hyperspectral imaging(SWIR HSI)technique for determining the conditioned fiber maturity,and as a comparison,a bench-top commercial and expensive(in general greater than $60000)near infrared(NIR)instrument was used.Results Although SWIR HSI and NIR represent different measurement technologies,consistent spectral characteristics were observed between the two instruments when they were used to measure the maturity of the locule fiber samples in seed cotton and of the well-defined fiber samples,respectively.Partial least squares(PLS)models were established using different spectral preprocessing parameters to predict fiber maturity.The high prediction precision was observed by a lower root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)(<0.046),higher R_(p)^(2)(>0.518),and greater percentage(97.0%)of samples within the 95% agreement range in the entire NIR region(1000-2500 nm)without the moisture band at 1940 nm.Conclusion SWIR HSI has a good potential for assessing cotton fiber maturity in a laboratory environment.

Towards a unified nonlocal, peridynamics framework for the coarse-graining of molecular dynamics data with fractures

Molecular dynamics(MD)has served as a powerful tool for designing materials with reduced reliance on laboratory testing.However,the use of MD directly to treat the deformation and failure of materials at the mesoscale is still largely beyond reach.In this work,we propose a learning framework to extract a peridynamics model as a mesoscale continuum surrogate from MD simulated material fracture data sets.Firstly,we develop a novel coarse-graining method,to automatically handle the material fracture and its corresponding discontinuities in the MD displacement data sets.Inspired by the weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)scheme,the key idea lies at an adaptive procedure to automatically choose the locally smoothest stencil,then reconstruct the coarse-grained material displacement field as the piecewise smooth solutions containing discontinuities.Then,based on the coarse-grained MD data,a two-phase optimizationbased learning approach is proposed to infer the optimal peridynamics model with damage criterion.In the first phase,we identify the optimal nonlocal kernel function from the data sets without material damage to capture the material stiffness properties.Then,in the second phase,the material damage criterion is learnt as a smoothed step function from the data with fractures.As a result,a peridynamics surrogate is obtained.As a continuum model,our peridynamics surrogate model can be employed in further prediction tasks with different grid resolutions from training,and hence allows for substantial reductions in computational cost compared with MD.We illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach with several numerical tests for the dynamic crack propagation problem in a single-layer graphene.Our tests show that the proposed data-driven model is robust and generalizable,in the sense that it is capable of modeling the initialization and growth of fractures under discretization and loading settings that are different from the ones used during training.

缝洞型油藏溶洞-裂缝组合体内水驱油模型及实验

根据相似理论设计了满足几何相似、运动相似、动力相似和缝洞特征参数相似的缝洞组合体物理模型和模拟实验,研究了缝洞组合体内流体流动特征、水驱油特征的影响因素以及不同驱替方式的提高采收率特征。模拟实验结果表明:油水密度差异导致的油水置换效应是水驱油主要机理;注水速度对剩余油分布和含水率变化规律无影响;缝洞连接关系是决定无水采收率、极限剩余油和含水率变化规律的主要因素;油水黏度比是影响产油速度、换油率和经济极限剩余油的重要因素;充填疏松时充填作用对剩余油几乎没有影响,充填致密时剩余油包括"阁楼油"和充填孔隙中剩余油两部分;水驱转泡沫驱主要通过启动溶洞顶部"阁楼油"提高采收率,泡沫驱后剩余油位于溶洞中部;水驱转聚合物驱主要通过增加注入水的换油率和采油速度提高经济极限采收率,对水驱极限剩余油无影响。

页岩气吸附解吸效应对基质物性影响特征

为了研究页岩气降压开采过程中吸附气解吸作用对基质表观物性(如有效孔隙半径、有效孔隙度、表观渗透率)及气体流动机制的影响,推导了吸附解吸作用下页岩基质孔隙有效半径和表观渗透率动态模型,建立了考虑吸附解吸影响基质表观物性和气体传输机制的页岩气渗流数学模型。采用有限体积法对模型进行求解,利用实验及矿场数据验证了模型的可靠性,最后应用该模型研究了页岩气开采过程中基质物性参数、气体流动机制变化特征以及吸附效应对页岩气开发的影响规律。研究结果表明,页岩气开采过程中基质孔隙有效半径、有效孔隙度和表观渗透率逐渐变大,体积压裂改造区域流动机制由滑脱流转变为过渡流;忽略吸附层影响将导致地质储量和产气量严重高估;随着吸附层厚度增加,累计产气量变化不大,但采收率逐渐降低。

多因素影响的泡沫驱数值模拟方法

基于泡沫封堵规律实验结果和质量守恒定律,建立了综合考虑多孔介质渗透率、发泡剂质量浓度、泡沫干度、油藏温度、含油饱和度、含水饱和度以及渗流速度等多因素影响的泡沫驱数学模型.采用IMPES和Runge Kutta方法对模型进行了求解和验证.利用数值模拟方法研究了泡沫封堵特性和泡沫驱开发效果影响因素的敏感性.研究结果表明：随着转驱时机的推迟,最终采收率先小幅升高后迅速降低;随着泡沫干度增加,最终采收率先增加后降低,泡沫干度为50％～67％时的驱替效果最佳;随着发泡剂质量浓度增加,最终采收率先迅速增加后趋于稳定;随着注入速度增加,最终采收率先增加后降低;各因素对泡沫驱最终采收率影响程度大小为：发泡剂质量浓度＞注入速度＞泡沫干度≈转驱时机.由于该数学模型考虑了众多与实体油藏相关的参数,所以该模拟方法可以更容易、有效地应用于指导泡沫驱矿场试验方案的制定.

论糜棱岩研究

糜棱岩是一种具有丰富地质信息的载体 ,在理论和实践上都有着重要的研究意义。从显微超微构造、岩石固态流变、动力变质成矿、成岩模拟实验、构造地球化学、造山带运动学和同位素年代学等七个方面 ,较全面地阐述了近 2 0年来糜棱岩岩石学的研究进展情况。并简单列举了一些新成果 ,诸如浅层次糜棱岩的发现、人工糜棱岩的成岩实验和同位素测年新数据等。同时还指出糜棱岩的微观研究可进一步拓展到壳幔流变学。

利用单频双程波动方程计算初至走时及其振幅

通过在频率域双程波动方程模拟算法中加入一个复数频率(实部表示频率,虚部表示衰减因子)压制地震波初至走时之后的能量,从而把初至走时及其振幅的计算问题转换为单一频率波场中最大能量走时和振幅的拾取问题,然后利用单一频率域波场的相位项和振幅项分别计算初至走时及其振幅.本文还提出利用参数分析方法求取最优的复数频率,并给出数值计算例子,将本方法的计算结果与有限差分程函方程初至走时和最大能量走时振幅进行比较,结果表明,该方法具有适应于任意复杂介质和多炮多接收点走时和振幅的计算.

岩石剪切面纳米粒子层的近期研究进展

20世纪90年代,在各类岩石剪切面中相继发现纳米级和微米级超微粒子结构,近期结合力学、物理学成因研究又有新的进展.在超微观上,通过国内外的实例实测,从岩石剪切面纳米粒子层赋存展布的普遍性,结构特征的层次性,成因机制的非线性和功能效应的多样性四个方面,进行简要阐述,萃取更多信息.进而初步揭示了剪切摩擦黏性发育与纳米粒子形成间的共生关系,和剪切运动中岩石的分离、分凝和分层作用首先由纳米粒子层的滑移启动开始的.并分析了岩石塑性流变实质上是超微粒子(纳米-微米级磨粒)的运动,以及岩石剪切面纳米粒子层一些特殊的物理和化学地质作用等.诚然,纳米粒子层蕴涵的信息是丰富的,该项研究还处于起步开拓阶段,仅试图为构造地质学和相关学科领域提出新的理念和新的探讨平台.

WebGIS在美国南加州数字城市建设中的应用实例分析

从介绍W ebGIS技术在南加州一个成功应用项目———加州橙县土地公共文档查询显示和电子商务系统的技术路线和体系结构入手,分析了当前几个主要W ebGIS软件的基本特点和存在的技术问题。在此基础上,引入了可以改善目前W ebGIS技术领域内弊端的一种新方法———基于SVG矢量图形格式的W ebGIS技术,同时给出了这一技术的基本思路和优点,并通过系统的开发实践证明其响应速度、功能与图形效果。这一W ebGIS应用展示了基于SVG格式的W ebGIS技术的强大活力。通过与其他系统的无缝集成,如与电子商务系统,文档管理系统,以及办公自动化系统等,W ebGIS将GIS技术的应用推上一个新台阶,使得GIS技术在数字化城市的建设中发挥更大的作用。

天然裂缝多孔介质中流体运移的流线模拟

为了研究天然裂缝在多孔介质中的作用,将嵌入型离散裂缝模型(EDFM)与流线模拟方法相结合,对天然裂缝进行模拟,计算流体在基质和裂缝中的流动轨迹及流动时间。通过分析具有不同裂缝网络的油藏见水时间和驱扫体积的差别,研究裂缝导流能力、裂缝数目和裂缝位置对流体流动轨迹和流动时间的影响。研究表明,在其他条件相同的情况下,与无裂缝均质油藏相比,裂缝性油藏中水驱见水时间会快30%,而驱扫体积会少10%。虽然增加单条裂缝可以加速见水时间,减少驱扫体积,但增加更多裂缝却不一定得到相同效果。水驱效果还跟裂缝的走向和位置有关系,不同的走向和位置可以导致见水时间相差20%,而驱扫体积相差9%。裂缝长度越短,对于流体流动轨迹和流动时间的影响越小。裂缝的位置对驱扫效率影响较大,单条裂缝的位置变动可以导致驱扫体积变化1%。

Influence of Reclamation Works on the Marine Environment in a Semi-Enclosed Bay

The flow and seawater exchange rates have been predicted using a two-dimensional numerical model and a Lagrangian method for a semi-enclosed shallow bay where reclaiming and dredging works are scheduled. The wind effect on the flow and material transport has been emphasized, and a thirty-year mean value of wind has been considered in the numerical simulation. As a whole, even after the reclaiming and dredging are conducted, the flow pattern looks similar to the original state. However, velocity variations up to 20% to 100% appear in the vicinity of the construction area. In the case of summcr wind forcing, the seawater exchange rate increases from 71.6% to 82.9% after the reclaiming and dredging, as indicated by a particle-tracking method. On the contrary, in the case of winter wind forcing, thc seawater cxchange rate appears to be 97.2% under natural conditions but decrcases slightly to 93.2% aftcr the rcclaiming and dredging. Thus, the wind forcing plays an important role in controlling the seawater exchangc rates. The seawater cxchange rate is further improved by 15% if the dredging is simultaneously carried out with the reclaiming. This suggests that the dredging can be an effective means to mitigate the variation of flow.

On the uncertainty of interwell connectivity estimations from the capacitance-resistance model

The capacitance-resistance model （CRM） is an alternative to conventional reservoir simulation. CRM, a simplification of complex numerical models, uses production and injection rates to infer a reservoir description. There is no prior geologic model. The principal output of CRM fitting is the fraction of injected fluid （usually water） that is produced at a producer at steady-state. These fractions are interwell connectivities. Interwell connectivities are fundamental information needed to manage waterfloods in oil reservoirs. The data-driven CRM is a fast tool to estimate these parameters in mature fields and allows one to make full use of the dynamic data available. This paper considers the problem of setting an upper bound on the uncertainty of interwell connectivities for linear-constrained models. Using analytical bounds and numerical simulations, we derive a consistent upper limit on the uncertainty of interwell connections that can be used to quantify the information content of a given dataset.

Understanding aqueous foam with novel CO2-soluble surfactants for controlling CO2 vertical sweep in sandstone reservoirs

The ability of a novel nonionic CO2 -soluble surfactant to propagate foam in porous media was compared with that of a conventional anionic surfactant（aqueous soluble only）through core floods with Berea sandstone cores.Both simultaneous and alternating injections have been tested.The novel foam outperforms the conventional one with respect to faster foam propagation and higher desaturation rate.Furthermore,the novel injection strategy,CO2 continuous injection with dissolved CO2 -soluble surfactant,has been tested in the laboratory.Strong foam presented without delay.It is the first time the measured surfactant properties have been used to model foam transport on a field scale to extend our findings with the presence of gravity segregation.Different injection strategies have been tested under both constant rate and pressure constraints.It was showed that novel foam outperforms the conventional one in every scenario with much higher sweep efficiency and injectivity as well as more even pressure redistribution.Also,for this novel foam,it is not necessary that constant pressure injection is better,which has been concluded in previous literature for conventional foam.Furthermore,the novel injection strategy,CO2 continuous injection with dissolved CO2 -soluble surfactant,gave the best performance,which could lower the injection and water treatment cost.

Modelling the spatial distribution of snake species in northwestern Tunisia using maximum entropy(Maxent) and Geographic Information System(GIS)

We used GIS and maximum entropy to predict the potential distribution of six snake species belong to three families in Kroumiria（Northwestern Tunisia）： Natricidae（Natrix maura and Natrix astreptophora）, Colubridae（Hemorrhois hippocrepis, Coronella girondica and Macroprotodon mauritanicus）, and Lamprophiidae（Malpolon insignitus）. The suitable habitat for each species was modelled using the maximum entropy algorithm, combining presence field data（collected during 16 years：2000–2015） with a set of seven environmental variables（mean annual precipitation, elevation, slope gradient,aspect, distance to watercourses, land surface temperature and normalized Differential Vegetation Index. The relative importance of these environmental variables was evaluated by jackknife tests and the predictive power of our models was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic. The main explicative variables of the species distribution were distance from streams and elevation, with contributions ranging from 60 to 77 and from 10 to 25%,respectively. Our study provided the first habitat suitability models for snakes in Kroumiria and this information can be used by conservation biologists and land managers concerned with preserving snakes in Kroumiria.

Iterative coupling reservoir simulation on high performance computers

In this paper, the iterative coupling approach is proposed for applications to solving multiphase flow equation systems in reservoir simulation, as it provides a more flexible time-stepping strategy than existing approaches. The iterative method decouples the whole equation systems into pressure and saturation/concentration equations, and then solves them in sequence, implicitly and semi-implicitly. At each time step, a series of iterations are computed, which involve solving linearized equations using specific tolerances that are iteration dependent. Following convergence of subproblems, material balance is checked. Convergence of time steps is based on material balance errors. Key components of the iterative method include phase scaling for deriving a pressure equation and use of several advanced numerical techniques. The iterative model is implemented for parallel computing platforms and shows high parallel efficiency and scalability.