Accumulation of DNA damage and genomic instability are believed to have crucial effects in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease,premature aging diseases ...Accumulation of DNA damage and genomic instability are believed to have crucial effects in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease,premature aging diseases as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)and frontotemporal dementia(FTD).Until recently these studies were largely correlative in nature,though raising the possibility that defects in the DNA damage response(DDR)underlie neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
In recent years evidence has emerged suggesting that Mini-basketball training program(MBTP)can be an effec-tive intervention method to improve social communication(SC)impairments and restricted and repetitive beha-vio...In recent years evidence has emerged suggesting that Mini-basketball training program(MBTP)can be an effec-tive intervention method to improve social communication(SC)impairments and restricted and repetitive beha-viors(RRBs)in preschool children suffering from autism spectrum disorder(ASD).However,there is a considerable degree if interindividual variability concerning these social outcomes and thus not all preschool chil-dren with ASD profit from a MBTP intervention to the same extent.In order to make more accurate predictions which preschool children with ASD can benefit from an MBTP intervention or which preschool children with ASD need additional interventions to achieve behavioral improvements,further research is required.This study aimed to investigate which individual factors of preschool children with ASD can predict MBTP intervention out-comes concerning SC impairments and RRBs.Then,test the performance of machine learning models in predict-ing intervention outcomes based on these factors.Participants were 26 preschool children with ASD who enrolled in a quasi-experiment and received MBTP intervention.Baseline demographic variables(e.g.,age,body,mass index[BMI]),indicators of physicalfitness(e.g.,handgrip strength,balance performance),performance in execu-tive function,severity of ASD symptoms,level of SC impairments,and severity of RRBs were obtained to predict treatment outcomes after MBTP intervention.Machine learning models were established based on support vector machine algorithm were implemented.For comparison,we also employed multiple linear regression models in statistics.Ourfindings suggest that in preschool children with ASD symptomatic severity(r=0.712,p<0.001)and baseline SC impairments(r=0.713,p<0.001)are predictors for intervention outcomes of SC impair-ments.Furthermore,BMI(r=-0.430,p=0.028),symptomatic severity(r=0.656,p<0.001),baseline SC impair-ments(r=0.504,p=0.009)and baseline RRBs(r=0.647,p<0.001)can predict intervention outcomes of RRBs.Statistical models predicted 59.6%of variance in post-treatment SC impairments(MSE=0.455,RMSE=0.675,R2=0.596)and 58.9%of variance in post-treatment RRBs(MSE=0.464,RMSE=0.681,R2=0.589).Machine learning models predicted 83%of variance in post-treatment SC impairments(MSE=0.188,RMSE=0.434,R2=0.83)and 85.9%of variance in post-treatment RRBs(MSE=0.051,RMSE=0.226,R2=0.859),which were better than statistical models.Ourfindings suggest that baseline characteristics such as symptomatic severity of 144 IJMHP,2022,vol.24,no.2 ASD symptoms and SC impairments are important predictors determining MBTP intervention-induced improvements concerning SC impairments and RBBs.Furthermore,the current study revealed that machine learning models can successfully be applied to predict the MBTP intervention-related outcomes in preschool chil-dren with ASD,and performed better than statistical models.Ourfindings can help to inform which preschool children with ASD are most likely to benefit from an MBTP intervention,and they might provide a reference for the development of personalized intervention programs for preschool children with ASD.展开更多
Protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases arisethrough neurotoxicity induced by aggregation of host proteins. These conditions include Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, mo...Protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases arisethrough neurotoxicity induced by aggregation of host proteins. These conditions include Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, tauopathies and prion diseases. Collectively, these conditions are a challenge to society because of the increasing aged population and through the real threat to human food security by animal prion diseases. It is therefore important to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie protein misfolding--induced neurotoxicity as this will form the basis for designing strategies to alleviate their burden. Prion diseases are an important paradigm for neurodegenerative conditions in general since several of these maladies have now been shown to display prion--like phenomena. Increasingly, cell cycle activity and the DNA damage response are recognised as cellular events that participate in the neurotoxic process of various neurodegenerative diseases, and their associated animal models, which suggests they are truly involved in the pathogenic process and are not merely epiphenomena. Here we review the role of cell cycle activity and the DNA damage response in neurodegeneration associated with protein misfolding diseases, and suggest that these events contribute towards prion--induced neurotoxicity. In doing so, we highlight PrP transgenic Drosophila as a tractable model for the genetic analysis of transmissible mammalian prion disease.展开更多
Background:The Canadian 24-hour movement behavior(24-HMB)guidelines suggest that a limited amount of screen time use,an adequate level of physical activity(PA),and sufficient sleep duration are beneficial for ensuring...Background:The Canadian 24-hour movement behavior(24-HMB)guidelines suggest that a limited amount of screen time use,an adequate level of physical activity(PA),and sufficient sleep duration are beneficial for ensuring and optimizing the health and quality of life(QoL)of children and adolescents.However,this topic has yet to be examined for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder(ASD)specifically.The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to examine the associations between meeting 24-HMB guidelines and several QoLrelated indicators among a national sample of American children and adolescents with ASD.Methods:Data were taken from the 2020 U.S.National Survey of Children’s Health dataset.Participants(n=956)aged 617 years and currently diagnosed with ASD were included.The exposure of interest was adherence to the 24-HMB guidelines.Outcomes were QoL indicators,including learning interest/curiosity,repeating grades,adaptive ability,victimization by bullying,and behavioral problems.Categorical variables were described with unweighted sample counts and weighted percentages.Age,sex,race,preterm birth status,medication,behavioral treatment,household poverty level,and the educational level of the primary caregivers were included as covariates.Odds ratio(OR)and 95%confidence interval(95%CI)were used to present the strength of association between adherence to 24-HMB guidelines and QoL-related indicators.Results:Overall,452 participants(45.34%)met 1 of the 3 recommendations,216(22.65%)met 2 recommendations,whereas only 39 participants(5.04%)met all 3 recommendations.Compared with meeting none of the recommendations,meeting both sleep duration and PA recommendations(OR=3.92,95%CI:1.639.48,p<0.001)or all 3 recommendations(OR=2.11,95%CI:1.034.35,p=0.04)was associated with higher odds of showing learning interest/curiosity.Meeting both screen time and PA recommendations(OR=0.15,95%CI:0.040.61,p<0.05)or both sleep duration and PA recommendations(OR=0.24,95%CI:0.070.87,p<0.05)was associated with lower odds of repeating any grades.With respect to adaptive ability,participants who met only the PA recommendation of the 24-HMB were less likely to have difficulties dressing or bathing(OR=0.11,95%CI:0.020.66,p<0.05)than those who did not.For participants who met all 3 recommendations(OR=0.38,95%CI:0.150.99,p=0.05),the odds of being victimized by bullying was lower.Participants who adhered to both sleep duration and PA recommendations were less likely to present with severe behavioral problems(OR=0.17,95%CI:0.040.71,p<0.05)than those who did not meet those guidelines.Conclusion:Significant associations were found between adhering to 24-HMB guidelines and selected QoL indicators.These findings highlight the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle as a key factor in promoting and preserving the QoL of children with ASD.展开更多
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of maladies, characterized by progressive loss of neurons. These diseases involve an intricate pattern of cross-talk between different types of cells to maintain sp...Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of maladies, characterized by progressive loss of neurons. These diseases involve an intricate pattern of cross-talk between different types of cells to maintain specific signaling pathways. A component of such intercellular cross-talk is the exchange of various types of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes are a subset of EVs, which are increasingly being known for the role they play in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., synucleinopathies and tauopathies. The ability of the central nervous system exosomes to cross the blood-brain barrier into blood has generated enthusiasm in their study as potential biomarkers. However, the lack of standardized, efficient, and ultra-sensitive methods for the isolation and detection of brain-derived exosomes has hampered the development of effective biomarkers. Exosomes mirror heterogeneous biological changes that occur during the progression of these incurable illnesses, potentially offering a more comprehensive outlook of neurodegenerative disease diagnosis, progression and treatment. In this review, we aim to discuss the challenges and opportunities of peripheral biofluid-based brain-exosomes in the diagnosis and biomarker discovery of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. In the later part, we discuss the traditional and emerging methods used for the isolation of exosomes and compare their advantages and disadvantages in clinical settings.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease cannot be cured as of yet.Our current understanding on the causes of Alzheimer’s disease is limited.To develop treatments,experimental models that represent a particular cellular phase of the dis...Alzheimer’s disease cannot be cured as of yet.Our current understanding on the causes of Alzheimer’s disease is limited.To develop treatments,experimental models that represent a particular cellular phase of the disease and more rigorous scrutiny of the cellular pathological mechanisms are crucial.In recent years,Alzheimer’s disease research underwent a paradigm shift.According to this tendency,Alzheimer’s disease is increasingly being conceived of a disease where not only neurons but also multiple cell types synchronously partake to manifest the pathology.Knowledge on every cell type adds an alternative approach and hope for the efforts towards the treatment.Neural stem cells and their neurogenic ability are making an appearance as a new aspect of the disease manifestation based on the recent findings that neurogenesis reduces dramatically in Alzheimer’s disease patients compared to healthy individuals.Therefore,understanding how neural stem cells can form new neurons in Alzheimer’s disease brains holds an immense potential for clinics.However,this provocative idea requires further evidence and tools for investigation.Recently,single cell sequencing appeared as a revolutionary tool to understand cellular programs in unprecedented resolution and it will undoubtedly facilitate comprehensive investigation of different cell types in Alzheimer’s disease.In this mini-review,we will touch upon recent studies that use single cell sequencing for investigating cellular response in Alzheimer’s disease and some consideration pertaining to the utilization of neural regeneration for Alzheimer’s disease research.展开更多
Neurogranin (Ng) and its role as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarker: Ng is a calmodulin-binding protein mainly expressed in cerebral structures such as the cortex,hippocampus and striatum.It is mainly located in the ...Neurogranin (Ng) and its role as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarker: Ng is a calmodulin-binding protein mainly expressed in cerebral structures such as the cortex,hippocampus and striatum.It is mainly located in the dendritic processes,particularly in post-synaptic compartments,but also in the cytosolic compartment,being likely involved in the regulation of the intracellular calcium-calmodulin signaling pathway (Represa et al.,1990).In the last decade,a plethora of studies have demonstrated that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Ng is increased in AD patients and in individuals with an ADlike CSF profile (Kester et al.,2015a).This increase seems to be disease-specific because other neurodegenerative conditions including frontotemporal dementia,Lewy body dementia,Parkinson’s disease,progressive supranuclear palsy,multiple system atrophy or Huntington’s disease,present CSF Ng concentrations similar to controls (Wellington et al.,2016).Ng levels in CSF appear to be elevated in mild cognitive impairment (MCI)-affected individuals who progress to AD and are highly related to memory and cognitive function (Kester et al.,2015a;Tarawneh et al.,2016),which indicates that this protein may serve as an early AD biomarker with diagnostic utility in pre-dementia disease stages,and with prognostic utility to predict cognitive decline and MCI-to-AD conversion.展开更多
Currently,there is no effective treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS),despite the limited efficacy of riluzole[1]and edaravone[2].SOD1(coding for the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase)is the second most frequent g...Currently,there is no effective treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS),despite the limited efficacy of riluzole[1]and edaravone[2].SOD1(coding for the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase)is the second most frequent genetic cause for ALS only after C9orf72 in patients with European ancestry while being the most frequent in Asian ALS populations[3],Multiple therapeutic approaches have targeted SOD1-related ALS,including the antisense oligonucleotide tofersen with promising results in a recent phase I/II trial[4].展开更多
Our immune system is based on the close collaboration of the innate and adaptive immune systems for the rapid detection of any threats to the host. Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules is entrusted to specific ge...Our immune system is based on the close collaboration of the innate and adaptive immune systems for the rapid detection of any threats to the host. Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules is entrusted to specific germline- encoded signaling receptors. The same receptors have now also emerged as efficient detectors of misplaced or altered self-molecules that signal tissue damage and cell death following, for example, disruption of the blood supply and subsequent hypoxia. Many types of endogenous molecules have been shown to provoke such sterile inflammatory states when released from dying cells. However, a group of proteins referred to as alarmins have both intracellular and extracellular functions which have been the subject of intense research. Indeed, alarmins can either exert beneficial cell housekeeping functions, leading to tissue repair, or provoke deleterious uncontrolled inflammation. This group of proteins includes the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-33 and the Ca^2+-binding S100 proteins. These dual-function proteins share conserved regulatory mechanisms, such as secretory routes, post-translational modifications and enzymatic processing, that govern their extracellular functions in time and space. Release of alarmins from mesenchymal cells is a highly relevant mechanism by which immune cells can be alerted of tissue damage, and alarmins play a key role in the development of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases and in cancer development.展开更多
Background:In vivo diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)of the mouse brain was used to identify TDP-43 associated alterations in a mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS).Methods:Ten mice with TDP-43^(G298S) overex...Background:In vivo diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)of the mouse brain was used to identify TDP-43 associated alterations in a mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS).Methods:Ten mice with TDP-43^(G298S) overexpression under control of the Thy1.2 promoter and 10 wild type(wt)underwent longitudinal DTI scans at 11.7 T,including one baseline and one follow-up scan with an interval of about 5months.Whole brain-based spatial statistics(WBSS)of DTI-based parameter maps was used to identify longitudinal alterations of TDP-43^(G298S) mice compared to wt at the cohort level.Results were supplemented by tractwise fractional anisotropy statistics(TFAS)and histological evaluation of motor cortex for signs of neuronal loss.Results:Alterations at the cohort level in TDP-43^(G298S) mice were observed cross-sectionally and longitudinally in motor areas M1/M2 and in transcallosal fibers but not in the corticospinal tract.Neuronal loss in layer V of motor cortex was detected in TDP-43^(G298S) at the later(but not at the earlier)timepoint compared to wt.Conclusion:DTI mapping of TDP-43^(G298S) mice demonstrated progression in motor areas M1/M2.WBSS and TFAS are useful techniques to localize TDP-43^(G298S) associated alterations over time in this ALS mouse model,as a biological marker.展开更多
Background: α-Synuclein is a small soluble protein,whose physiological function in the healthy brain is poorly understood.Intracellular inclusions of α-synuclein,referred to as Lewy bodies(LBs),are pathological hall...Background: α-Synuclein is a small soluble protein,whose physiological function in the healthy brain is poorly understood.Intracellular inclusions of α-synuclein,referred to as Lewy bodies(LBs),are pathological hallmarks ofαsynucleinopathies,such as Parkinson’s disease(PD)or dementia with Lewy bodies(DLB).Main body:Understanding of the molecular basis as well as the factors or conditions promoting α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation is an important step towards the comprehension of pathological mechanism ofαsynucleinopathies and for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies.Based on the conversion and aggregation mechanism of α-synuclein,novel diagnostic tests,such as protein misfolding seeded conversion assays,e.g.the real-time quaking-induced conversion(RT-QuIC),had been developed.In diagnostics, α-synuclein RT-QuIC exhibits a specificity between 82 and 100%while the sensitivity varies between 70 and 100%among different laboratories.In addition,the α-synuclein RT-QuIC can be used to study the α-synuclein-seeding-characteristics of different α-synucleinopathies and to differentiate between DLB and PD.Conclusion:The variable diagnostic accuracy of current α-synuclein RT-QuIC occurs due to different protocols,cohorts and material etc..An impact of micro-environmental factors on the α-synuclein aggregation and conversion process and the occurrence and detection of differential misfolded α-synuclein types or strains might underpin the clinical heterogeneity of α-synucleinopathies.展开更多
Background:The metabolic syndrome is a consequence of modern lifestyle that causes synaptic insulin resistance and cognitive deficits and that in interaction with a high amyloid load is an important risk factor for Al...Background:The metabolic syndrome is a consequence of modern lifestyle that causes synaptic insulin resistance and cognitive deficits and that in interaction with a high amyloid load is an important risk factor for Alzheimer’s dis-ease.It has been proposed that neuroinflammation might be an intervening variable,but the underlying mechanisms are currently unknown.Methods:We utilized primary neurons to induce synaptic insulin resistance as well as a mouse model of high-risk aging that includes a high amyloid load,neuroinflammation,and diet-induced obesity to test hypotheses on underly-ing mechanisms.Results:We found that neddylation and subsequent activation of cullin-RING ligase complexes induced synaptic insulin resistance through ubiquitylation and degradation of the insulin-receptor substrate IRS1 that organizes synap-tic insulin signaling.Accordingly,inhibition of neddylation preserved synaptic insulin signaling and rescued memory deficits in mice with a high amyloid load,which were fed with a’western diet’.Conclusions:Collectively,the data suggest that neddylation and degradation of the insulin-receptor substrate is a nodal point that links high amyloid load,neuroinflammation,and synaptic insulin resistance to cognitive decline and impaired synaptic plasticity in high-risk aging.展开更多
Background:Blood-based biomarkers have proven to be a reliable measure of the severity and outcome of traumatic brain injury(TBI)in both murine models and patients.In particular,neuronspecific enolase(NSE),neurofilame...Background:Blood-based biomarkers have proven to be a reliable measure of the severity and outcome of traumatic brain injury(TBI)in both murine models and patients.In particular,neuronspecific enolase(NSE),neurofilament light(NFL)and S100 beta(S100B)have been investigated in the clinical setting post-injury.Ethanol intoxication(EI)remains a significant comorbidity in TBI,with 30–40%of patients having a positive blood alcohol concentration post-TBI.The effect of ethanol on blood-based biomarkers for the prognosis and diagnosis of TBI remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the effect of EI on NSE,NFL and S100B and their correlation with blood–brain barrier integrity in a murine model of TBI.Methods:We used ultra-sensitive single-molecule array technology and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods to measure NFL,NSE,S100B and claudin-5 concentrations in plasma 3 hours post-TBI.Results:We showed that NFL,NSE and S100B were increased at 3 hours post-TBI.Interestingly,ethanol blood concentrations showed an inverse correlation with NSE but not with NFL or S100B.Claudin-5 levels were increased post-injury but no difference was detected compared to ethanol pretreatment.The increase in claudin-5 post-TBI was correlated with NFL but not with NSE or S100B.Conclusions:Ethanol induces an effect on biomarker release in the bloodstream that is different from TBI not influenced by alcohol.This could be the basis of investigations into humans.展开更多
In a recent study,Folkmann and colleagues1 show that protein nanoclusters at the surface of biomolecular condensates act as Pickering agents stabilizing these emulsions in cells.The accumulating evidence suggests that...In a recent study,Folkmann and colleagues1 show that protein nanoclusters at the surface of biomolecular condensates act as Pickering agents stabilizing these emulsions in cells.The accumulating evidence suggests that cytosol represents a complex emulsion where multiple membrane-bound organelles and biomolecular condensates co-exist together.2 Each of these condensates is a crucible that can enrich for numerous proteins,RNAs,and even the entire membrane-bound organelles,such as the cluster of synaptic vesicles or the Golgi stacks.The molecules in these condensates remain highly mobile,readily exchange with the surrounding environment and grow/coarsening over time(by coalescence or Ostwald ripening),often towards the round structures to minimize the surface tension.展开更多
The structural basis of the regulation of serotonin(5-hydroxy-tryptamine,5-HT)receptors by ligands and lipids is only emerging.A recent study by Xu and colleagues1 published in Nature addresses this issue by resolving...The structural basis of the regulation of serotonin(5-hydroxy-tryptamine,5-HT)receptors by ligands and lipids is only emerging.A recent study by Xu and colleagues1 published in Nature addresses this issue by resolving five structures of 5-HT;receptor-G protein complexes.These include 5-HT1A in the apostate,i.e.not bound to a ligand,5-HT1A and 5-HT1D bound to serotonin or the atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole(for 5-HT1A),and 5-HT1E bound to its selective agonist BRL-54443.展开更多
Advanced manufacturing of retinal organoid samples from human induced pluripotent stem cells represents a promising way to study the development of retinal diseases.The retina is an epithelium composed of different ce...Advanced manufacturing of retinal organoid samples from human induced pluripotent stem cells represents a promising way to study the development of retinal diseases.The retina is an epithelium composed of different cell layers with unique optical properties and detects light by photoreceptor neurons for visual function.There are still many challenges in detecting early and distinct cellular changes in retinal disease.In this paper,we study the capability of the optical transmission matrix,which fully describes the transition of a light field propagating through a scattering sample.Despite its rich information content,the transmission matrix is commonly just used for light delivery through scattering media.Digital holography is employed to measure the complex light-field information of the transmitted light.We demonstrate that singular value decomposition of the transmission matrix allows to discriminate phantom tissues with varying scattering coefficient.We apply these findings to retinal organoid tissues.Application of the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chloro-phenylhydrazone(CCCP),a known inducer of retinal damage in animals,caused cell death and structural changes in human retinal organoids,which resulted in distinct changes in the transmission matrix.Our data indicate that the analysis of the transmission matrix can distinguish pathologic changes of the retina towards the development of imaging-based biomarkers.展开更多
Background:IgG-class autoantibodies to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate(NMDA)-type glutamate receptors define a novel entity of autoimmune encephalitis.Studies examining the prevalence of NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies in patients with ...Background:IgG-class autoantibodies to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate(NMDA)-type glutamate receptors define a novel entity of autoimmune encephalitis.Studies examining the prevalence of NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies in patients with Parkinson disease with/without dementia produced conflicting results.We measured NMDA antibodies in a large,well phenotyped sample of Parkinson patients without and with cognitive impairment(n=296)and controls(n=295)free of neuropsychiatric disease.Detailed phenotyping and large numbers allowed statistically meaningful correlation of antibody status with diagnostic subgroups as well as quantitative indicators of disease severity and cognitive impairment.Methods:NMDA antibodies were analysed in the serum of patients and controls using well established validated assays.We used anti-NMDA antibody positivity as the main independent variable and correlated it with disease status and phenotypic characteristics.Results:The frequency of NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies was lower in Parkinson patients(13%)than in controls(22%)and higher than in previous studies in both groups.NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies were neither significantly associated with diagnostic subclasses of Parkinson disease according to cognitive impairment,nor with quantitative indicators of disease severity and cognitive impairment.A positive NMDA antibody status was positively correlated with age in controls but not in Parkinson patients.Conclusion:It is unlikely albeit not impossible that NMDA antibodies play a significant role in the pathogenesis or progression of Parkinson disease e.g.to Parkinson disease with dementia,while NMDA IgG antibodies define a separate disease of its own.展开更多
基金AH was supported by the Hermann and Lilly Schilling-Stiftung für medizinische Forschung im Stifterverband.
文摘Accumulation of DNA damage and genomic instability are believed to have crucial effects in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease,premature aging diseases as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)and frontotemporal dementia(FTD).Until recently these studies were largely correlative in nature,though raising the possibility that defects in the DNA damage response(DDR)underlie neurodegenerative diseases.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771243)the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation(141113)to Aiguo Chen.
文摘In recent years evidence has emerged suggesting that Mini-basketball training program(MBTP)can be an effec-tive intervention method to improve social communication(SC)impairments and restricted and repetitive beha-viors(RRBs)in preschool children suffering from autism spectrum disorder(ASD).However,there is a considerable degree if interindividual variability concerning these social outcomes and thus not all preschool chil-dren with ASD profit from a MBTP intervention to the same extent.In order to make more accurate predictions which preschool children with ASD can benefit from an MBTP intervention or which preschool children with ASD need additional interventions to achieve behavioral improvements,further research is required.This study aimed to investigate which individual factors of preschool children with ASD can predict MBTP intervention out-comes concerning SC impairments and RRBs.Then,test the performance of machine learning models in predict-ing intervention outcomes based on these factors.Participants were 26 preschool children with ASD who enrolled in a quasi-experiment and received MBTP intervention.Baseline demographic variables(e.g.,age,body,mass index[BMI]),indicators of physicalfitness(e.g.,handgrip strength,balance performance),performance in execu-tive function,severity of ASD symptoms,level of SC impairments,and severity of RRBs were obtained to predict treatment outcomes after MBTP intervention.Machine learning models were established based on support vector machine algorithm were implemented.For comparison,we also employed multiple linear regression models in statistics.Ourfindings suggest that in preschool children with ASD symptomatic severity(r=0.712,p<0.001)and baseline SC impairments(r=0.713,p<0.001)are predictors for intervention outcomes of SC impair-ments.Furthermore,BMI(r=-0.430,p=0.028),symptomatic severity(r=0.656,p<0.001),baseline SC impair-ments(r=0.504,p=0.009)and baseline RRBs(r=0.647,p<0.001)can predict intervention outcomes of RRBs.Statistical models predicted 59.6%of variance in post-treatment SC impairments(MSE=0.455,RMSE=0.675,R2=0.596)and 58.9%of variance in post-treatment RRBs(MSE=0.464,RMSE=0.681,R2=0.589).Machine learning models predicted 83%of variance in post-treatment SC impairments(MSE=0.188,RMSE=0.434,R2=0.83)and 85.9%of variance in post-treatment RRBs(MSE=0.051,RMSE=0.226,R2=0.859),which were better than statistical models.Ourfindings suggest that baseline characteristics such as symptomatic severity of 144 IJMHP,2022,vol.24,no.2 ASD symptoms and SC impairments are important predictors determining MBTP intervention-induced improvements concerning SC impairments and RBBs.Furthermore,the current study revealed that machine learning models can successfully be applied to predict the MBTP intervention-related outcomes in preschool chil-dren with ASD,and performed better than statistical models.Ourfindings can help to inform which preschool children with ASD are most likely to benefit from an MBTP intervention,and they might provide a reference for the development of personalized intervention programs for preschool children with ASD.
文摘Protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases arisethrough neurotoxicity induced by aggregation of host proteins. These conditions include Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, tauopathies and prion diseases. Collectively, these conditions are a challenge to society because of the increasing aged population and through the real threat to human food security by animal prion diseases. It is therefore important to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie protein misfolding--induced neurotoxicity as this will form the basis for designing strategies to alleviate their burden. Prion diseases are an important paradigm for neurodegenerative conditions in general since several of these maladies have now been shown to display prion--like phenomena. Increasingly, cell cycle activity and the DNA damage response are recognised as cellular events that participate in the neurotoxic process of various neurodegenerative diseases, and their associated animal models, which suggests they are truly involved in the pathogenic process and are not merely epiphenomena. Here we review the role of cell cycle activity and the DNA damage response in neurodegeneration associated with protein misfolding diseases, and suggest that these events contribute towards prion--induced neurotoxicity. In doing so, we highlight PrP transgenic Drosophila as a tractable model for the genetic analysis of transmissible mammalian prion disease.
基金supported by Start-up Research Grant of Shenzhen University(20200807163056003)Start-Up Research Grant(PeacockPlan:20191105534C).
文摘Background:The Canadian 24-hour movement behavior(24-HMB)guidelines suggest that a limited amount of screen time use,an adequate level of physical activity(PA),and sufficient sleep duration are beneficial for ensuring and optimizing the health and quality of life(QoL)of children and adolescents.However,this topic has yet to be examined for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder(ASD)specifically.The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to examine the associations between meeting 24-HMB guidelines and several QoLrelated indicators among a national sample of American children and adolescents with ASD.Methods:Data were taken from the 2020 U.S.National Survey of Children’s Health dataset.Participants(n=956)aged 617 years and currently diagnosed with ASD were included.The exposure of interest was adherence to the 24-HMB guidelines.Outcomes were QoL indicators,including learning interest/curiosity,repeating grades,adaptive ability,victimization by bullying,and behavioral problems.Categorical variables were described with unweighted sample counts and weighted percentages.Age,sex,race,preterm birth status,medication,behavioral treatment,household poverty level,and the educational level of the primary caregivers were included as covariates.Odds ratio(OR)and 95%confidence interval(95%CI)were used to present the strength of association between adherence to 24-HMB guidelines and QoL-related indicators.Results:Overall,452 participants(45.34%)met 1 of the 3 recommendations,216(22.65%)met 2 recommendations,whereas only 39 participants(5.04%)met all 3 recommendations.Compared with meeting none of the recommendations,meeting both sleep duration and PA recommendations(OR=3.92,95%CI:1.639.48,p<0.001)or all 3 recommendations(OR=2.11,95%CI:1.034.35,p=0.04)was associated with higher odds of showing learning interest/curiosity.Meeting both screen time and PA recommendations(OR=0.15,95%CI:0.040.61,p<0.05)or both sleep duration and PA recommendations(OR=0.24,95%CI:0.070.87,p<0.05)was associated with lower odds of repeating any grades.With respect to adaptive ability,participants who met only the PA recommendation of the 24-HMB were less likely to have difficulties dressing or bathing(OR=0.11,95%CI:0.020.66,p<0.05)than those who did not.For participants who met all 3 recommendations(OR=0.38,95%CI:0.150.99,p=0.05),the odds of being victimized by bullying was lower.Participants who adhered to both sleep duration and PA recommendations were less likely to present with severe behavioral problems(OR=0.17,95%CI:0.040.71,p<0.05)than those who did not meet those guidelines.Conclusion:Significant associations were found between adhering to 24-HMB guidelines and selected QoL indicators.These findings highlight the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle as a key factor in promoting and preserving the QoL of children with ASD.
文摘Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of maladies, characterized by progressive loss of neurons. These diseases involve an intricate pattern of cross-talk between different types of cells to maintain specific signaling pathways. A component of such intercellular cross-talk is the exchange of various types of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes are a subset of EVs, which are increasingly being known for the role they play in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., synucleinopathies and tauopathies. The ability of the central nervous system exosomes to cross the blood-brain barrier into blood has generated enthusiasm in their study as potential biomarkers. However, the lack of standardized, efficient, and ultra-sensitive methods for the isolation and detection of brain-derived exosomes has hampered the development of effective biomarkers. Exosomes mirror heterogeneous biological changes that occur during the progression of these incurable illnesses, potentially offering a more comprehensive outlook of neurodegenerative disease diagnosis, progression and treatment. In this review, we aim to discuss the challenges and opportunities of peripheral biofluid-based brain-exosomes in the diagnosis and biomarker discovery of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. In the later part, we discuss the traditional and emerging methods used for the isolation of exosomes and compare their advantages and disadvantages in clinical settings.
基金supported by Helmholtz Association(Helmholtz Young Investigator Award)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)+1 种基金German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases(DZNE)TU Dresden(all to CK)
文摘Alzheimer’s disease cannot be cured as of yet.Our current understanding on the causes of Alzheimer’s disease is limited.To develop treatments,experimental models that represent a particular cellular phase of the disease and more rigorous scrutiny of the cellular pathological mechanisms are crucial.In recent years,Alzheimer’s disease research underwent a paradigm shift.According to this tendency,Alzheimer’s disease is increasingly being conceived of a disease where not only neurons but also multiple cell types synchronously partake to manifest the pathology.Knowledge on every cell type adds an alternative approach and hope for the efforts towards the treatment.Neural stem cells and their neurogenic ability are making an appearance as a new aspect of the disease manifestation based on the recent findings that neurogenesis reduces dramatically in Alzheimer’s disease patients compared to healthy individuals.Therefore,understanding how neural stem cells can form new neurons in Alzheimer’s disease brains holds an immense potential for clinics.However,this provocative idea requires further evidence and tools for investigation.Recently,single cell sequencing appeared as a revolutionary tool to understand cellular programs in unprecedented resolution and it will undoubtedly facilitate comprehensive investigation of different cell types in Alzheimer’s disease.In this mini-review,we will touch upon recent studies that use single cell sequencing for investigating cellular response in Alzheimer’s disease and some consideration pertaining to the utilization of neural regeneration for Alzheimer’s disease research.
基金funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health-Instituto Carlos Ⅲ(Miguel Servet programme-CP/00041) to FL
文摘Neurogranin (Ng) and its role as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarker: Ng is a calmodulin-binding protein mainly expressed in cerebral structures such as the cortex,hippocampus and striatum.It is mainly located in the dendritic processes,particularly in post-synaptic compartments,but also in the cytosolic compartment,being likely involved in the regulation of the intracellular calcium-calmodulin signaling pathway (Represa et al.,1990).In the last decade,a plethora of studies have demonstrated that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Ng is increased in AD patients and in individuals with an ADlike CSF profile (Kester et al.,2015a).This increase seems to be disease-specific because other neurodegenerative conditions including frontotemporal dementia,Lewy body dementia,Parkinson’s disease,progressive supranuclear palsy,multiple system atrophy or Huntington’s disease,present CSF Ng concentrations similar to controls (Wellington et al.,2016).Ng levels in CSF appear to be elevated in mild cognitive impairment (MCI)-affected individuals who progress to AD and are highly related to memory and cognitive function (Kester et al.,2015a;Tarawneh et al.,2016),which indicates that this protein may serve as an early AD biomarker with diagnostic utility in pre-dementia disease stages,and with prognostic utility to predict cognitive decline and MCI-to-AD conversion.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81873784,82071426 and 81901298)Clinical Cohort Construction Program of Peking University Third Hospital(BYSYDL2019002).
文摘Currently,there is no effective treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS),despite the limited efficacy of riluzole[1]and edaravone[2].SOD1(coding for the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase)is the second most frequent genetic cause for ALS only after C9orf72 in patients with European ancestry while being the most frequent in Asian ALS populations[3],Multiple therapeutic approaches have targeted SOD1-related ALS,including the antisense oligonucleotide tofersen with promising results in a recent phase I/II trial[4].
文摘Our immune system is based on the close collaboration of the innate and adaptive immune systems for the rapid detection of any threats to the host. Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules is entrusted to specific germline- encoded signaling receptors. The same receptors have now also emerged as efficient detectors of misplaced or altered self-molecules that signal tissue damage and cell death following, for example, disruption of the blood supply and subsequent hypoxia. Many types of endogenous molecules have been shown to provoke such sterile inflammatory states when released from dying cells. However, a group of proteins referred to as alarmins have both intracellular and extracellular functions which have been the subject of intense research. Indeed, alarmins can either exert beneficial cell housekeeping functions, leading to tissue repair, or provoke deleterious uncontrolled inflammation. This group of proteins includes the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-33 and the Ca^2+-binding S100 proteins. These dual-function proteins share conserved regulatory mechanisms, such as secretory routes, post-translational modifications and enzymatic processing, that govern their extracellular functions in time and space. Release of alarmins from mesenchymal cells is a highly relevant mechanism by which immune cells can be alerted of tissue damage, and alarmins play a key role in the development of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases and in cancer development.
文摘Background:In vivo diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)of the mouse brain was used to identify TDP-43 associated alterations in a mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS).Methods:Ten mice with TDP-43^(G298S) overexpression under control of the Thy1.2 promoter and 10 wild type(wt)underwent longitudinal DTI scans at 11.7 T,including one baseline and one follow-up scan with an interval of about 5months.Whole brain-based spatial statistics(WBSS)of DTI-based parameter maps was used to identify longitudinal alterations of TDP-43^(G298S) mice compared to wt at the cohort level.Results were supplemented by tractwise fractional anisotropy statistics(TFAS)and histological evaluation of motor cortex for signs of neuronal loss.Results:Alterations at the cohort level in TDP-43^(G298S) mice were observed cross-sectionally and longitudinally in motor areas M1/M2 and in transcallosal fibers but not in the corticospinal tract.Neuronal loss in layer V of motor cortex was detected in TDP-43^(G298S) at the later(but not at the earlier)timepoint compared to wt.Conclusion:DTI mapping of TDP-43^(G298S) mice demonstrated progression in motor areas M1/M2.WBSS and TFAS are useful techniques to localize TDP-43^(G298S) associated alterations over time in this ALS mouse model,as a biological marker.
基金The project was supported by the German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD)project 57421248by the Alzheimer Forschung Initiative(AFI)project 17022the Instituto Carlos Ⅲ(Miguel Servet programme—CP16/00041)to FL.
文摘Background: α-Synuclein is a small soluble protein,whose physiological function in the healthy brain is poorly understood.Intracellular inclusions of α-synuclein,referred to as Lewy bodies(LBs),are pathological hallmarks ofαsynucleinopathies,such as Parkinson’s disease(PD)or dementia with Lewy bodies(DLB).Main body:Understanding of the molecular basis as well as the factors or conditions promoting α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation is an important step towards the comprehension of pathological mechanism ofαsynucleinopathies and for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies.Based on the conversion and aggregation mechanism of α-synuclein,novel diagnostic tests,such as protein misfolding seeded conversion assays,e.g.the real-time quaking-induced conversion(RT-QuIC),had been developed.In diagnostics, α-synuclein RT-QuIC exhibits a specificity between 82 and 100%while the sensitivity varies between 70 and 100%among different laboratories.In addition,the α-synuclein RT-QuIC can be used to study the α-synuclein-seeding-characteristics of different α-synucleinopathies and to differentiate between DLB and PD.Conclusion:The variable diagnostic accuracy of current α-synuclein RT-QuIC occurs due to different protocols,cohorts and material etc..An impact of micro-environmental factors on the α-synuclein aggregation and conversion process and the occurrence and detection of differential misfolded α-synuclein types or strains might underpin the clinical heterogeneity of α-synucleinopathies.
基金the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)(Kr 1879/9-1/FOR 2419,Kr1879/5-1/6-1/10-1CRC1436 A02 Project-ID 425899996+2 种基金Research Training Group 2413 SynAGE,TP4),BMBF‘Energi’FKZ:01GQ1421B,The EU Joint Programme-Neurodegenerative Disease Research(JPND)project STAD(01ED1613)and Leibniz Foundation SAW‘ISAS2’,’SynMetAge’,’Neurotranslation’and’SynErca’to MRK.CRC1436 A02 Project-ID 425899996 to AKCRC1436 A05 Project-ID 425899996,Research Training Group 2413 SynAGE TP5 and BMBF‘Energi’FKZ:01GQ1421A to AD.G.M.G.was supported by the Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation/CAPES post-doctoral research fellowship(99999.001756/2014-01).
文摘Background:The metabolic syndrome is a consequence of modern lifestyle that causes synaptic insulin resistance and cognitive deficits and that in interaction with a high amyloid load is an important risk factor for Alzheimer’s dis-ease.It has been proposed that neuroinflammation might be an intervening variable,but the underlying mechanisms are currently unknown.Methods:We utilized primary neurons to induce synaptic insulin resistance as well as a mouse model of high-risk aging that includes a high amyloid load,neuroinflammation,and diet-induced obesity to test hypotheses on underly-ing mechanisms.Results:We found that neddylation and subsequent activation of cullin-RING ligase complexes induced synaptic insulin resistance through ubiquitylation and degradation of the insulin-receptor substrate IRS1 that organizes synap-tic insulin signaling.Accordingly,inhibition of neddylation preserved synaptic insulin signaling and rescued memory deficits in mice with a high amyloid load,which were fed with a’western diet’.Conclusions:Collectively,the data suggest that neddylation and degradation of the insulin-receptor substrate is a nodal point that links high amyloid load,neuroinflammation,and synaptic insulin resistance to cognitive decline and impaired synaptic plasticity in high-risk aging.
文摘Background:Blood-based biomarkers have proven to be a reliable measure of the severity and outcome of traumatic brain injury(TBI)in both murine models and patients.In particular,neuronspecific enolase(NSE),neurofilament light(NFL)and S100 beta(S100B)have been investigated in the clinical setting post-injury.Ethanol intoxication(EI)remains a significant comorbidity in TBI,with 30–40%of patients having a positive blood alcohol concentration post-TBI.The effect of ethanol on blood-based biomarkers for the prognosis and diagnosis of TBI remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the effect of EI on NSE,NFL and S100B and their correlation with blood–brain barrier integrity in a murine model of TBI.Methods:We used ultra-sensitive single-molecule array technology and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods to measure NFL,NSE,S100B and claudin-5 concentrations in plasma 3 hours post-TBI.Results:We showed that NFL,NSE and S100B were increased at 3 hours post-TBI.Interestingly,ethanol blood concentrations showed an inverse correlation with NSE but not with NFL or S100B.Claudin-5 levels were increased post-injury but no difference was detected compared to ethanol pretreatment.The increase in claudin-5 post-TBI was correlated with NFL but not with NSE or S100B.Conclusions:Ethanol induces an effect on biomarker release in the bloodstream that is different from TBI not influenced by alcohol.This could be the basis of investigations into humans.
基金Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
文摘In a recent study,Folkmann and colleagues1 show that protein nanoclusters at the surface of biomolecular condensates act as Pickering agents stabilizing these emulsions in cells.The accumulating evidence suggests that cytosol represents a complex emulsion where multiple membrane-bound organelles and biomolecular condensates co-exist together.2 Each of these condensates is a crucible that can enrich for numerous proteins,RNAs,and even the entire membrane-bound organelles,such as the cluster of synaptic vesicles or the Golgi stacks.The molecules in these condensates remain highly mobile,readily exchange with the surrounding environment and grow/coarsening over time(by coalescence or Ostwald ripening),often towards the round structures to minimize the surface tension.
基金A.D.was supported by Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung(BMBF:Energl project,TP 5,01GQ1421A),Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG:SFB 1436,TP AOS-Project-ID 425899996)E.P.was supported by DFG grant P0732+1 种基金MZ.was supported by DFG(FOR 2858,TP B1-Project-ID 422185457)the European Research Council(ERC)under the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(grant agreement no.787679).
文摘The structural basis of the regulation of serotonin(5-hydroxy-tryptamine,5-HT)receptors by ligands and lipids is only emerging.A recent study by Xu and colleagues1 published in Nature addresses this issue by resolving five structures of 5-HT;receptor-G protein complexes.These include 5-HT1A in the apostate,i.e.not bound to a ligand,5-HT1A and 5-HT1D bound to serotonin or the atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole(for 5-HT1A),and 5-HT1E bound to its selective agonist BRL-54443.
基金supported by the Funding Programs for DZNE Helmholtz(M.K.)TU Dresden CRTD(M.K.)+3 种基金Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung(BMBF)ReSight(01EK1613A)DFG KA2794/5-1 SPP2127(M.K.)supported by DFG Cz55/40-1 and DFG Cz55/42-1The hiPSC line was kindly provided by Andreas Hermann(DZNE Dresden,Uni Rostock)。
文摘Advanced manufacturing of retinal organoid samples from human induced pluripotent stem cells represents a promising way to study the development of retinal diseases.The retina is an epithelium composed of different cell layers with unique optical properties and detects light by photoreceptor neurons for visual function.There are still many challenges in detecting early and distinct cellular changes in retinal disease.In this paper,we study the capability of the optical transmission matrix,which fully describes the transition of a light field propagating through a scattering sample.Despite its rich information content,the transmission matrix is commonly just used for light delivery through scattering media.Digital holography is employed to measure the complex light-field information of the transmitted light.We demonstrate that singular value decomposition of the transmission matrix allows to discriminate phantom tissues with varying scattering coefficient.We apply these findings to retinal organoid tissues.Application of the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chloro-phenylhydrazone(CCCP),a known inducer of retinal damage in animals,caused cell death and structural changes in human retinal organoids,which resulted in distinct changes in the transmission matrix.Our data indicate that the analysis of the transmission matrix can distinguish pathologic changes of the retina towards the development of imaging-based biomarkers.
基金Intramural funding of the Dept.of Neurology,Kiel University.
文摘Background:IgG-class autoantibodies to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate(NMDA)-type glutamate receptors define a novel entity of autoimmune encephalitis.Studies examining the prevalence of NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies in patients with Parkinson disease with/without dementia produced conflicting results.We measured NMDA antibodies in a large,well phenotyped sample of Parkinson patients without and with cognitive impairment(n=296)and controls(n=295)free of neuropsychiatric disease.Detailed phenotyping and large numbers allowed statistically meaningful correlation of antibody status with diagnostic subgroups as well as quantitative indicators of disease severity and cognitive impairment.Methods:NMDA antibodies were analysed in the serum of patients and controls using well established validated assays.We used anti-NMDA antibody positivity as the main independent variable and correlated it with disease status and phenotypic characteristics.Results:The frequency of NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies was lower in Parkinson patients(13%)than in controls(22%)and higher than in previous studies in both groups.NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies were neither significantly associated with diagnostic subclasses of Parkinson disease according to cognitive impairment,nor with quantitative indicators of disease severity and cognitive impairment.A positive NMDA antibody status was positively correlated with age in controls but not in Parkinson patients.Conclusion:It is unlikely albeit not impossible that NMDA antibodies play a significant role in the pathogenesis or progression of Parkinson disease e.g.to Parkinson disease with dementia,while NMDA IgG antibodies define a separate disease of its own.