Enzymes of Phenylpropanoid Metabolism Involved in Strengthening the Structural Barrier for Providing Genotype and Stage Dependent Resistance to Karnal Bunt in Wheat

The role of lignifications and enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid (PP) biosynthesis i.e. phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), Peroxidase (POD), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in providing resistance to Karnal Bunt (KB) during different developmental stages of resistant (HD-29) and susceptible genotype (WH-542) and its recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of wheat were investigated. The enzymes of PP pathway were expressed constitutively in both the susceptible and resistant genotype. However, the activity was higher in all the developmental stages of resistant genotype and its RILs, indicating that this genotype has a significant higher basal level of these enzymes as compared to the susceptible line and could be used as marker(s) to define KB resistance. The activity of PAL and POD was significantly higher in WSv stage (Z = 16) while the specific activity of PPO was higher in WS3 (Z = 77) stage as compared to the other physiological stages in both the genotypes. In resistant genotype the lignin content increased two-fold and three-fold at WS2 and WS3 stage, respectively, while in susceptible genotype no significant increase in lignin content was observed. The pathway might be associated with the enhancement of structural defense barrier due to lignifications of cell wall as evident from the enhanced synthesis of lignin in all the stages of resistant genotype. Our results clearly indicate the possible role of enzymes of PP metabolism provides genotype and stage dependant structural barrier resistance in wheat against KB.

Review of Finger millet(Eleusine coracana(L.)Gaertn):A power house of health benefiting nutrients

The bulk of the world’s millet crop is produced by India,Nigeria,Niger,Mali,Burkina Faso,Chad,and China.Finger millet(Eleusine coracana(L.)Gaertn),little millet(Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem.&Schult.),foxtail millet(Setaria italica(L.)P.Beauvois)and proso millet(Panicum miliaceum L.)are most commonly found species among various millet varieties.In India,finger millet occupy the largest area under cultivation among the small millets.Finger millet stands unique among the cereals such as barley,rye and oats with higher nutritional contents and has outstanding properties as a subsistence food crop.It is rich in calcium(0.34%),dietary fiber(18%),phytates(0.48%),protein(6%–13%)minerals(2.5%–3.5%),and phenolics(0.3%–3%).Moreover,it is also a rich source of thiamine,riboflavin,iron,methionine,isoleucine,leucine,phenylalanine and other essential amino acids.The abundance of these phytochemicals enhances the nutraceutical potential of finger millet,making it a powerhouse of health benefiting nutrients.It has distinguished health beneficial properties,such as anti-diabetic(type 2 diabetes mellitus),anti-diarrheal,antiulcer,anti-inflammatory,antitumerogenic(K562 chronic myeloid leukemia),atherosclerogenic effects,antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

三元混合纳米流体(TiO_(2)-SiO_(2)-MoS_(2)/煤油)流过旋转圆盘时的二次热辐射和Cattaneo-Christov模型

本文研究了Cattaneo-Christov模型(C-C模型)和对流边界条件下的二次热辐射对三元混合纳米流体(TiO_(2)-SiO_(2)-MoS_(2)/煤油)流过旋转圆盘过程的影响,并研究了Darcy-Forchheimer多孔介质和吸入/注射的影响。比较分析了三元混合纳米流体(TiO_(2)-SiO_(2)-MoS_(2)/煤油)与混合纳米流体(TiO2-SiO2/煤油)。通过von Karman转换将偏微分方程集合转变为常微分方程,并通过MATLAB中的bvp4c函数对其求解。图表结果反映了径向、切向速度和传热速度的变化。讨论了各种参数的影响,包括磁场、Forchheimer数、孔隙率参数、滑移参数、辐射参数、热弛豫、混合对流、吸入/注射、Biot数、发热/热吸收、体积分数。发现较高的辐射值和热弛豫参数可以提高传热速率。本研究将对使用纳米流体的学科领域具有一定的参考价值,如运输过程、旋转的机械系统、协同旋转的涡轮系统、增强型油回收系统、医疗等。

Biodegradation analysis of pendimethalin by Planococcus citreus strain PD6 using FTIR and further in silico characterization for dehydrogenase as potential regulatory enzyme of degradation pathway

Degradation of pendimethalin by microorganisms is an approach seeking more attention nowadays.This study aims to isolate a new strain of Planococcus,which is capable of degrading pendimethalin from the soil in rice field.Identification of this coccus bacterium was done by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence.Strain PD6 was found to grow potentially on pendimethalin supplemented minimal salt medium and degraded 50 mg L^(-1) pendimethalin in monosubstrate system.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy was performed to check degradation of pendimethalin by Planococcus,which was demonstrated by changing chemical bonding and stretching patterns.This study was further extended to predict possible first enzyme of pendimethalin-degradation pathway.Molecular docking was performed to check efficient binding of dehydrogenase with pendimethalin.This strain of Planococcus degraded pendimethalin with relatively high efficiency in minimal salt media and is presented as another possible bacterium other than species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas which are already demonstrated as potential in vitro pendimethalin-degrading bacteria.Moreover,docking reveals that dehydrogenases having more chance to prove as first regulatory enzyme of pendimethalin-degradation pathway.

Drought-Tolerant Pseudomonas spp. Improve the Growth Performance of Finger Millet(Eleusine coracana(L.) Gaertn.)Under Non-Stressed and Drought-Stressed Conditions

Application of plant growth-promoting bacteria(PGPB)is an environmentally sustainable option to reduce the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on plant growth and productivity.Three 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid(ACC)deaminase-producing drought-tolerant bacteria were isolated from a rain-fed agriculture field in the Central Himalaya of Kumaun region,Uttarakhand,India and evaluated for their efficiency in improving finger millet(Eleusine coracana(L.)Gaertn.)plant growth under non-stressed and drought-stressed conditions.These bacteria withstood a substrate metric potential of -1.0 MPa(30% polyethylene glycol 8000)and therefore were considered drought-tolerant.These strains were identified as Pseudomonas spp.by fatty acid methyl ester analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing.The ACC deaminase activity of these strains was characterized at the biochemical level,and the presence of acd S gene,the structural gene for ACC deaminase,was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction.Two sets of pot trials in glass house were set up,one for normal(non-stressed)and the other for drought-stressed conditions.After 5 weeks,one set of plants was subjected to drought stress for 5 d,while the other set continued to be watered.The same growth parameters were recorded for both sets of plants after 40 d of plant growth.The results of pot trials showed that treatments inoculated with ACC deaminase-producing bacterial strains significantly improved the growth performance of finger millet plants and foliar nutrient content as compared to uninoculated treatments under both non-stressed and drought-stressed conditions.In addition,a significant increase in antioxidant activity was observed,wherein bacterial stain inoculation improved plant fitness by protecting it from oxidative damage induced by drought.

Impacts of Bioinoculants Pseudomonas jesenii MP1 and Rhodococcus qingshengii S10107 on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Yield and Soil Nitrogen Status

Cold-adapted bioinoculants are considered as harbingers of sustainable hill agriculture. Therefore, two previously characterized psychrotolerant diazotrophs, Pseudomonas jesenii MP1 and Rhodococcus qingshengii S10107, were evaluated for their plant growthpromoting potential for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown under natural field conditions. Comparative analysis of agronomical and biochemical crop parameters revealed the irrelevance of chemical fertilizers for chickpea production;the diazotrophs alone were sufficient to fulfil the crop's nutritional requirement. However, the integrated use of bacterial strains in combination with urea at 20 kg N ha^-1 as urea was being recommended for higher crop yield and better soil nitrogen status. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-based soil bacterial dynamics unveiled the persistence of both diazotrophs until the end of the crop maturation period without affecting the native micro-flora. Therefore, these bioinoculants can be explored as natural nitrogen resource, and an additional incentive in their bio-formulation will be a step towards agricultural sustainability.

Deep learning based computer vision approaches for smart agricultural applications

The agriculture industry is undergoing a rapid digital transformation and is growing powerful by the pillars of cutting-edge approaches like artificial intelligence and allied technologies.At the core of artificial intelligence,deep learning-based computer vision enables various agriculture activities to be performed automatically with utmost precision enabling smart agriculture into reality.Computer vision techniques,in conjunction with high-quality image acquisition using remote cameras,enable non-contact and efficient technology-driven solutions in agriculture.This review contributes to providing state-of-the-art computer vision technologies based on deep learning that can assist farmers in operations starting from land preparation to harvesting.Recent works in the area of computer vision were analyzed in this paper and categorized into(a)seed quality analysis,(b)soil analysis,(c)irrigation water management,(d)plant health analysis,(e)weed management(f)livestock management and(g)yield estimation.The paper also discusses recent trends in computer vision such as generative adversarial networks(GAN),vision transformers(ViT)and other popular deep learning architectures.Additionally,this study pinpoints the challenges in implementing the solutions in the farmer’s field in real-time.The overall finding indicates that convolutional neural networks are the corner stone of modern computer vision approaches and their various architectures provide high-quality solutions across various agriculture activities in terms of precision and accuracy.However,the success of the computer vision approach lies in building the model on a quality dataset and providing real-time solutions.