Unveiling health rights:A call to action for sex workers'HIV care in the Philippines

We are writing in response to the article titled“Addressing the needs and rights of sex workers for HIV healthcare services in the Philippines”[1].The article calls for attention on the significant challenges faced by sex workers in the Philippines in accessing HIV healthcare.We appreciate the article’s effort to examine these issues in depth.We would like to present a constant flow of thoughts in this letter while highlighting the positive aspects,potential obstacles,and additional points that contribute to this ongoing discussion.

Therapeutic role of yoga in hypertension

Systemic hypertension is an established risk factor for coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular accident and control of blood pressure reduces the risk of a major cardiovascular event.Both non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment options are available to treat hypertension.Yoga,recently received more attention as a treatment modality for various lifestyle disorders,even though practiced in India since ancient times.In this review,we are analyzing the role of yoga in the treatment of systemic hypertension.

Energy Efficient Load Balancing and Routing Using Multi-Objective Based Algorithm in WSN

In wireless sensor network(WSN),the gateways which are placed far away from the base station(BS)forward the collected data to the BS through the gateways which are nearer to the BS.This leads to more energy consumption because the gateways nearer to the BS manages heavy traffic load.So,to over-come this issue,loads around the gateways are to be balanced by presenting energy efficient clustering approach.Besides,to enhance the lifetime of the net-work,optimal routing path is to be established between the source node and BS.For energy efficient load balancing and routing,multi objective based beetle swarm optimization(BSO)algorithm is presented in this paper.Using this algo-rithm,optimal clustering and routing are performed depend on the objective func-tions routingfitness and clusteringfitness.This approach leads to decrease the power consumption.Simulation results show that the performance of the pro-posed BSO based clustering and routing scheme attains better results than that of the existing algorithms in terms of energy consumption,delivery ratio,through-put and network lifetime.Namely,the proposed scheme increases throughput to 72%and network lifetime to 37%as well as it reduces delay to 37%than the existing optimization algorithms based clustering and routing schemes.

Epidemiology and clinico-laboratory manifestations of scrub typhus in Hadoti region of Rajasthan,India:A cross-sectional study

Objective:To study epidemiology,clinical manifestations,and laboratory parameters of scrub typhus in Hadoti region of Rajasthan,India.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 patients with scrub typhus between August 2022 and November 2022.Scrub typhus was diagnosed by ELISA IgM scrub typhus antibody.The data about demography,vital parameters,and lab investigations were collected and analyzed.Results:Ninety-two percent of the patients were from a rural background(92%),86% were farmers and the majority were females.Most patients were 40-60 years old.The major complaints were fever(100%),myalgia(100%),headache(82%),and body swelling(80%).Major complications were pneumonia(68%),multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(62%),hepatitis(44%),and acute kidney injury(42%).Triglyceride levels were>200 mg/dL in 80% of patients,albumin<3.5 g/dL in 98% and eschar mark was present in 24%of patients.Conclusions:Scrub typhus is a serious acute febrile illness that can lead to multi-organ dysfunction and is associated with significant mortality.Increasing awareness regarding disease in endemic regions,early screening of patients,and treatment as early as possible could help prevent the patient from severe life-threatening complications.

Effect of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Cassia fistula L.on typeⅡcollagen-induced arthritis in rats

Objective:To explore the effect of Cassia fistula on collagenⅡ-induced arthritis in rats.Methods:The effect of 250 and 500 mg/kg chloroform and hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia fistula leaf on collagenⅡ-induced arthritis was investigated by evaluating paw volume,arthritis index,spleen index,and biochemical parameters.Histopathological analysis and docking study were also performed.Results:A dose-dependent reduction in paw volume,arthritic index,and spleen index was observed following oral administration of the chloroform and hydroalcoholic extracts.Treatment with Cassia fistula extracts reduced tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,prostaglandin E_(2),aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,total leucocyte count,and erythrocyte sedimentation rate while increasing IL-10 level.In addition,Cassia fistula extracts improved joint architecture,and prevented cartilage and bone destruction.Docking analysis demonstrated that the physcion,1-octacosanol,5,3’,4’-trihydroxy-6-methoxy-7-O-α-Lrhamnopyranosyl-(1,2)-O-β-D-galactopyranoside and scopoletin may be responsible for the anti-arthritic effect of Cassia fistula.Conclusions:Cassia fistula suppresses the progression of collagenⅡ-induced arthritis by lowering the inflammatory factors,decreasing paw volume and arthritic index,and alleviating joint architecture.However,further studies are required to confirm the bioactive molecule responsible for the anti-arthritic potential of Cassia fistula.

Assessing anthropogenic pressure and threats on Paeonia emodi Wall.ex Royle habitats in Garhwal Himalaya

The Garhwal Himalaya is among the major repositories of immensely valuable wild edible plants and provides food security to the local population.Among the valuable plant species that grow in this region,Paeonia emodi(family Paeoniaceae)is an important wild edible species that found in temperate regions with an altitude range between 1800 and 2800 m.The species is facing a severe threat to its sustainability due to overharvesting,habitat disturbances,and a lack of effort regarding conservation.For the first time,this study investigated anthropogenic pressure,population decline perceptions in the natural habitat,and vulnerability assessment of P.emodi under selected study sites(n=23 villages).A semi structured questionnaire was used to interview approximately 45%of the local inhabitants,including herbal practitioners(Vaidhyas or Dais)of each village.On the basis of demographic characteristics,the perceptions and responses of 464 local people were documented regarding potential causes of deterioration and feasible options for sustainable utilization.Using the weight survey method,we estimated the actual amount of collection based on personal interaction and direct observation.In order to determine the threats status,a rapid vulnerability assessment(RVA)was performed and were used based on the current exploitation and usage.The present study revealed that leaf(100%)was the most frequently harvested part,followed by stem(95.65%),seed(26.09%),root(21.74%)and flower(13.04%).The village Triyuginarayan and Pothivasa recorded the highest collection scores while the purpose of the collection was mostly edible(100%),medicinal(100%),and least commercial(8.70%).According to the literature review and the present survey,the RVA(total=21)is categorized as category II(intermediate side of the RVA index),indicating a degree of vulnerability.The study revealed that P.emodi faces extinction in the Garhwal Himalayas.Growing this species through agro-production techniques may alleviate the pressure on the existing population as a result of the availability of raw materials for commercial and household uses.These findings will provide an effective framework for conservation and management decisions and plans.

New Preamble Sequence for WiMAX System with Improved Synchronization Accuracy

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access(WiMAX)trusts Multiple Input Multiple Output-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(MIMO-OFDM)combination for the deployment of physical layer functions and for connecting the medium access control to the wireless media.Even though Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)facilitates reliable digital broadband transmission in the fading wireless channels,the presence of synchro-nization errors in the form of Carrier Frequency Offset(CFO)and Time Offset(TO)adversely affect the performance of OFDM based physical layers.The objective of this work is to improve the accuracy of the frequency and the time offset estimation in the WiMAX physical layer.A method to enhance the synchro-nization accuracy byfine-tuning the merit factor of the preamble sequence is sug-gested in this paper.Also,a new preamble with improved synchronization accuracy is proposed for the WiMAX system.The performance of the proposed preamble is evaluated in a Rayleigh fading channel and the results of simulations show that the Mean Square Error(MSE)in offset estimation is significantly reduced and it outperforms the standard WiMAX preamble.

Multiway Relay Based Framework for Network Coding in Multi-Hop WSNs

In today’s information technology(IT)world,the multi-hop wireless sensor networks(MHWSNs)are considered the building block for the Internet of Things(IoT)enabled communication systems for controlling everyday tasks of organizations and industry to provide quality of service(QoS)in a stipulated time slot to end-user over the Internet.Smart city(SC)is an example of one such application which can automate a group of civil services like automatic control of traffic lights,weather prediction,surveillance,etc.,in our daily life.These IoT-based networks with multi-hop communication and multiple sink nodes provide efficient communication in terms of performance parameters such as throughput,energy efficiency,and end-to-end delay,wherein low latency is considered a challenging issue in next-generation networks(NGN).This paper introduces a single and parallels stable server queuing model with amulti-class of packets and native and coded packet flowto illustrate the simple chain topology and complexmultiway relay(MWR)node with specific neighbor topology.Further,for improving data transmission capacity inMHWSNs,an analytical framework for packet transmission using network coding at the MWR node in the network layer with opportunistic listening is performed by considering bi-directional network flow at the MWR node.Finally,the accuracy of the proposed multi-server multi-class queuing model is evaluated with and without network coding at the network layer by transmitting data packets.The results of the proposed analytical framework are validated and proved effective by comparing these analytical results to simulation results.

Effect on Optical and Antibacterial Activity of SnO2 and CuO Blended SnO2 Nanoparticles

Nanocrystalline SnO2 and CuO doped with SnO2 were prepared by the co-precipitation method and characterized for different physiochemical properties and microbiological activity. The composition and morphological formation were characterized by XRD, HRTEM, Raman, FTIR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The Powder X-ray analysis reveals that Sn4+ ions have substituted the Cu2+ ions without changing the monoclinic structure of SnO2 but the average particle size of the SnO2 and CuO doped SnO2 samples from 11 and 5 nm respectively. However, it exhibits an inhibiting strong bacterial growth against tested bacterial strains.

Value Orientation in Higher Education-Strategies for Implementation in Particular Reference to Indian Universities and Colleges During COVID-19

This present theoretical paper tries to highlight,i.e.,how education plays an important role in the process of social change through inculcating value within the youngsters of our higher education particularly in this COVID-19 unpredicted situation.It is very potential instrument,a powerful medium of bringing about changes in the society through more than 65%of the youngsters in the higher education of our country.Changes brought about by value-oriented education are permanent and transcendent in nature.This paper suggests that with the help of new communication media,technology,modern methodology,and latest instructional materials,education brings about changes in the society during this COVID-19 situation.This paper also highlights that the NEP(1986)characterizes higher education as a crucial factor for survival,providing the Indian people with an opportunity to reflect on the critical,social,economic,cultural,moral and spiritual issues facing humanity.This paper further argues that higher education in this COVID-19 also is the main instrument for development and it is the time to change the ways and come forward for value orientation through universities and colleges by the government.It has the important task of preparing leaders for different walks of life-social,intellectual,political,cultural,scientific,and technological.

Some Topological Values of Supramolecular Chain of Different Complexes of N-Salicylidene-L-Valine

L-valine is a glycogen-type amino acid regarded among the necessary mammalian amino acids.This is an amino acid that is essential for protein synthesis.N-salicylidene-L-valine is gaining a lot of attention because of its unique structure and increased catalytic and cytotoxic activity.We explore the chain of supramolecular dialkyltin N-salicylidene-L-valine complexes 2,3,and 4 to learn more about this structure and its features regarding topological indices.We computed the first and second Randi′c index,harmonic index,sum-connectivity index,atom-bond-connectivity index,geometric arithmetic index and reduced reciprocal Randi′c index of Supramolecular Chain of Different Complexes of N-Salicylidene-L-Valine.Furthermore,we present an analysis of such structures using specific examples,as well as a comparison of topological indices.

Evaluation of the effect of shodhana(detoxification)process using chromatographic profiling(HPTLC,HPLC,LC-MS,and GC-MS)and estimation of the content of toxic colchicine in Gloriosa superba Linn.tubers

Shodhana(purification/detoxification)is an important aspect of Ayurveda.It has been described in several important pieces of literature.In this study,we performed shodhana process on Langali(Gloriosa superba Linn.)tubers of family Liliaceae,a semi-woody herbaceous climber with significant therapeutic properties.We compared the unprocessed(before purification)and processed(after purification)samples based on the phytochemical,physicochemical,and chromatographic study,including HPTLC,HPLC,GC-MS and LC-MS.Significant changes were observed in profiling after the shodhana process.This plant contains colchicine,known for its toxic effects,particularly cardiotoxicity.Therefore,we quantified colchicine in the unprocessed and processed samples of Gloriosa superba Linn.tubers using HPLC method.Results showed that the percentage of colchicine was reduced by 13.67%in chloroform extract and 20.97%in ethanol extracts after the shodhana process.

Impediments of Cognitive System Engineering in Machine-Human Modeling

A comprehensive understanding of human intelligence is still an ongoing process,i.e.,human and information security are not yet perfectly matched.By understanding cognitive processes,designers can design humanized cognitive information systems(CIS).The need for this research is justified because today’s business decision makers are faced with questions they cannot answer in a given amount of time without the use of cognitive information systems.The researchers aim to better strengthen cognitive information systems with more pronounced cognitive thresholds by demonstrating the resilience of cognitive resonant frequencies to reveal possible responses to improve the efficiency of human-computer interaction(HCI).Apractice-oriented research approach included research analysis and a review of existing articles to pursue a comparative research model;thereafter,amodel development paradigm was used to observe and monitor the progression of CIS during HCI.The scope of our research provides a broader perspective on how different disciplines affect HCI and how human cognitive models can be enhanced to enrich complements.We have identified a significant gap in the current literature on mental processing resulting from a wide range of theory and practice.

Numerical Investigation of Malaria Disease Dynamics in Fuzzy Environment

The application of fuzzy theory is vital in all scientific disciplines.The construction of mathematical models with fuzziness is little studied in the literature.With this in mind and for a better understanding of the disease,an SEIR model of malaria transmission with fuzziness is examined in this study by extending a classicalmodel ofmalaria transmission.The parametersβandδ,being function of the malaria virus load,are considered fuzzy numbers.Three steady states and the reproduction number of the model are analyzed in fuzzy senses.A numerical technique is developed in a fuzzy environment to solve the studied model,which retains essential properties such as positivity and dynamic consistency.Moreover,numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the analytical results of the developed technique.Unlike most of the classical methods in the literature,the proposed approach converges unconditionally and can be considered a reliable tool for studying malaria disease dynamics.

New Trends in Fuzzy Modeling Through Numerical Techniques

Amoebiasis is a parasitic intestinal infection caused by the highly pathogenic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica.It is spread through person-toperson contact or by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with feces.Its transmission rate depends on the number of cysts present in the environment.The traditional models assumed a homogeneous and contradictory transmission with reality.The heterogeneity of its transmission rate is a significant factor when modeling disease dynamics.The heterogeneity of disease transmission can be described mathematically by introducing fuzzy theory.In this context,a fuzzy SEIR Amoebiasis disease model is considered in this study.The equilibrium analysis and reproductive number are studied with fuzziness.Two numerical schemes forward Euler method and a nonstandard finite difference(NSFD)approach,are developed for the learned model,and the results of numerical simulations are presented.The numerical and simulation results reveal that the proposed NSFD method provides an adequate representation of the dynamics of the disease despite the uncertainty and heterogeneity.Moreover,the obtained method generates plausible predictions that regulators can use to support decision-making to design and develop control strategies.

Computational Investigation of Hand Foot Mouth Disease Dynamics with Fuzziness

The first major outbreak of the severely complicated hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD),primarily caused by enterovirus 71,was reported in Taiwan in 1998.HFMD surveillance is needed to assess the spread of HFMD.The parameters we use in mathematical models are usually classical mathematical parameters,called crisp parameters,which are taken for granted.But any biological or physical phenomenon is best explained by uncertainty.To represent a realistic situation in any mathematical model,fuzzy parameters can be very useful.Many articles have been published on how to control and prevent HFMD from the perspective of public health and statistical modeling.However,few works use fuzzy theory in building models to simulateHFMDdynamics.In this context,we examined anHFMD model with fuzzy parameters.A Non Standard Finite Difference(NSFD)scheme is developed to solve the model.The developed technique retains essential properties such as positivity and dynamic consistency.Numerical simulations are presented to support the analytical results.The convergence and consistency of the proposed method are also discussed.The proposed method converges unconditionally while the many classical methods in the literature do not possess this property.In this regard,our proposed method can be considered as a reliable tool for studying the dynamics of HFMD.

Energy efficient indoor localisation for narrowband internet of things

There are an increasing number of Narrow Band IoT devices being manufactured as the technology behind them develops quickly.The high co‐channel interference and signal attenuation seen in edge Narrow Band IoT devices make it challenging to guarantee the service quality of these devices.To maximise the data rate fairness of Narrow Band IoT devices,a multi‐dimensional indoor localisation model is devised,consisting of transmission power,data scheduling,and time slot scheduling,based on a network model that employs non‐orthogonal multiple access via a relay.Based on this network model,the optimisation goal of Narrow Band IoT device data rate ratio fairness is first established by the authors,while taking into account the Narrow Band IoT network:The multidimensional indoor localisation optimisation model of equipment tends to minimize data rate,energy constraints and EH relay energy and data buffer constraints,data scheduling and time slot scheduling.As a result,each Narrow Band IoT device's data rate needs are met while the network's overall performance is optimised.We investigate the model's potential for convex optimisation and offer an algorithm for optimising the distribution of multiple resources using the KKT criterion.The current work primarily considers the NOMA Narrow Band IoT network under a single EH relay.However,the growth of Narrow Band IoT devices also leads to a rise in co‐channel interference,which impacts NOMA's performance enhancement.Through simulation,the proposed approach is successfully shown.These improvements have boosted the network's energy efficiency by 44.1%,data rate proportional fairness by 11.9%,and spectrum efficiency by 55.4%.

Numerical Analysis for the Effect of Irresponsible Immigrants on HIV/AIDS Dynamics

The human immunodeficiency viruses are two species of Lentivirus that infect humans.Over time,they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,a condition in which progressive immune system failure allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.Human immunodeficiency virus infection came from a type of chimpanzee in Central Africa.Studies show that immunodeficiency viruses may have jumped from chimpanzees to humans as far back as the late 1800s.Over decades,human immunodeficiency viruses slowly spread across Africa and later into other parts of the world.The Susceptible-Infected-Recovered(SIR)models are significant in studying disease dynamics.In this paper,we have studied the effect of irresponsible immigrants on HIV/AIDS dynamics by formulating and considering different methods.Euler,Runge Kutta,and a Non-standardfinite difference(NSFD)method are developed for the same problem.Numerical experiments are performed at disease-free and endemic equilibria points at different time step sizes‘ℎ’.The results reveal that,unlike Euler and Runge Kutta,which fail for large time step sizes,the proposed Non-standardfinite difference(NSFD)method gives a convergence solution for any time step size.Our proposed numerical method is bounded,dynamically con-sistent,and preserves the positivity of the continuous solution,which are essential requirements when modeling a prevalent disease.

New Trends in the Modeling of Diseases Through Computational Techniques

The computational techniques are a set of novel problem-solving methodologies that have attracted wider attention for their excellent performance.The handling strategies of real-world problems are artificial neural networks(ANN),evolutionary computing(EC),and many more.An estimated fifty thousand to ninety thousand new leishmaniasis cases occur annually,with only 25%to 45%reported to the World Health Organization(WHO).It remains one of the top parasitic diseases with outbreak and mortality potential.In 2020,more than ninety percent of new cases reported to World Health Organization(WHO)occurred in ten countries:Brazil,China,Ethiopia,Eritrea,India,Kenya,Somalia,South Sudan,Sudan,and Yemen.The transmission of visceral leishmaniasis is studied dynamically and numerically.The study included positivity,boundedness,equilibria,reproduction number,and local stability of the model in the dynamical analysis.Some detailed methods like Runge Kutta and Euler depend on time steps and violate the physical relevance of the disease.They produce negative and unbounded results,so in disease dynamics,such developments have no biological significance;in other words,these results are meaningless.But the implicit nonstandard finite difference method does not depend on time step,positive,bounded,dynamic and consistent.All the computational techniques and their results were compared using computer simulations.

Synthesis,Characterization and Impedance Analysis of Calcium-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

The calcium-doped ZnO nanoparticles,Zn1-xCaxO(x=0,0.025,0.05,0.075)were prepared by the solution combustion meth­od.The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various techniques such as XRD,FTIR,Raman,FESEM-EDX,PL,Impedance,and UV-Vis.The Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffractogram yields the crystalline structure and lattice parameters.Also,the XRD analysis shows that the substitution of Ca into ZnO does not alter the Wurtzite structure of ZnO.The crystallite size of the samples,calculated using the Scherer equation,was found to be between 46 nm and 92 nm.FTIR spectra detect the ZnO-re­lated vibration modes of the samples.The FESEM morphological images suggest the spherical shape of the synthesized nanopar­ticles.The EDAX spectra identify the presence of Zn,Ca,and O atoms in the samples.The Raman active modes of the ZnO phase were identified by Raman spectral analysis.The analysis of Photoluminescence(PL)spectra gives information about the UV emis­sion and other visible bands corresponding to violet,blue,and green emission representing different intrinsic defects in synthesized nanoparticles.Using UV-vis spectroscopy,the optical transparency and band gap values were examined.The energy band gap ob­tained by Tauc’s plot was decreased with the increase in Ca doping.Impedance analysis shows that the grain conductivity increased with the increase in dopant concentration.Contrarily,the total conductivity decreased with the increasing doping concentration due to increased grain boundary resistance.The proposed work demonstrates the changes in microstructure,electrical conductivity,and optical bandgap energy with Ca-doping.These synthesized Ca-doped ZnO nanoparticles could be promising materials for photo­catalytic applications.