Impact of HIV/HCV Co-Infection on Mortality and Attrition in Antiretroviral Therapy Among People with HIV — Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, 2003–2022

Summary What is already known about this topic?The effects of concurrent human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)/hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection on mortality and patient attrition in those undergoing antiretroviral therapy continue to be a contested area of research.

Effects of Differential First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy(ART)Regimens on Mortality among HIV/AIDS Children in Southwest China:A 15-year Retrospective Cohort Study

Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)is a serious public health concern.Globally,1.7 million(1.3–2.1 million)children aged 0–14 were living with HIV at the end of 2021,90%of whom lived in low-and middle-income countries.Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)remains the leading cause of mortality among children worldwide.

Characteristics of Settings and Etiologic Agents of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks—China,2020

Introduction:Foodborne diseases are a growing public health problem and have caused a large burden of disease in China.This study analyzed epidemiological characteristics of foodborne diseases in China in 2020 to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control measures.Methods:Data were collected from 30 of 31 provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs)in the mainland of China,excluding Xizang(Tibet)Autonomous Region,via the National Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance System・The number and proportion of outbreaks,illnesses,hospitalizations,deaths by setting,pathogen-food category pairs and etiology were calculated.Results:In 2020,7,073 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported,resulting in 37,454 illnesses and 143 deaths.Among the identified pathogens,microbial pathogens were the most common confirmed etiology,accounting for 41.7%of illnesses.Poisonous mushrooms caused the largest proportion of outbreaks(58.0%)and deaths(57.6%).For venues where foodborne disease outbreaks occur,household had the highest number of outbreaks(4,140)and deaths(128),and catering service locations caused the largest proportion of illnesses(59.9%).Outbreaks occurring between June and September accounted for 62.8%of total outbreaks.Conclusions:Foodborne disease outbreaks mainly occurred in households・Microbial pathogens remained the top cause of outbreak-associated illnesses.Poisonous mushrooms were ranked the top cause of deaths in private homes in China.The supervision and management of food safety and health education should be strengthened to reduce the burden of foodborne diseases・Publicity should be increased to reduce the incidence of mushroom poisonings in families,and supervision and management of food should be strengthened to reduce microbial contamination.

Characteristics of Migration Among HIV-Positive MSM—Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China,2005–2021

Summary What is already known about this topic?Migration has a significant impact on the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV).To date,there have been few studies examining the characteristics of migration among HIV-positive men who have sex with men(MSM).What is added by this report?The prevalence of migrants among newly reported HIV-positive MSM in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region increased from 2005 to 2021.Yulin Prefecture had the highest proportion of out-migrant MSM(12.6%),while Nanning Prefecture had the highest proportion of in-migrant MSM(55.9%).Risk factors associated with migration among MSM included being in the 18–24 age range,having a college education or higher,and being a student.

Incidence and risk factors of tuberculosis among the elderly population in China:a prospective cohort study

Background:China is facing challenges of the shifting presentation of tuberculosis(TB)from younger to elderly due to an ageing population,longer life expectancy and reactivation disease.However,the burden of elderly TB and influence factors are not yet clear.To fill the gap,we generated a cohort study to measure the magnitude of TB incidence and associated factors among the elderly population aged 65 years and above in China.Methods:In this cohort established in 2013 through a prevalence survey conducted in selected sites,a total of 34076 elderlies without TB were enrolled into two-year follow-up.We used both active and passive case findings to find out all TB patients among them.The person-year(PY)incidence rates for both bacteriologically positive TB and active TB were calculated.Cox proportional regression model was performed to test effect of risk factors,and the population attributable fraction(PAF)of each risk factor contributing to incident TB among elderlies was calculated.Results:Over the two-year follow-up period,a total of 215 incident active TB were identified,62 of which were bacteriologically positive.The incidence rates for active TB and bacteriologically positive TB were 481.8 per 100000 PY(95%CI:417.4–546.2 per 100000 PY)and 138.9 per 100000 PY(95%CI:104.4–173.5 per 100000 PY),respectively.Incident cases detected by active case finding were significantly higher(P<0.001).Male,non-Han nationality,previously treated TB,ex/current smoker and body mass index(BMI)<18.5 presented as independent predictors for developing TB disease.For developing bacteriologically positive TB,the biggest contribution was from self-reported ex or current smoker(18.06%).And,for developing active TB,the biggest contribution was from non-Han nationality(35.40%),followed by male(26.80%)and age at 75 years and above(10.85%).Conclusions:Ageing population in China had a high TB incidence rate and risk to develop TB disease,implying that National TB Program(NTP)needs to prioritize for elderly.Active case finding should be applied capture more active TB cases among this particular population,especially for male,non-Han nationality,and those with identified risk factors.

First outbreak of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in Guangxi, China, 2016 to 2017

To the Editor: Since avian influenza A(H7N9) was first identified in Shanghai, China, in March 2013, there have been a total of five epidemics. These have amounted to 1564 laboratory-confirmed cases up to September 2017, with a fatality rate of about 40%.[1] In the fifth wave, 4.09% of cases (31/758) were infected with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N9). This indicated that the pathotype of the A(H7N9) had switched from low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) to HPAI.

Potential dual outbreak of COVID-19 and HFMD among children in Asia-Pacific countries in the HFMD-endemic area

In the era of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infects infants and children with mild or atypical symptoms[1,2].The new variations in SARS-CoV-2 recently found in the United Kingdom greatly increased the risk of infection among children[3].Although previous evidence showed that children rarely developed severe symptoms from COVID-19,the hospitalization rate was 24.5%and the ICU admission rate was 2.5%among children in the United States[4].Further,there is a lack of evidence regarding the influence of the recently appeared SARS-CoV-2 variations.Thus,it is of great significance to monitor and track the COVID-19 infection among children.

Internet search data could Be used as novel indicator for assessing COVID-19 epidemic

The pandemic of the coronavirus disease(COVID-19)poses a huge challenge all countries,since no one is well prepared for it.To be better prepared for future pandemics,we evaluated association between the internet search data with reported COVID-19 cases to verify whether it could become an early indicator for emerging epidemic.After the keyword filtering and Index composition,we found that there were close correlations between Composite Index and suspected cases for COVID-19(r?0.921,P<0.05).The Search Index was applied for the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Variables(ARIMAX)model to quantify the relationship.Compared with the model based on surveillance data only,the ARIMAX model had smaller Akaike Information Criterion(AIC?403.51)and the most accurate predictive values.Overall,the Internet search data could serve as a convenient indicator for predicting the epidemic and to monitor its trends.

Prevalence,Incidence,and Characteristics of Tuberculosis Among Known Diabetes Patients—A Prospective Cohort Study in 10 Sites,2013–2015

Summary What is already known about this topic?The association of diabetes mellitus(DM)with both increased risk of tuberculosis(TB)and unfavorable treatment outcomes has been identified by many studies(1).However,epidemic data for TB cases in DM patients is absent in China.What is added by this report?This current population-based prospective cohort study,conducted in ten counties located in eastern,central,and western China during 2013–2015,revealed a high prevalence and incidence of TB in known DM patients.Most TB cases were captured by active case-finding and a much higher presence of being asymptomatic among TB/DM patients was obtained.What are the implications for public health practice?Active case-finding should be carried out in DM patients and populations at high risk for developing TB.A TB symptom screening-based case-finding strategy is not enough;chest radiography check should be done once a year for these patients.

Impact of Herbal Preparations on Outcomes of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: A One-Year Prospective Cohort Study

Objective:To investigate the impacts of two herbal preparations for human immunodeficiency virus/aquired immune deficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS)patients,Shenling Fuzheng Capsule(参灵扶正胶囊,SLFZC)and Qingdu Capsule(清毒胶囊,QDC),on the efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART).Methods:HIV/AIDS patients met the criteria were all enrolled in a 1-year cohort study,in which patients receiving HAART alone were designated as Group A,those receiving HAART in combination with SLFZC were designated as Group B,and those receiving HAART in combination with QDC were designated as Group C,100 cases in each group.The dose of SLFZC was 1.48 g(4 capsules),3 times daily,and QDC 1.56 g(4 capsules),3 times daily.T cell subsets,HIV RNA and HIV-1 drug resistance were detected at enrollment and 1 year after treatment.Patients were followed up every 3 months,during which side-effects and other clinical data were recorded.Results:After 1-year treatment,the median increment in CD4 counts was 165.0,178.0 and 145.0 cells/μL for Group A,B and C,respectively.HIV RNA was undetectable in 94%of patients in Group A,96%in Group B and 92%in Group C.There were no differences regarding the increment in CD4 counts,HIV RNA and frequency of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations.Two of the 14 suspected side-effect symptoms,i.e.fatigue and dizziness,were lower in Groups B and C than in Group A(P<0.05,respectively).Conclusion:SLFZC and QDC do not have a negative impact on immunological and virological response to HAART;however,these preparations are not as potent in reducing HAART-associated side-effects as anticipated.