Hazard mitigation plans address hazards such as earthquakes,hurricanes,landslides,tornados,flooding more explicitly than pandemics or other public health crises.This paper analyzes and identifies pandemic-related miti...Hazard mitigation plans address hazards such as earthquakes,hurricanes,landslides,tornados,flooding more explicitly than pandemics or other public health crises.This paper analyzes and identifies pandemic-related mitigation strategies in state-level hazard mitigation plans across the United States.This study identifies common and uncommon strategies that could be included in plan updates such as:use of personal protective equipment(PPE),self-isolation/quarantine,hygiene,restricted gatherings,vaccination,vulnerability assessment,economic consequences analysis,acknowledging the need to address pandemics,and referring Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)guidelines.The 54 statelevel plans are compared based on their inclusion of the nine strategies.Findings show that vaccination,self-isolation/quarantine,and vulnerability assessment are the strategies most listed in plans.Additional concerns made evident by the 2020 coronavirus pandemic,such as contact tracing,environmental impact,and public services,were limited across the plans.It was concluded that long-term mitigation strategies for reducing the risk and speed of spread such as identifying strategic locations for testing,vaccination,and quarantine should be devised and implemented.Pandemics should be included as a distinct class of hazards while formulating state hazard mitigation plans.Strategies for addressing the impact of long working hours on the mental health of healthcare workers should be explored.Economic and psychological impact of unavailability of essential public services,such as transport and groceries,should be investigated and strategies should be formulated in the mitigation plans accordingly.展开更多
The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake caused tremendous casualties and property losses as well as a substantial need for rebuilding the affected localities in order to address housing and urban development issues for the futur...The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake caused tremendous casualties and property losses as well as a substantial need for rebuilding the affected localities in order to address housing and urban development issues for the future. China’s central government applied a national planning approach in both the emergency response and the disaster recovery phases that aims at facilitating the flow of technological assistance and financial aid from the whole country to the earthquake-stricken areas. This study reviews disaster management practices in China with an interdisciplinary analysis to see how disaster planning and management can be fit into the top-down government administration system. The Overall Plan for Post-Wenchuan Earthquake Recovery and Reconstruction and the City/Town System Plan for PostWenchuan Earthquake Recovery and Reconstruction, two overarching plans initiated by the central government, are evaluated by reviewing the underlying facts, goals, and actions. The plans’ merits are to be found in their incorporating hazard mitigation into disaster recovery plans and taking into account different strategies of relocation and reconstruction. The article also identifies the gap between making plans and meeting local needs, the insufficiency of public engagement in plan-making, and the negative planning impacts of competition for resources and funds. Suggestions for disaster planning and policy-making are provided with a focus on building a local disaster management system in China.展开更多
This paper presents a pilot effort to identify a methodology to more efficiently codify, quantify and illustrate the intrinsic values associated with ecological resources as expressed by stakeholders. Existing methodo...This paper presents a pilot effort to identify a methodology to more efficiently codify, quantify and illustrate the intrinsic values associated with ecological resources as expressed by stakeholders. Existing methodologies examine the value of ecological resources, but are often criticized for their monetary focus. These methods generally produce quasi-market values for non-market resources. The natural and cultural resources associated with a national park are analyzed in terms of the expressed values of active stakeholders to quantitatively produce multiple dimensions of value for each resource relative to all others. The resulting abstract and graphical value-space quantitatively reflects stakeholder participation, reflects non-market intrinsic value, and proactively contributes to environmental management and decision making.展开更多
文摘Hazard mitigation plans address hazards such as earthquakes,hurricanes,landslides,tornados,flooding more explicitly than pandemics or other public health crises.This paper analyzes and identifies pandemic-related mitigation strategies in state-level hazard mitigation plans across the United States.This study identifies common and uncommon strategies that could be included in plan updates such as:use of personal protective equipment(PPE),self-isolation/quarantine,hygiene,restricted gatherings,vaccination,vulnerability assessment,economic consequences analysis,acknowledging the need to address pandemics,and referring Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)guidelines.The 54 statelevel plans are compared based on their inclusion of the nine strategies.Findings show that vaccination,self-isolation/quarantine,and vulnerability assessment are the strategies most listed in plans.Additional concerns made evident by the 2020 coronavirus pandemic,such as contact tracing,environmental impact,and public services,were limited across the plans.It was concluded that long-term mitigation strategies for reducing the risk and speed of spread such as identifying strategic locations for testing,vaccination,and quarantine should be devised and implemented.Pandemics should be included as a distinct class of hazards while formulating state hazard mitigation plans.Strategies for addressing the impact of long working hours on the mental health of healthcare workers should be explored.Economic and psychological impact of unavailability of essential public services,such as transport and groceries,should be investigated and strategies should be formulated in the mitigation plans accordingly.
基金The research for this article was supported by the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(B08008)and the State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology at Beijing Normal University,China.
文摘The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake caused tremendous casualties and property losses as well as a substantial need for rebuilding the affected localities in order to address housing and urban development issues for the future. China’s central government applied a national planning approach in both the emergency response and the disaster recovery phases that aims at facilitating the flow of technological assistance and financial aid from the whole country to the earthquake-stricken areas. This study reviews disaster management practices in China with an interdisciplinary analysis to see how disaster planning and management can be fit into the top-down government administration system. The Overall Plan for Post-Wenchuan Earthquake Recovery and Reconstruction and the City/Town System Plan for PostWenchuan Earthquake Recovery and Reconstruction, two overarching plans initiated by the central government, are evaluated by reviewing the underlying facts, goals, and actions. The plans’ merits are to be found in their incorporating hazard mitigation into disaster recovery plans and taking into account different strategies of relocation and reconstruction. The article also identifies the gap between making plans and meeting local needs, the insufficiency of public engagement in plan-making, and the negative planning impacts of competition for resources and funds. Suggestions for disaster planning and policy-making are provided with a focus on building a local disaster management system in China.
文摘This paper presents a pilot effort to identify a methodology to more efficiently codify, quantify and illustrate the intrinsic values associated with ecological resources as expressed by stakeholders. Existing methodologies examine the value of ecological resources, but are often criticized for their monetary focus. These methods generally produce quasi-market values for non-market resources. The natural and cultural resources associated with a national park are analyzed in terms of the expressed values of active stakeholders to quantitatively produce multiple dimensions of value for each resource relative to all others. The resulting abstract and graphical value-space quantitatively reflects stakeholder participation, reflects non-market intrinsic value, and proactively contributes to environmental management and decision making.
