A facile strategy for tuning the density of surface-grafted biomolecules for melt extrusion-based additive manufacturing applications

Melt extrusion-based additive manufacturing(ME-AM)is a promising technique to fabricate porous scaffolds for tissue engi-neering applications.However,most synthetic semicrystalline polymers do not possess the intrinsic biological activity required to control cell fate.Grafting of biomolecules on polymeric surfaces of AM scaffolds enhances the bioactivity of a construct;however,there are limited strategies available to control the surface density.Here,we report a strategy to tune the surface density of bioactive groups by blending a low molecular weight poly(ε-caprolactone)5k(PCL5k)containing orthogonally reactive azide groups with an unfunctionalized high molecular weight PCL75k at different ratios.Stable porous three-dimensional(3D)scaf-folds were then fabricated using a high weight percentage(75 wt.%)of the low molecular weight PCL 5k.As a proof-of-concept test,we prepared films of three different mass ratios of low and high molecular weight polymers with a thermopress and reacted with an alkynated fluorescent model compound on the surface,yielding a density of 201-561 pmol/cm^(2).Subsequently,a bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP-2)-derived peptide was grafted onto the films comprising different blend compositions,and the effect of peptide surface density on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells(hMSCs)was assessed.After two weeks of culturing in a basic medium,cells expressed higher levels of BMP receptor II(BMPRII)on films with the conjugated peptide.In addition,we found that alkaline phosphatase activity was only significantly enhanced on films contain-ing the highest peptide density(i.e.,561 pmol/cm^(2)),indicating the importance of the surface density.Taken together,these results emphasize that the density of surface peptides on cell differentiation must be considered at the cell-material interface.Moreover,we have presented a viable strategy for ME-AM community that desires to tune the bulk and surface functionality via blending of(modified)polymers.Furthermore,the use of alkyne-azide“click”chemistry enables spatial control over bioconjugation of many tissue-specific moieties,making this approach a versatile strategy for tissue engineering applications.

Highly sensitive ratiometric fluorescent fiber matrices for oxygen sensing with micrometer spatial resolution

Oxygen(O_(2))-sensing matrices are promising tools for the live monitoring of extracellular O_(2) consumption levels in long-term cell cultures.In this study,ratiometric O_(2)-sensing membranes were prepared by electrospinning,an easy,low-cost,scalable,and robust method for fabricating nanofibers.Poly(ε-caprolactone)and poly(dimethyl)siloxane polymers were blended with tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II)dichloride,which was used as the O_(2)-sensing probe,and rhodamine B isothiocyanate,which was used as the reference dye.The functionalized scaffolds were morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy,and their physicochemical profiles were obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,thermogravimetric analysis,and water contact angle measurement.The sensing capabilities were investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy,performing photobleaching,reversibility,and calibration curve studies toward different dissolved O_(2)(DO)concentrations.Electrospun sensing nanofibers showed a high response to changes in DO concentrations in the physiological-pathological range from 0.5%to 20%and good stability under ratiometric imaging.In addition,the sensing systems were highly biocompatible for cell growth promoting adhesiveness and growth of three cancer cell lines,namely metastatic melanoma cell line SK-MEL2,breast cancer cell line MCF-7,and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line Panc-1,thus recreating a suitable biological environment in vitro.These O_(2)-sensing biomaterials can potentially measure alterations in cell metabolism caused by changes in ambient O_(2)content during drug testing/validation and tissue regeneration processes.

JR East aims for driverless Shinkansen operation

East Japan Railway Company(JR East)is aiming to“realize driverless train operation”as one of the key measures to respond to rapid changes in the business environment.Currently,Automatic Train Operation(ATO)equipment is not installed on the Shinkansen,but there are plans to introduce ATO or driverless operation in the near future.From 2018-2021,the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure,Transport and Tourism(MLIT)held the“ATO Technology Study Group for Railways”in which the concept of technical requirements necessary for driverless operation was discussed.In 2021,JR East conducted the GOA4 demonstration test on the Joetsu Shinkansen.In this test,we were able to confirm the basic functions of Shinkansen vehicles such as automatic departure control,speed control,fixed position stop control,and remote stop control using ATO.We aim to realize unattended operation(GOA4)for deadhead trains between Niigata Station and the Niigata Shinkansen Rolling Stock Center by the end of the 2020 s,and driverless operation(GOA3)for passenger trains of the Joetsu Shinkansen by the mid-2030s and continue to develop the necessary technologies and build systems.

Performance Characterization of CR/PU Asphalt for Potential Application in Assembled Fast-Repairing Engineering

Conventional repairing methods for asphalt pavement have some inconveniences,such as insufficient strength,and are typically time-consuming.To address these issues,this study proposes a new technological method to design and prepare a high-performance assembled asphalt concrete block for fast repair of the potholes.A series of composite modified asphalt binders with 10%crumb rubber(CR)and different dosages(0%,1%,3%,5%)of polyurethane(PU)are examined to determine the optimized binder.Subsequently,the corresponding asphalt mixtures are prepared for further comparison and assessment of engineering properties,such as moistureinduced damage,high-temperature deformation,and low-temperature cracking characteristics.The test results show that PU can significantly improve the high-temperature performance and hardness of(crumb rubber modified asphalt)CRMA binder;3%PU contributes allowing the resistance of CRMA mixture to moisture-induced damage at higher levels,particularly under water whole immersion;as 3%PU is added,the high-temperature rutting deformation resistance of the CRMA mixture increases significantly,and the low-temperature anti-cracking properties are also improved slightly.Therefore,the innovatively designed high-quality assembled fast-repairing asphalt concrete block is recommended as an appropriate option for highway maintenance.

Physical-Rheological Properties and Performances of Rejuvenated(Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene)Asphalt with Polymerized-MDI and Aromatic Oil

Traditional asphalt rejuvenators,like aromatic oil(AO),are known to be effective in improving the low-temperature properties and fatigue performances of aged SBS(styrene-butadiene-styrene)modified asphalt(SBSMA)binders and mixtures.However,these rejuvenators inevitably compromise their high-temperature properties and deformation resistances because they dilute asphalt binder but do not fix the damaged structures of aged SBS.In this study,a highly-active chemical called polymerized 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate(PMDI)was used to assist the traditional AO asphalt rejuvenator.The physical and rheological characteristics of rejuvenated SBSMA binders and the moisture-induced damage and rut deformation performances of corresponding mixtures were comparatively evaluated.The results showed that the increasing proportion of AO compromises the hightemperature property and hardness of aged SBSMA binder,and an appropriate amount of PMDI works to compensate such losses;3%rejuvenator at mass ratio of AO:PMDI=70:30 can have a rejuvenated SBSMA binder with a high-temperature performance similar to that of fresh binder,approximately at 71.4°C;the use of AO can help reduce the viscosity of PMDI rejuvenated SBSMA binder for improving its workability;PMDI can help improve the resistance of AO rejuvenated SBSMA binder to deformation,especially at elevated temperatures,through its chemical reactions with aged SBS;moisture induction can enhance the resistance to damage of rejuvenated mixtures containing AO/PMDI or only PMDI;and the rejuvenator with a mass ratio of AO:PMDI=70:30 can lead the rejuvenated mixture to meet the application requirement,with a rut depth of only 2.973 mm,although more PMDI can result in a higher resistance of rejuvenated mixtures to high-temperature deformation.

Oxygen tension modulates cell function in an in vitro three-dimensional glioblastoma tumor model

Hypoxia is a typical feature of the tumor microenvironment,one of the most critical factors affecting cell behavior and tumor progression.However,the lack of tumor models able to precisely emulate natural brain tumor tissue has impeded the study of the effects of hypoxia on the progression and growth of tumor cells.This study reports a three-dimensional(3D)brain tumor model obtained by encapsulating U87MG(U87)cells in a hydrogel containing type I collagen.It also documents the effect of various oxygen concentrations(1%,7%,and 21%)in the culture environment on U87 cell morphology,proliferation,viability,cell cycle,apoptosis rate,and migration.Finally,it compares two-dimensional(2D)and 3D cultures.For comparison purposes,cells cultured in flat culture dishes were used as the control(2D model).Cells cultured in the 3D model proliferated more slowly but had a higher apoptosis rate and proportion of cells in the resting phase(G0 phase)/gap I phase(G1 phase)than those cultured in the 2D model.Besides,the two models yielded significantly different cell morphologies.Finally,hypoxia(e.g.,1%O2)affected cell morphology,slowed cell growth,reduced cell viability,and increased the apoptosis rate in the 3D model.These results indicate that the constructed 3D model is effective for investigating the effects of biological and chemical factors on cell morphology and function,and can be more representative of the tumor microenvironment than 2D culture systems.The developed 3D glioblastoma tumor model is equally applicable to other studies in pharmacology and pathology.

Deep-Ensemble Learning Method for Solar Resource Assessment of Complex Terrain Landscapes

As the global demand for renewable energy grows,solar energy is gaining attention as a clean,sustainable energy source.Accurate assessment of solar energy resources is crucial for the siting and design of photovoltaic power plants.This study proposes an integrated deep learning-based photovoltaic resource assessment method.Ensemble learning and deep learning methods are fused for photovoltaic resource assessment for the first time.The proposed method combines the random forest,gated recurrent unit,and long short-term memory to effectively improve the accuracy and reliability of photovoltaic resource assessment.The proposed method has strong adaptability and high accuracy even in the photovoltaic resource assessment of complex terrain and landscape.The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the comparison algorithm in all evaluation indexes,indicating that the proposed method has higher accuracy and reliability in photovoltaic resource assessment with improved generalization performance traditional single algorithm.

Biomaterials and emerging technologies for tissue engineering and in vitro models

The latest advances in the field of biomaterials have opened new avenues for scientific breakthroughs in tissue engineer-ing which greatly contributed for the successful translation of tissue engineering products into the market/clinics.Bio-materials are easily processed to become similar to natural extracellular matrix,making them ideal temporary supports for mimicking the three-dimensional(3D)microenvironment required for maintaining the adequate cell/tissue functions both in vitro and in vivo^([1]).

Collapse Behavior of Pipe-Framed Greenhouses with and without Reinforcement under Snow Loading:A 3-D Finite Element Analysis

The present paper first investigates the collapse behavior of a conventional pipe-framed greenhouse under snow loading based on a 3-D finite element analysis,in which both geometrical and material non-linearities are considered.Three snow load distribution patterns related to the wind-driven snow particle movement are used in the analysis.It is found that snow load distribution affects the deformation and collapse behavior of the pipe-framed greenhouse significantly.The results obtained in this study are consistent with the actual damage observed.Next,discussion is made of the effects of reinforcements by adding members to the basic frame on the strength of the whole structure,in which seven kinds of reinforcement methods are examined.A buckling analysis is also carried out.The results indicate that the most effective reinforcement method depends on the snow load distribution pattern.

Research on the driver fatigue early warning model of electric vehicles based on the fusion of EMG and ECG signals

Electric vehicles have been rapidly developing worldwide due to the use of new energy.However,at the same time,serious traffic accidents caused by driver fatigue in emergency situations have also drawn widespread attention.The lack of datasets in real vehicle test environments has always been a bottleneck in the research of driver fatigue in electric vehicles.Therefore,this study establishes a dataset from real vehicle test,applies the Bayesian optimization support vector machine(BOA-SVM)algorithm to take features of electromyography(EMG)and electrocardiography(ECG)signals as input and develop an early warning model for driving fatigue detection.Firstly,the driver’s EMG and ECG signals are collected through real vehicle testing experiments and then combined with the driver’s subjective fatigue evaluation scores to establish the dataset.Secondly,the study establishes a driver fatigue early warning model for emergency situations.Time-domain and frequency-domain features are extracted from the EMG signals.Principal component analysis(PCA)is applied for dimensionality reduction of these features.The experimental results show that based on the input of dimensionality reduced EMG features and ECG features,the BOA-SVM algorithm achieved an accuracy of 94.4%in classification.

Changes in soil susceptibility to erosion under tillage and soil fertility management practices

The degree to which soil is susceptible to erosion is measured as soil erodibility which can be influenced by different land management options.This study evaluated the dynamics of soil erodibility to tillage and soil amendments in a maize field under five consecutive cropping cycles.Tillage treatments were no-till,minimum,conventional,and grassland fallow(control).The soil amendment treatments used were no amendment(control),NPK,poultry manure(PM),and1/2NPK+1/2PM and these treatments were applied to all the tillage treatments including no-till.The study showed that tillage and soil amendment interactions had significant effects on soil erodibility(p<0.05).The mean erodibility values ranged from 13×10^(−3) to 24×10^(−3) Mg·h·MJ^(−1)·mm^(−1) in the following order:control<conventional tillage<minimum tillage<no-till.For the soil amendments,erodibility varied from NPK>poultry manure=1/2NPK+1/2PM>control(undisturbed grassland).Regardless of the type of soil amendment,the soil erodibility under conventional tillage was significantly lower than that under no-till and minimum tillage systems.The relationship between erodibility and easily measured soil parameters,such as%sand greater than 100μm,%silt plus very fine sand,clay,and saturated hydraulic conductivity,were significant at p<0.05.The higher contribution(86%)of sand and silt to the variation in erodibility indicates that any other indices of erodibility based on particle size distribution,apart from the nomograph,could satisfactorily predict erodibility values.

Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants Confirmed by the Baka in Southern and Eastern Cameroon

The limitations of biomedecine to provide effective solutions to certain pandemics has led many people to turn to alternative therapies. These palliative solutions, particularly phytomedecines, are much sought after for disease prevention and treatment. The Baka, a group of forest-dwelling people, hold knowledge on how wild plants can be effective in treating many illnesses. However, the greatest challenge for the identification of traditional medicines depends on the veracity of the information provided during ethnobotanic surveys by user populations. The present study describes forest plants used by the Baka and confirmed by them as being employed for traditional medicine. We carried out ethnobotanical surveys between 2019 and 2021 in 221 households within four districts of the Eastern and Southern Region of Cameroon. We used indices of significant use and performance applied to all mentioned species, alongside searches in the literature. The statistical tools used to distinguish the different groups/districts is Pearson’s X2 test. A total of 378 plant species were identified of 270 genera and 85 families. Ethnobotanical indices allowed to identify the most confirmed and efficient plants for several health problems. A pairwise comparison of these indices showed a significant correlation with a p-value < 2.2e-16 and a dissimilarity distance less than 0.5. Some plants selected are widely cited in other regions and/or countries for the same health problems. The presence of active molecules responsible for their biological activity was also proven, justifying their use in traditional medicine. This paper examines the potential to enhance the value of Cameroon’s pharmacopeia by integrating various ethnobotanical indices. It aims to discover new therapeutic molecules and develop improved traditional products from the diverse plant species documented. The findings indicate opportunities to advance both local and global healthcare solutions.

速度的三元介质模型

在探井岩心分析与测井解释资料基础上,结合波速机理分析,提出砂泥质岩波速的二级近似式;并将时间平均方程由二元推广到三元,可同时求取砂质岩的泥质分量和孔隙率。文中给出了在塔里木盆地储层研究中的应用实例。

Yangshan Gold Deposit:The Largest Carlin and Carlin-like Type Gold Deposit in China

Gold Headquarter of the CAPF has discovered the Yangshan super large-scale gold deposit in Gansu Province, which is a great breakthrough of gold exploration and prospecting in Western Qinling Mountains of China. The gold resources of this deposit achieved 308 tons with increasing potentials. Preliminary geological investigations indicate that the Yangshan gold deposit is located in the intra-continental collision orogenic belt; and the deposit was formed during the continent-continent collision orogenic processes. The geological characteristics of the deposit are similar to that of the typical Carlin-type gold deposits, while differences still exist. The ore-forming background is notably different from the Carlin gold deposit province in the United States; and the ore-forming fluids are similar with that of the orogenic-type gold deposit. Accordingly, the Yangshan gold deposit is a transitional type between the Carlin-type and the orogenic type gold deposits. At present, the Yangshan gold deposit is the largest Carlin and Carlin-like type gold deposit that is ever discovered in China. Researches on metallogeny, metallogenic model and ore-enrichment regularities of the Yangshan gold deposit are crucial to meet the pressing needs of the current geological investigation and ore exploration of the deposit.

5m宽厚板试样处理自动化系统

随着工业控制技术的不断发展,高性能的PLC在工业控制领域用得越来越广泛,5m宽厚板试样处理自动化系统,运用一个完整的工业控制系统,包括PCS7、编程工程师站、WinCC、HMI画面、PDA跟踪系统、ITV工业监视电视,并结合现场调试经验,对试样处理自动化系统工业控制的系统设计、自动化编程、联动测试、现场调试等进行了描述。

Tourmaline from the Archean G.R.Halli gold deposit,Chitradurga greenstone belt,Dharwar craton(India):Implications for the gold metallogeny

Tourmaline occurs as a minor but important mineral in the alteration zc,ne of the Archean orogenic gold deposit of Guddadarangavanahalli （G.R.Halli） in the Chitradurga greenst^ne belt of the western Dharwar craton, southern India. It occurs in the distal alteration halo of the G.R.Halli golcl deposit as （a） clusters of very fine grained aggregates which form a minor constituent in the natrix of the altered metabasalt （AMB tourmaline） and （b） in quartz-carbonate veins （vein tourmaline）. ~[＇he vein tourmaline, based upon the association of specific carbonate minerals, is further grouped as （i） albite-tourmaline-ankerite-quartz veins （vein-1 tourmaline） and （ii） albite-tourmaline-calcite-quartz veins （vein-2 tourmaline）. Both the AMB tourmaline and the vein tourmalines （vein-I and vein-2） belong to the alkali group and are clas- sified under schorl-dravite series. Tourmalines occurring in the veins are zoned while the AMB tour- malines are unzoned. Mineral chemistry and discrimination diagrams 1eveal that cores and rims of the vein tourmalines are distinctly different. Core composition of the ve：n tourmalines is similar to the composition of the AMB tourmaline. The formation of the AMB tourmaline and cores of the vein tour- malines are proposed to be related to the regional D1 deformational event associated with the emplacement of the adjoining ca. 2.61 Ga Chitradurga granite whilst rims of the vein tourmalines vis-a- vis gold mineralization is spatially linked to the juvenile magmatic accretion （2.56-2.50 Ga） east of the studied area in the western part of the eastern Dharwar craton.

Earthquake swarms near eastern Himalayan Syntaxis along Jiali Fault in Tibet:A seismotectonic appraisal

The seismotectonic characteristics of ten repeated earthquake swarm sequence within a seismic cluster along Jiali Fault in eastern Himalayan Syntaxis(EHS) have been analysed.The swarms are spatially disposed in and around Yigong Lake(a natural lake formed by blocking of Yigong River by landslide) and are characterized by low magnitude,crustal events with low to moderate b values.Ms:mb discriminant functions though indicate anomalous nature of the earthquakes within swarm but are considered as natural events that occurred under condition of high apparent stress and stress gradients.Composite fault plane solutions of selected swarms indicate strike-slip sense of shear on fault planes;solution parameters show low plunging compression and tensional axes along NW-SE and NE-SW respectively with causative fault plane oriented ENE-WSW.dipping steeply towards south or north.The fault plane is in excellent agreement with the disposition and tectonic movement registered by right lateral Jiali Fault.The process of pore pressure perturbation and resultant ’r—t plot’ with modelled diffusivity(D = 0.12 m^2/s) relates the diffusion of pore pressure to seismic sequence in a fractured poro-elastic fluid saturated medium at average crustal depth of 15-20 km.The low diffusivity depicts a highly fractured interconnected medium that is generated due to high stress activity near the eastern syntaxial bent of Himalaya.It is proposed that hydro fracturing with respect to periodic pore pressure variations is responsible for generation of swarms in the region.The fluid pressure generated due to shearing and infiltrations of surface water within dilated seismogenic fault(Jiali Fault) are causative factors.

Puziwan Gold Deposit in Shanxi,China:A Special Linear Cryptoexplosive Breccia Type Gold Deposit

The Puziwan gold deposit is a special linear cryptoexplosive breccia type deposit found in northeastern Shanxi, China, in recent years. The deposit is located in a secondary metallogenic belt of the most famous Au-Ag polymetallic metallogenic belt along the north margin of the North China platform. The secondary metallogenic belt is a synmagmatic tension-shear fault-fracture belt of ENE linear trend. The Indosinian cryptoexplosive breccia body, quartz monzonitic porphyry (beschtauite breccia), quartz monzonite (243.7 Ma, K-Ar), Yanshanian granite-porphyry (105±6 Ma, Rb-Sr) and orebodies mostly occur as dykes or veins and short lenses along the structural fracture belt. The orebodies are emplaced in the fractured cryptoexplosive breccia body in the tectonomagmatic belt and their attitude is consistent with that of the breccia body. The orebodies have two types: one is shallow-seated thick and big ones, which are short-lenticular in plan and wedge-shaped in cross section, shallow buried, large in size and high-grade; the other is lean orebodies, which occur as parallel veins at depths. The ores are mainly of Au-Ag polymetallic sulphide-rich breccia type. Pyrite (limonite) is the dominant metallic mineral, with subordinate chal-copyrite, galena, sphalerite, tenantite, native gold, electrum, native silver and argentite. The gangue minerals consist mainly of quartz and plagioclase, with subordinate carbonate minerals, alunite chalcedony and kaolin. Kaolinization is the characteristic alteration type. Sulphide minerals contain abundant trace minerals such as Cu, Pb, Ag, Sb and Hg, while in the ores Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, As and Sb are the best indicator element assemblage of Au. The δ34S(%o) values of the ores rane from ?3.2%o to 5.3%o, with average ?0.102%o. The δO H2O(%o) and δ(%o) values are in the ranges from ?3.1%o to 7.73%o and from ?64%o to ?90%o respectively. The Pb isotopic compositions of the rocks and ores in this region indicate that Pb comes from three tectonic sources—upper mantle, lower crust and orogenic belt. The inclusion homogenization temperature are in the ranges of 110 to 220°C and 230 to 310°C, which suggests that the deposit formed under meso-epithermal conditions. The ore-forming pressures range from 6 to 32 MPa and the depths are 230 to 1200 m. In view of the above, the Puziwan gold deposit is genetically ascribed to a high-sulphur (alunite-kaolin) meso-epithermal gold deposit related to subvolcanic rocks. This gold deposit formed during the Indosinian stage (245.9±0.3 Ma) and then was influenced by a thermal event in the Yanshanian stage (142.9±0.5 Ma).

Comparison Between Radial Basis Function Neural Network and Regression Model for Estimation of Rice Biophysical Parameters Using Remote Sensing

The radial basis function （RBF） emerged as a variant of artificial neural network. Generalized regression neural network （GRNN） is one type of RBF, and its principal advantages are that it can quickly learn and rapidly converge to the optimal regression surface with large number of data sets. Hyperspectral reflectance （350 to 2500 nm） data were recorded at two different rice sites in two experiment fields with two cultivars, three nitrogen treatments and one plant density （45 plants m^-2）. Stepwise multivariable regression model （SMR） and RBF were used to compare their predictability for the leaf area index （LAI） and green leaf chlorophyll density （GLCD） of rice based on reflectance （R） and its three different transformations, the first derivative reflectance （D1）, the second derivative reflectance （D2） and the log-transformed reflectance （LOG）. GRNN based on D1 was the best model for the prediction of rice LAI and CLCD. The relationships between different transformations of reflectance and rice parameters could be further improved when RBF was employed. Owing to its strong capacity for nonlinear mapping and good robustness, GRNN could maximize the sensitivity to chlorophyll content using D1. It is concluded that RBF may provide a useful exploratory and predictive tool for the estimation of rice biophysical parameters.

State of the Art Manufacturing and Engineering of Nanocellulose: A Review of Available Data and Industrial Applications

This review provides a critical overview of the recent methods and processes developed for the production of cellulose nanoparticles with controlled morphology, structure and properties, and also sums up (1) the processes for the chemical modifications of these particles in order to prevent their re-aggregation during spray-drying procedures and to increase their reactivity, (2) the recent processes involved in the production of nanostructured biomaterials and composites. The structural and physical properties of those nanocelluloses, combined with their biodegradability, make them materials of choice in the very promising area of nanotechnology, likely subject to major commercial successes in the context of green chemistry. With a prospective and pioneering approach to the subject matter, various laboratories involved in this domain have developed bio-products now almost suitable to industrial applications;although some important steps remain to be overcome, those are worth been reviewed and supplemented. At this stage, several pilot units and demonstration plants have been built to improve, optimize and scale-up the processes developed at laboratory scale. Industrial reactors with suitable environment and modern control equipment are to be expected within that context. This review shall bring the suitable processing dimension that may be needed now, given the numerous reviews outlining the product potential attributes. An abundant literature database, close to 250 publications and patents, is provided, consolidating the various research and more practical angles.