Anabolic androgenic steroids(AASs)are a group of molecules including endogenous testosterone and synthetic derivatives that have both androgenic and anabolic effects.These properties make them therapeutically benefici...Anabolic androgenic steroids(AASs)are a group of molecules including endogenous testosterone and synthetic derivatives that have both androgenic and anabolic effects.These properties make them therapeutically beneficial in medical conditions such as hypogonadism.However,they are commonly bought illegally and misused for their anabolic,skeletal muscle building,and performanceenhancing effects.Supraphysiologic and long-term use of AASs affects all organs,leading to cardiovascular,neurological,endocrine,gastrointestinal,renal,and hematologic disorders.Hepatotoxicity is one of the major concerns regarding AASs treatment and abuse.Testosterone and its derivatives have been most often shown to induce a specific form of cholestasis,peliosis hepatis,and hepatic benign and malignant tumors.It is currently believed that mechanisms of pathogenesis of these disorders include disturbance of antioxidative factors,upregulation of bile acid synthesis,and induction of hepatocyte hyperplasia.Most toxicity cases are treated with supportive measures and liver function normalizes with discontinuation of AAS.However,some long-term consequences are irreversible.AAS-induced liver injury should be taken in consideration in patients with liver disorders,especially with the increasing unintentional ingestion of supplements containing AAS.In this paper,we review the most current knowledge about AAS-associated adverse effects on the liver,and their clinical presentations,prevalence,and pathophysiological mechanisms.展开更多
Liver biopsy is historically the gold standard for liver fibrosis assessment of chronic hepatitis C patients.However,with the introduction and validation of noninvasive tests(NITs)to evaluate advanced fibrosis,and the...Liver biopsy is historically the gold standard for liver fibrosis assessment of chronic hepatitis C patients.However,with the introduction and validation of noninvasive tests(NITs)to evaluate advanced fibrosis,and the direct-acting antiviral agents for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV),the role of NITs have become even more complex.There is now need for longitudinal monitoring and elucidation of cutoff values for prediction of liver-related complication after sustained virological response.The aim of this report is to provide a critical overview of the various NITs available for the assessment of liver fibrosis in HCV patients.展开更多
文摘Anabolic androgenic steroids(AASs)are a group of molecules including endogenous testosterone and synthetic derivatives that have both androgenic and anabolic effects.These properties make them therapeutically beneficial in medical conditions such as hypogonadism.However,they are commonly bought illegally and misused for their anabolic,skeletal muscle building,and performanceenhancing effects.Supraphysiologic and long-term use of AASs affects all organs,leading to cardiovascular,neurological,endocrine,gastrointestinal,renal,and hematologic disorders.Hepatotoxicity is one of the major concerns regarding AASs treatment and abuse.Testosterone and its derivatives have been most often shown to induce a specific form of cholestasis,peliosis hepatis,and hepatic benign and malignant tumors.It is currently believed that mechanisms of pathogenesis of these disorders include disturbance of antioxidative factors,upregulation of bile acid synthesis,and induction of hepatocyte hyperplasia.Most toxicity cases are treated with supportive measures and liver function normalizes with discontinuation of AAS.However,some long-term consequences are irreversible.AAS-induced liver injury should be taken in consideration in patients with liver disorders,especially with the increasing unintentional ingestion of supplements containing AAS.In this paper,we review the most current knowledge about AAS-associated adverse effects on the liver,and their clinical presentations,prevalence,and pathophysiological mechanisms.
基金funded by the grant from the Croatian Ministry of Science and Education dedicated to multiyear institutional funding of scientific activity at the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek,Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek,Croatia-grant number IP7-FDMZ-2020(to MS).
文摘Liver biopsy is historically the gold standard for liver fibrosis assessment of chronic hepatitis C patients.However,with the introduction and validation of noninvasive tests(NITs)to evaluate advanced fibrosis,and the direct-acting antiviral agents for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV),the role of NITs have become even more complex.There is now need for longitudinal monitoring and elucidation of cutoff values for prediction of liver-related complication after sustained virological response.The aim of this report is to provide a critical overview of the various NITs available for the assessment of liver fibrosis in HCV patients.
