Effect modifications of BMI transition and trajectory in the associations of adverse childhood experiences with new-onset dementia and its subtypes in older US adults

Background Adverse childhood experiences(ACEs)and dementia are associated and comorbid with obesity.However,according to emerging research,the role of obesity in the association between ACEs and dementia seems controversial.Aims This analysis aimed to explore the associations between ACEs and different dementia subtypes and the effect modification of long-term body mass index(BMI).Methods Data were obtained from the US Health and Retirement Study.Six ACEs were categorised as 0,1 and 2 or more.All-cause dementia,Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and other dementias were defined by self-reported or proxy-reported physician diagnosis.Cox proportional hazards regression was used to explore the associations of ACEs with new-onset all-cause dementia,AD and other dementias from 2010 to 2020.Effect modification of BMI in 2010 and BMI transition and trajectory(fitted by group-based trajectory modelling)from 2004 to 2010 were assessed.Results 15282 participants with a mean age of 67.0 years(58.0–75.0)were included in the 2010 data analysis.Significant interactions of ACEs with baseline BMI,BMI transition and BMI trajectory in their associations with new-onset all-cause dementia and AD were observed(all p<0.05).For instance,positive associations of two or more ACEs(vs none)with all-cause dementia and AD were found in those with a BMI trajectory of maintaining≥30 kg/m2(maintain obesity)rather than a decline to or maintaining<25 kg/m2(decline to or maintain normal weight),with hazard ratios(HRs)of 1.87(95%confidence interval(CI):1.45 to 2.42)and 1.85(95%CI:1.22 to 2.80),respectively.Conclusions ACEs were associated with dementia and AD in US adults with long-term abnormally elevated BMI but not with long-term normal or decreasing BMI.Integrated weight management throughout life could prevent dementia among those with childhood adversity.

Synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility studies of zinc oxide(ZnO) nanorods for biomedical application

Nanoparticles are increasingly being recognized for their potential utility in biological applications including nanomedicine.Here,we have synthesized zinc oxide(ZnO)nanorods using zinc acetate and hexamethylenetetramine as precursors followed by characterizing using X-ray diffraction,fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The growth of synthesized zinc oxide nanorods was found to be very close to its hexagonal nature,which is confirmed by X-ray diffraction.The nanorod was grown perpendicular to the long-axis and grew along the[001]direction,which is the nature of ZnO growth.The morphology of synthesized ZnO nanorods from the individual crystalline nucleus was confirmed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.The length of the nanorod was estimated to be around 21 nm in diameter and 50 nm in length.Our toxicology studies showed that synthesized ZnO nanorods exposure on hela cells has no significant induction of oxidative stress or cell death even in higher concentration(10μg/ml).The results suggest that ZnO nanorods might be a safer nanomaterial for biological applications.

The association between socioeconomic status and visual disability among older adults in China

AIM: To investigate the association between socioeconomic status(SES) and visual disability(VD) among older Chinese adults. METHODS: We obtained data from the Second National Sample Survey on Disability, conducted in China in 2006. A total number of 192 375 older adults(aged≥65 y) were screened for suspected VD via interviews with trained examiners. Those who screened positively for VD were referred to ophthalmologists to obtain a final diagnosis. RESULTS: VD was prevalent among 7.29% of Chinese adults aged 65 and older, and was higher in rural areas(8.71%) than in urban areas(4.82%). After adjusting for SES indicators and covariates, we found that lesseducated older adults were more likely to suffer from VD, with an odds ratio(OR) of 2.50(95%CI: 2.26-2.82) for illiterates, compared with those who graduated from senior high school or above. Older adults who were in the lowest income quintile were more at risk of VD, with an OR of 1.81(95%CI: 1.68-2.95), compared with adults in the highest income quintile. In urban areas, when compared with adults who graduated from senior high school or above, those who did not continue their education after junior high school, primary school, or those who were illiterate, were more likely to suffer from VD, with an OR of 1.35(95%CI: 1.51-1.59), 1.84(95%CI: 1.60-2.12), and 2.63(95%CI: 2.27-3.04), respectively. Lower levels of income were statistically significant when associated with VD. In rural areas, adults who were illiterate had an OR of 2.21(95%CI:1.75-2.79) when compared to adults with senior high school or above education level. Per capita, household income remained significantly associated with VD. Older adults who were ≥85, female, single, and residing in rural areas were associated with higher risks of VD. CONCLUSION: Individual-level SES among the elderly, in the form of education and income, is associated with VD among elderly Chinese adults in both urban and rural areas; however, the association is stronger in rural areas. Further studies are still required to explore the mechanism behind the relationships.

Trends and Challenges for Population and Health During Population Aging——China,2015-2050

Summary What is already known about this topic?As the largest country in the world,China experienced a demographic transition at a historic scale during the past 50 years with extraordinarily associated changes in the age structure of the population,declining fertility rates,accelerating process of population aging,and growing population scale.

Trends and Challenges for Population Health and Migration-China,2015−2050

What is already known about this topic?Along with the quick change of society and health transformation,as well as the continued expansion of urbanization,the health risk and its variation of migrants in China would became more complicated.What is added by this report?Although a decreasing net migration flow trend was presented from 2015 to 2050,an increasing pace of aging and younger-age trend of migrants would pose serious challenges for population health in China.Deepening aging trend of migrants contributes to the increment of the disease burden of non-communicable diseases(NCDs)and disabilities,and the upward trend of young-age migrant patients with infectious diseases remain a threat to the future intervention and prevention of infectious diseases.What are the implications for public health practice?Health policies to eliminate the adverse effects of migration on population health should pay more attention to meet the health care demands of highly vulnerable migrant populations,such as very older and very young migrants.

Utilization Rate of Healthcare Service of the Elderly with Disabilities—China,1987−2014

What is already known about this topic?In the context of rapid population ageing and over represented disabilities among the elderly,healthcare services for the elderly persons with disabilities are one of the most urgent and important population and public health issues.Previous studies indicated that the weighted prevalence rate of lifetime healthcare service use was 36.6%(95%CI:35.6–37.5)among persons with disabilities aged 60 years and above in 2006.What is added by this report?We found that the lifetime utilization rate of auxiliary aids among elderly with disabilities increased significantly from 4.96%in 1987 to 9.07%in 2006(ptrend<0.001),and the utilization rate of healthcare service in the last 12 months increased significantly from 18.6%in 2007 to 56.9%in 2014(ptrend<0.001)among total elderly with disabilities.What are the implications for public health practice?The arduous achievement indicated the success of social,economic,and medical reforms as well as health equity improvement of China.However,more sound policies and action are needed to further reduce the unmet needs in healthcare services.

Expectations of Improvement of Socioeconomic Status Throughout the Life Course as a Component for Promoting Fertility Intentions

The 33rd World Population Day focuses on the theme,“A World of 8 Billion:Toward a Resilient Future for All—Harnessing Opportunities and Ensuring Rights and Choices for All.”As the global population approaches 8 billion,the United Nations urges individuals to consider the implications for the future.The life course paradigm emphasizes that past,present,and future experiences are interconnected and mutually reinforcing,with individuals’expectations and confidence in the future being influenced by previous and current behaviors and serving as important determinants of current decision-making(1).

Developmental Gerontology and Active Population Aging in China

Population aging is an irreversible process in the development of modern society,which brings challenges to comprehensive modernized social governance.Population aging is a“dualistic”development issue that not only leads to aging of the labor force structure but also creates new demographic dividends.This study describes the core thoughts of developmental gerontology(DG),which provides new insight into the relationship between active aging and comprehensive governance for modernized society.The development of DG will provide a feasible and sustainable path to integrate and coordinate the relationship between population aging,society,and economy.

Transitions in Chronic Disease Mortality in China:Evidence and Implications

In China,there has been a significant transition in mortality trends,shifting from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases(NCDs)over the last forty years.This shift has been primarily influenced by risk factors such as smoking,poor diet,and physical inactivity.Notably,cardiovascular diseases(CVD),cancers,chronic respiratory disorders(CRD),and diabetes have emerged as leading causes of death.Moreover,injuries,particularly road accidents and falls among older adults,also contribute significantly to the disease burden.Given the increasing aging population,there is a growing concern regarding age-related conditions and falls.To effectively address these challenges,China must prioritize chronic disease prevention throughout the lifespan and strengthen primary healthcare capabilities.

Long-Term Patterns of Meningitis Mortality:A Continual Downward Trend and a Vulnerable Infant Population—China,1987–2021

Summary What is already known about this topic?Meningitis,a life-threatening disease,presents a significant public health challenge.Its rate of progress in burden reduction notably lags behind other diseases that can be prevented through vaccination.What is added by this report?This research explored the changes in the mortality rate of meningitis in China over a span of 35 years.The study further identified the effects of age,period,and cohort on the mortality trends.

Challenges and Responses of Left-Behind Elderly and Children in Rural China Amid the New Population Development Stage

The disparate economic growth in China has compelled numerous adults from rural areas to migrate to cities in search of more lucrative employment prospects(1).In the 7th National Census,it was reported that the floating population totaled 375,816,759,accounting for approximately 26.00%of the overall population.Such migratory patterns often result in leaving behind vulnerable groups,particularly children and older adults,in rural regions.Given the inadequately established care systems,these groups are particularly susceptible and have consistently been at the forefront of social security concerns in China(2).

The better future projections the more childbirth:the association between subjective social status and fertility desire of the Chinese population

Previous research has detailed how social status affects the willingness to have children.However,subjective social status(SSS)derived from a comparison with a reference group also has an important impact on fertility desire.This study explores the relationship between the past,present,and future SSS and fertility desire,using data from the Chinese General Social Survey,a nationally representative population survey conducted in 2017(N=4,864).The study found that the individual’s fertility desire is positively enhanced by the current SSS,the expected SSS in the future,and the upward trend of SSS throughout the course of life.Compared with the group with a low level of SSS and with little change in SSS,the fertility desire of the group with"Rising first and then stable"SSS and"Rising"SSS significantly increased.The results suggest that the expectation of positive changes in social status will stimulate fertility desires and produce long-term family plans.With the rapid development of China’s social economy and the positive response to the low fertility rate,social policies should be adopted to open up channels for the protection and improvement of the social status of citizens and to achieve an increase of fertility desire.

Changing Patterns of Injury Mortality Among the Elderly Population in Urban and Rural Areas—China,1987–2021

What is already known about this topic?Injury is a significant public health issue,particularly among the elderly population.However,the extent of this problem varies significantly based on age,gender,and geographic location.What is added by this report?This study aims to examine the changing patterns of injury mortality rates in China over a 35-year period and assess the age-period-cohort effects on mortality trends.What are the implications for public health practice?This study examines the evolving patterns of injury mortality in the elderly population and identifies potential high-risk groups.The findings offer valuable insights for informing injury prevention policies.

Age-Period-Cohort Analysis on Long-Term Mortality Trend of Genitourinary Diseases—China,1987–2021

What is already known about this topic?There has been a lack of attention to genitourinary diseases for an extended period,resulting in limited research on the mortality trends of genitourinary diseases in China.What is added by this report?This study examines the long-term trend of genitourinary diseases'mortality across Chinese individuals of all genders and in various urban and rural regions.Additionally,it investigates the impact of age-period-cohort effects on this trend.What are the implications for public health practice?It is imperative to address genitourinary diseases,particularly among vulnerable populations such as rural older men.Policymakers should prioritize these individuals by providing necessary policy interventions and healthcare support.

Strengthening Systematic Research on Aging:Reflections from an Omics Perspective

Population aging has become a global concern in population development.Challenges to good health in older ages are more complex than at any other age and require a comprehensive framework to move the science of aging and health forward.In this paper,we describe an advanced and evolving conceptual framework that includes definitions,goals,disciplines,and a scope of human aging omics(HAO)based on theories and methods of omics science.The development of HAO will bring a paradigm shift in research related to aging and health by systematic identification,characterization,and quantification of all sets of health conditions and their complex relationships with the internal biomolecules and the external environment in the whole aging process of human beings from birth to death throughout the lifespan.

Cervical Cancer Screening Coverage — China, 2018–2019

What is already known about this topic?The World Health Organization set a 2030 target of 70%cervical cancer screening coverage for women aged 35–45 years.Coverage stood at 37%in China in 2015.What is added by this report?In 2018–2019,China’s cervical cancer screening coverage reached 43.4%in women aged 35–44 years and 36.8%in women aged 35–64 years.Screening coverage was still lower in rural areas as well as central and western regions;large variations existed across provincial-level administrative divisions.What are the implications for public health practice?National and local policy and financial support should be maintained for cervical cancer screening,along with more targeted health education and outreach efforts and strengthened accessibility of health services in the rural areas and central and western regions.

Trend and Factors of Population Fertility Changes From the Perspective of Economics and Education——China,1949-2020

Summary What is already known on this topic?Diverse social factors such as economic development,policy,culture,and special historical events could affect population fertility directly.At present,the influence of social factors on fertility is still controversial.With the diversification of population characteristics,the crossgroup robustness of the classical theories and research conclusions are broken.

产前SARS疫情暴露与幼儿认知障碍风险

The coronavirus epidemic may affect us far beyond the virus itself.Previously,there was a considerable body of evidence that maternal stress or other limitations caused by adverse events or emergencies,such as natural disasters,did indeed have long-term effects on offspring prenatally exposed to the events[1–2].However,we did not find any study that evaluated the long-term impact of a severe infectious disease epidemic as a public health emergency on offspring at the population level.We will have to wait to determine these issues regarding coronavirus disease2019(COVID-19),but we have a natural experiment from the last important coronavirus epidemic.

The Uncertainties of Population Research:Challenges and Opportunities

An estimated 7.7 billion people are living in the world today,and that total is expected to reach around 8.5 billion in 2030,9.7 billion in 2050,and further increase to 11.2 billion by 2100(1).In 1987,the world’s population hit 5 billion.To mark the date,the Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP)established the annual World Population Day to be observed on July 11 every year since 1989.

Restoration of Population Disability Trajectory During Hundreds of Years—China,1896–2006

Summary What is already known about this topic?A previous study found that the size of population with disability was 52.7 million and 84.6 million in 1987 and 2006,with the weighted disability rate of 4.9%and 6.5%,respectively.What is added by this report?This study restored the prevalence of disability and its change trajectory in China during 110 years from 1896 to 2006 across 3 centuries.What are the implications for public health practice?This study realized the innovation of cross-sectional data utilization methods and the expansion of the theory of morbidity transformation while making up for the lack of historical data.