Effect of Xylazine Anesthesia on Glu and GABA Amino Acid Neurotransmitters in Rat

Neurotransmitters of the central nervous system were the important way to study the mechanism of anesthesia. The effect of different doses of xylazine anesthetic on the glutamate(Glu) and γ-aminobutyric-acid(GABA) were investigated and the mechanism of xylazine anesthetic on the central nervous system were explored in this study. A total of 88 rats were randomly divided into three groups, including normal saline control group, group with low dose of xylazine and group with high dose of xylazine.Cerebrum, cerebellum, hippocampus, thalamus and brainstem were collected. The results showed that the concentration of Glu in the hippocampus, thalamus and brainstem decreased first and then increased, but it increased first and then decreased in the cerebrum and cerebellum during the period of anesthesia. The concentration of GABA in the cerebrum, thalamus, brainstem and hippocampus increased first and then decreased. The results showed that xylazine inhibited Glu and promoted GABA with different dose dependence. The results and methods could provide guides for the clinical use of xylazine.

Changes of Cytokines in Serum and Whey of Dairy Cows with Subclinical Mastitis

In order to study the correlation of different degrees of subclinical mastitis and cytokines,the changes of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-8(IL-8)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in blood and milk and whether the changes of these indexes were caused by mastitis were analyzed.The 40 Holstein cows in lactation period were tested and grouped by somatic cell count(SCC)method in milk:Group C(SCC<5×10~5 cells·mL^(-1)),Group I(5×10~5 cells·mL^(-1)5×10~6 cells·mL^(-1)).The contents of IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8 and TNF-αwere analyzed by radioimmunoassay.The results showed that the contents of IL-6,IL-8 and TNF-αin the blood and milk of different degrees of subclinical mastitis increased with the severity of mastitis,and were higher than those in normal group.The contents of IL-6,IL-8 and TNF-αin serum and whey of dairy cows affected by different degrees of subclinical mastitis were higher than those in normal group(Group C).The content of IL-1βincreased and decreased with the increase of inflammation,and it did not have the value of evaluating mastitis.In conclusion,the severities of cow subclinical mastitis and the contents of cytokines were positive correlations.These indexes could be used as the basis for judging mammary gland injury.

Midazolam Impairs Learning and Memory Ability Through ERK/CREB Signaling Pathway and Oxidative Damage of Hippocampus in Rats

This study aimed to elucidate whether midazolam affected the learning and memory of rats through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding(CREB)signaling pathway and hippocampal oxidative damage.Overall 120 Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups,including one control and three midazolam-exposed groups(20,60 and 150 mg•kg^(-1)).After an intraperitoneal injection of midazolam/physiological saline for both 1 h(n=15)and 24 h(n=15),10 rats(five came from 1 h,and the remaining five came from 24 h)were randomly selected from each group for the Morris water maze test.The hippocampus tissue samples were harvested for the assessment of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activities as well as glutathione peroxidase(GPx),malonyl dialdehyde(MDA),nitric oxide(NO)and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)levels.The remaining 80 rats were euthanized,and the hippocampal tissue was isolated.The expressions of ERK1,ERK2 and CREB mRNA were tested using RT-qPCR.The protein expressions of p-ERK1/2 and p-CREB were tested using Western blotting.The Morris water maze tests indicated that midazolam-treated rats have weaker learning and memory ability compared to the control rats.Midazolam increased MDA,NO,iNOS and CAT,and decreased GPx and SOD activities compared to the control group.The expression levels of ERK1/2 and CREB in the hippocampus of rats in the midazolam treatment groups were significantly lower compared to the control group at 1 h after intraperitoneal injection of midazolam,and in a dose-dependent relationship but returning it to normal levels at 24 h after midazolam intraperitoneal injection.Therefore,it was concluded that the learning and memory impairment of midazolam might be associated with the down-regulation of the ERK/CREB signaling pathway and oxidative damage in rat hippocampus.

Porcine NF-κB p65 Subunit:Molecular Characterization,Tissue Expression and Transcriptional Profile in Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus-infected IPEC-J2 Cells

The p65 protein is a functional subunit of NF-κB family and exhibits a crucial role in host immune and inflammatory responses,apoptosis and tumor proliferation if improperly-regulated.Given its ubiquitous association with nearly all the animal cells and its pleotropic functions,the gene encoding NF-κB p65 subunit was cloned and sequenced from porcine kidney(PK-15)cells.The gene was 1662 bp in length,encoded a 553-amino acid protein and contained the prototypical NF-κB functional domains.Real-time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were used to characterize the transcription and expression levels of the p65 in different pig tissues.The results indicated that the p65 gene and protein were both broadly expressed in pig tissues,but most highly expressed in the intestine-associated lymph nodes and the lungs.To localize the recombinant protein in intestinal porcine epithelial cells(IPEC-J2),the gene was subcloned into the vector pEGFP(pEGFP-p65).Using fluorescence microscopy,the protein was found confined to the cytoplasm in normal cells;however,during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV)infection,mRNA and protein expression were significantly up-regulated and the protein exhibited an overt tendency for nuclear translocalization consistent with a regulatory role in antiviral innate immunity.

Research on Application of Digital Art and Virtual Reality in Animal Medical Education

With the development of social science and technology,digital technology has been widely used in all walks of life.Especially in the field of medical education,the rational application of digital technology will create a simulated learning environment for students,which has a key impact on the improvement of medical education.This article is an analysis of the application of art and virtual reality in animal medical education.I hope that this analysis can play a certain role in improving the effect of today’s animal medical education,and provide a certain reference value for the reasonable application of digital technology and virtual reality technology in today’s animal medical education.

Function of RanGAP1 in Mouse Oocyte Fertilization

RanGAP1 is a Ran GTPase-activating protein that plays a pivotal role in the majority of nucleocytoplasmic transport pathways. The protein is limited to somatic cells. In this study, the localization and possible functions of RanGAP1 were examined during mouse oocyte fertilization. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that after sperm penetration, RanGAP1 was found to diffuse within the cytoplasm, but concentrated in the microtuble of the reversed spindle and the constriction ring between the oocyte and the second polar body; with the expansion of sperm chromatin, RanGAP1 began to move to the region around the expanding sperm and oocyte chromatin, and gradually concentrated around the growing parents pronuclei. After the male and female pronuclei apposed, the membrane of one pronuclei broke first, numerous concentrated RanGAP1 dots were observed in the chromosome region. With the chromatin condensing into chromosome, the parents chromosomes mixed together and prepared to start the first mitosis, the condensed RanGAP1 was just the shape of the microtuble to assemble the first mitosis spindle. These showed that RanGAP1 played an important role in regulating spindle functions, chromosome alignment, PB2 extrusion and pronuclei nuclear envelope assembly/disassembly in mouse oocyte fertilization.

Localization of RanBP1 in Early Embryonic Development of Mice

RanBP1 is a binding protein of Ran that plays a pivotal role in nucleocytoplasmic transport.In this study,the localization and possible functions of RanBP1 were examined,during the early embryonic development of mice.Immunofluorescence results showed that RanBP1 was mainly localized in cytoplasm at mitosis interphase,and its concentration was lower in nucleus and the lowest in nucleolus.With the formation of the spindle in the early embryonic cells,RanBP1 condensed area took the shape of spindle microtubule,the concentration of RanBP1 was low in the site of chromosome.During the formation of nucleus,RanBP1 concentrated in nucleus and there were few dots of RanBP1 around the nucleolus.These dots were lost after the nucleus full growth.The results showed that RanBP1 had important roles in nucleocytoplasmic transport,spindle formation and nuclear assembly in the early embryonic development of mice.

Establishment of Acute Lung Injury Model Induced by Intraperitoneal Injection of Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

The model of acute lung injury(ALI)was established by intraperitoneal administration,but there was no time-point observation and comparison.ALI model was established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)at the concentration of 10 mg·kg^-1 (10 mg LPS dissolved in 1 mL normal saline to prepare 1 mL·kg^-1solution)in rats.The control group(CG)was intraperitoneally injected with saline of the same dose.In the LPS group,lung tissues were collected at 4,6,8,12 and 24 h after administration.Then,the morphology changes,the ratio of wet-to-dry weight(W/D),the expression of interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)proteins,the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH)were measured.To verify the success of the model,the degrees of lung injury via Western blot,RT-PCR,ELISA and other techniques were detected at different time points,and the severe time of the ALI model established was deterimined by intraperitoneal administration,which provided a stable model basis for the study of the pathogenesis of ALI in the future.The results showed that the lung injury occurred in LPS group.W/D and lung pathological changes at 12 and 24 h of LPS group were significantly different from those in the CG.Compared with the CG,the expression of IL-1βand TNF-αproteins and the content of MDA in lung tissues of LPS group increased and most significant difference was found at 12 and 24 h(p<0.01).Compared with the CG,the activities of SOD and GSH in LPS 12 h group decreased significantly(p<0.01).In conclusion,inflammation and oxidative damage were the main causes of the ALI in rats.Lung injury was most obvious 12 h after intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg·kg^-1 LPS.

Prenatal cadmium exposure impairs neural tube closure via inducing excessive apoptosis in neuroepithelium

Birth defects have become a public health concern.The hazardous environmental factors exposure to embryos could increase the risk of birth defects.Cadmium,a toxic environmental factor,can cross the placental barrier during pregnancy.Pregnant woman may be subjected to cadmium before taking precautionary protective actions.However,the link between birth defects and cadmium remains obscure.Cadmium exposure can induce excessive apoptosis in neuroepithelium during embryonic development progresses.Cadmium exposure activated the p53 via enhancing the adenosine 5‘-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK)and reactive oxygen species'(ROS)level.And cadmium decreases the level of Paired box 3(Pax3)and murine double minute 2(Mdm2),disrupting the process of p53 ubiquitylation.And p53 accumulation induced excessive apoptosis in neuroepithelium during embryonic development progresses.Excessive apoptosis led to the failure of neural tube closure.The study emphasizes that environmental materials may increase the health risk for embryos.Cadmium caused the failure of neural tube closure during early embryotic day.Pregnant women may be exposed by cadmium before taking precautionary protective actions,because of cadmium concentration-containing foods and environmental tobacco smoking.This suggests that prenatal cadmium exposure is a threatening risk factor for birth defects.

Nano-selenium alleviates cadmium-induced cerebellar injury by activating metal regulatory transcription factor 1 mediated metal response

This study aims to investigate the role of metal regulatory transcription factor 1(MTF1)-mediated metal response in cadmium(Cd)-induced cerebellar injury,and to evaluate the antagonistic effects of nanoselenium(Nano-Se)against Cd toxicity.A total of 80 chicks(1 d old,male,Hy-Line Variety White)were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups for 3 months:the control group(fed with a basic diet,n=20),the Nano-Se group(basic diet with 1 mg/kg nano-Se 1 mg/kg Nano-Se in basic diet,n=20),the NanoSe+Cd group(basic diet with 1 mg/kg Nano-Se and 140 mg/kg Cd Cl_(2),n=20)and the Cd group(basic diet with 140 mg/kg Cd Cl_(2),n=20).The results of the experiment showed that the Purkinje cells were significantly decreased with their degradation and indistinct nucleoli after Cd exposure.Moreover,exposure to Cd caused a significant accumulation of Cd and cupper.However,the contents of Se,iron,and zinc were decreased,thereby disturbing the metal homeostasis in the cerebellum.The Cd exposure also resulted in high levels of malondialdehyde(MDA)and down regulation of selenoprotein transcriptome.Furthermore,the expressions of MTF1,metallothionein 1(MT1),MT2,zinc transporter 3(ZNT3),ZNT5,ZNT10,zrt,irt-like protein 8(ZIP8),ZIP10,transferrin(TF),ferroportin 1(FPN1),ATPase copper transporting beta(ATP7B),and copper uptake protein 1(CTR1)were inhibited by Cd exposure.However,all these changes were significantly alleviated by the supplementation of Nano-Se.This study proved that Cd could disorder metal homeostasis and induce oxidative stress,whereas Nano-Se could relieve all these negative effects caused by Cd via activating the MTF1-mediated metal response in the cerebellum of chicken.