Relationships between blood chromium exposure and liver injury:Exploring the mediating role of systemic inflammation in a chromate-exposed population

Hexavalent chromium and its compounds are prevalent pollutants,especially in the work environment,pose a significant risk for multisystem toxicity and cancers.While it is known that chromium accumulation in the liver can cause damage,the dose-response relationship between blood chromium(Cr)and liver injury,as well as the possible potential toxic mechanisms involved,remains poorly understood.To address this,we conducted a follow-up study of 590 visits from 305 participants to investigate the associations of blood Cr with biomarkers for liver injury,including serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),total bilirubin(TBIL),and direct bilirubin(DBIL),and to evaluate the mediating effects of systemic inflammation.Platelet(PLT)and the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR)were utilized as biomarkers of systemic inflammation.In the linear mixed-effects analyses,each 1-unit increase in blood Cr level was associated with estimated effect percentage increases of 0.82%(0.11%,1.53%)in TBIL,1.67%(0.06%,3.28%)in DBIL,0.73%(0.04%,1.43%)in ALT and 2.08%(0.29%,3.87%)in AST,respectively.Furthermore,PLT mediated 10.04%,11.35%,and 10.77%increases in TBIL,DBIL,and ALT levels induced by chromate,respectively.In addition,PLR mediated 8.26%and 15.58%of the association between blood Cr and TBIL or ALT.These findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying blood Cr-induced liver injury,which is partly due to worsening systemic inflammation.

Cytogenetic biodosimetry for radiation accidents in China

Cytogenetic indicators,especially dicentric chromosomes,have been globally considered the gold standard of biological dose estimation for more than 60 years.The application of these indicators to biological dose estimation in victims of radiation accidents in China has undergone approximately 40 years of development and thus provides more accurate information for the clinical diagnosis and patients’treatment.This paper reviews the application and future development of cytogenetic indicators,including chromosomal aberrations(dicentric chromosomes and chromosomal translocations),cytokinesis-block micronuclei,nucleoplasmic bridges,and premature condensation chromosome ring,as biodosimeters in China.

Follow-up of two victims of a 60Co-source radiation accident in 1986, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China

Objective:To explore the late effects of acute radiation exposure through the follow-up of two victims of a 60Cosource radiation accident,who suffered moderate acute radiation sickness of bone marrow type.Methods:On May 26,1986,a power failure occurred suddenly at an irradiation plant in Kaifeng,Henan Province,China,during which two workers at the site,named Liang and Yan,accidentally entered the 60Co-source irradiation cell in service.Long-term medical observations were carried out on them following the accident.Results:The late effects of the accident on Liang and Yan were observed.The main manifestations of Liang were hypomnesia and visual impairment.A typical radiation-induced cataract developed 2 years after exposure.Local cutaneous radiation injury and resultant five operations were performed within a period of five years after exposure.The decrease in the number and low viability of his sperms was found 1 year after exposure.The decrease in his leukocytes and platelets occurred during 1–5 years after exposure.He died from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma 21 years after exposure.For Yan,the main manifestations included headache,dizziness,fatigue,insomnia,and susceptibility to cold just after exposure.She had intermittent menolipsis at age 41.The leukocytes was fluctuating in the range of(3.1–3.9)109/L 14–24 years after exposure.A decrease in estradiol(reproductive hormone)and an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone were observed.Thyroid nodules were detected by thyroid ultrasound 21 years after exposure.She died from acute myeloid leukemia(AML)32 years after exposure.Conclusions:Follow-up of victims exposed to a high activity radiation source should focus on the organs sensitive to radiation and on the radiation-induced carcinogenesis.