Impact of China's SO_2 Emissions on SO_2 Concentration and Sulfur Deposition in Japan

Based on the monitored data of references, EANET and the CMAQ （4.7.1） model scenado simulations, the annual average concentration of SO2 in China in the recent 10 years and the contribution of China＇s SO2 emissions to SO2 concentration and sulfur deposition at various sites in Japan downwind were analyzed. The results showed that from 2001 to 2009 annual average concentration of SO2 was 0 -150 μg/m^3 and showed a decreasing trend on the whole in China. The correlation coefficient of annual average concentration of SO2 at different sites in Japan and China＇s SO2 emissions was lower than that of annual average concentration and emission of SO2 in China＇s cities on the whole, showing that SO2 discharged in China had small impact on SO2 concentration in Japan. The contribution rate of China＇s SO2 emissions to annual average concentration of SO2 at various sites in Japan in 2010 was 7.5% -44.0%, averaging 22.6% ; the annual average volume concentration of SO2 at different sites in Japan caused by China＇s SO2 emissions was 0 -0.5 × 10^-9. The contribution rate of China＇s SO2 emissions to sulfur deposition at various sites in Japan in 2010 varied from 8.0% to 41.0%, averaging 22.1%.

A novel image-fusion method based on the un-mixing of mixed MS sub-pixels regarding high-resolution DSM

A major reason for the spectral distortions of fused images generated by current image-fusion methods is that the fused versions of mixed multispectral(MS)sub-pixels(MSPs)corresponding to panchromatic(PAN)pure pixels remain mixed.The MSPs can be un-mixed spectrally to pure pixels having the same land cover classes in a fine classification map during the fusion process.Since it is difficult to produce such a land cover classification map using only MS and PAN images,a Digital Surface Model(DSM)derived from airborne Light Detection And Ranging data were employed in this study to facilitate the classification.In a novel fusion method proposed in this paper,MSPs near and across boundaries between vegetation and non-vegetation are identified using MS,PAN,and normalized Digital Surface Model(nDSM).The identified MSPs then are fused to pure pixels with respect to the corresponding land cover class in the classification map.In a test on WorldView-2 images over an urban area and the corresponding nDSM,the fused image generated by the proposed method was visually and quantitatively compared with fused images obtained using common image-fusion methods.The fused images generated by the proposed method yielded minimal spectral distortions and sharpened boundaries between vegetation and non-vegetation.