We derive the differential equation, which is satisfied by the ITER scalings for the dynamic energy confinement time. We show that this differential equation can also be obtained from the differential equation for the...We derive the differential equation, which is satisfied by the ITER scalings for the dynamic energy confinement time. We show that this differential equation can also be obtained from the differential equation for the energy confinement time, derived from the energy balance equation, when the plasma is near the steady state. We find that the values of the scaling parameters are linked to the second derivative of the power loss, estimated at the steady state. As an example of an application, the solution of the differential equation for the energy confinement time is compared with the profile obtained by solving numerically the balance equations (closed by a transport model) for a concrete Tokamak-plasma.展开更多
Revised September 2013 with numbers verified by representatives of the synchrotrons (contact C.-J. Lin, LBNL). For existing (future) neutrino beam lines the latest achieved (design) values are given.
Recent low-redshift observations have yielded the present-time Hubble parameter value H0=74 kms^-1 Mpc^-1.This value is approximately 10%higher than the predicted value of Ho=67.4 kms^-1 Mpc^-1,based on Planck's o...Recent low-redshift observations have yielded the present-time Hubble parameter value H0=74 kms^-1 Mpc^-1.This value is approximately 10%higher than the predicted value of Ho=67.4 kms^-1 Mpc^-1,based on Planck's observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiatio n(CMB)and the AC DM model.Phenomenologically,we show that,by adding an extra component,X,with negative density to the Friedmann equation,it can address the Hubble tension without changing the Planck's constraint on the matter and dark energy densities.To achieve a sufficiently small extra negative density,its equation-of-state parameter must satisfy 1/3 ≤ wx ≤ 1.We propose a quintom model of two scalar fields that realizes this condition and potentially alleviate the Hubble tension.One scalar field acts as a quintessence,while another "Wphantom" scalar con formally couples to matter such that a viable cosmological scenario is achieved.The model only depends on two parameters,心and 6,which represent the rolling tendency of the self-interacting potential of the quintessenee and the strength of the conformal phantom-matter coupling,respectively.The toy quintom model with H0=73.4 kms^-1 Mpc^-1(Quintom I)yields a good Supernovae-Ia luminosity fit and acceptable rBAO fit but slightly small acoustic multipole lA=285.54.A full parameter scan revealed that the quintom model was superior to the ACDM model in certain regions of the parameter space,0.02<δ<0.10,Ω(0)m<0.31,while significantly alleviating the Hubble tension,although it is not completely resolved.A benchmark quintom model.Quintom II,is presented as an example.展开更多
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the ...The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on: Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http ://pdg. lbl. gov.展开更多
Revised August 2013 by M.J. Syphers (MSU) and F. Zimmermann (CERN).29.1. Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow. The number of events, Nexp, is the pr...Revised August 2013 by M.J. Syphers (MSU) and F. Zimmermann (CERN).29.1. Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow. The number of events, Nexp, is the product of the cross section of interest,展开更多
1. IntroductionThe collection of online information resources in particle physics and related areas presented in this chapter is of necessity incomplete. An expanded and regularly updated online version can be found at:
Written November 2013 by M. Carena (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and the University of Chicago), C. Grojean (ICREA at IFAE, Universitat Autbnoma de Barcelona), M, Kado (Laboratoire de l'Accelerateur Lin...Written November 2013 by M. Carena (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and the University of Chicago), C. Grojean (ICREA at IFAE, Universitat Autbnoma de Barcelona), M, Kado (Laboratoire de l'Accelerateur Lineaire, LAL and CERN), and V. Sharma (University of California San Diego).展开更多
Written November 2013 by M. J. Mortonson (UCB, LBL), D. H. Weinberg (OSU), and M. White (UCB, LBL).26.1. Repulsive Gravity and Cosmic Acceleration In the first modern cosmological model, Einstein [1] modified h...Written November 2013 by M. J. Mortonson (UCB, LBL), D. H. Weinberg (OSU), and M. White (UCB, LBL).26.1. Repulsive Gravity and Cosmic Acceleration In the first modern cosmological model, Einstein [1] modified his field equation of General Relativity (GR), introducing a "cosmological term" that enabled a solution with time-independent spatially homogeneous matter density Pm and constant positive space curvature.展开更多
Updated 2013 (see the various sections for authors).34.1. Introduction Non-accelerator experiments have become increasingly important in particle physics. These include classical cosmic ray experiments, neutrino osc...Updated 2013 (see the various sections for authors).34.1. Introduction Non-accelerator experiments have become increasingly important in particle physics. These include classical cosmic ray experiments, neutrino oscillation measurements, and searches for double-beta decay, dark matter candidates, and magnetic monopoles.展开更多
Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B±section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections:
1. Overview The Review of Particle Physics and the abbreviated version, the Particle Physics Booklet, are reviews of the field of Particle Physics. This complete Review includes a compilation/evaluation of data on par...1. Overview The Review of Particle Physics and the abbreviated version, the Particle Physics Booklet, are reviews of the field of Particle Physics. This complete Review includes a compilation/evaluation of data on particle properties, called the "Particle Listings." These Listings include 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, in addition to the 32,153 measurements from 8,944 papers that first appeared in previous editions [1].展开更多
CHARMED BARYONS Revised March 2012 by C.G. Wohl (LBNL). There are 17 known charmed baryons, and four other candidates not well enough established to be promoted to the Summary Tables.* Fig. l(a) shows the mass sp...CHARMED BARYONS Revised March 2012 by C.G. Wohl (LBNL). There are 17 known charmed baryons, and four other candidates not well enough established to be promoted to the Summary Tables.* Fig. l(a) shows the mass spectrum,展开更多
Written by R.L. Kelly (LBNL). The most commonly used SU(3) isoscalar factors, corresponding to the singlet, octet, and deeuplet content of 8 8 and 10 8, are shown at the right. The notation uses particle nam...Written by R.L. Kelly (LBNL). The most commonly used SU(3) isoscalar factors, corresponding to the singlet, octet, and deeuplet content of 8 8 and 10 8, are shown at the right. The notation uses particle names to identify the coefficients, so that the pattern of relative couplings may be seen at a glance. We illustrate the use of the coefficients below.展开更多
文摘We derive the differential equation, which is satisfied by the ITER scalings for the dynamic energy confinement time. We show that this differential equation can also be obtained from the differential equation for the energy confinement time, derived from the energy balance equation, when the plasma is near the steady state. We find that the values of the scaling parameters are linked to the second derivative of the power loss, estimated at the steady state. As an example of an application, the solution of the differential equation for the energy confinement time is compared with the profile obtained by solving numerically the balance equations (closed by a transport model) for a concrete Tokamak-plasma.
文摘Revised September 2013 with numbers verified by representatives of the synchrotrons (contact C.-J. Lin, LBNL). For existing (future) neutrino beam lines the latest achieved (design) values are given.
基金supported by Rachadapisek Sompote Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship,Chulalongkorn Universitysupported in part by the Thailand Research Fund(TRF)+2 种基金Office of Higher Education Commission(OHEC)Chulalongkorn University under grant(RSA6180002)supported by Postdoctoral Fellowship of King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi。
文摘Recent low-redshift observations have yielded the present-time Hubble parameter value H0=74 kms^-1 Mpc^-1.This value is approximately 10%higher than the predicted value of Ho=67.4 kms^-1 Mpc^-1,based on Planck's observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiatio n(CMB)and the AC DM model.Phenomenologically,we show that,by adding an extra component,X,with negative density to the Friedmann equation,it can address the Hubble tension without changing the Planck's constraint on the matter and dark energy densities.To achieve a sufficiently small extra negative density,its equation-of-state parameter must satisfy 1/3 ≤ wx ≤ 1.We propose a quintom model of two scalar fields that realizes this condition and potentially alleviate the Hubble tension.One scalar field acts as a quintessence,while another "Wphantom" scalar con formally couples to matter such that a viable cosmological scenario is achieved.The model only depends on two parameters,心and 6,which represent the rolling tendency of the self-interacting potential of the quintessenee and the strength of the conformal phantom-matter coupling,respectively.The toy quintom model with H0=73.4 kms^-1 Mpc^-1(Quintom I)yields a good Supernovae-Ia luminosity fit and acceptable rBAO fit but slightly small acoustic multipole lA=285.54.A full parameter scan revealed that the quintom model was superior to the ACDM model in certain regions of the parameter space,0.02<δ<0.10,Ω(0)m<0.31,while significantly alleviating the Hubble tension,although it is not completely resolved.A benchmark quintom model.Quintom II,is presented as an example.
基金supported by the Director,Office of Science,Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231the U.S.National Science Foundation under Agreement No.PHY-0652989+3 种基金the European Laboratory for Particle Physics(CERN)an implementing arrangement between the governments of Japan(MEXT:Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology)and the United States(DOE)on cooperative research and developmentthe Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics(INFN)B.C.F.was supported by the U.S.National Science Foundation Grant PHY-1214082
文摘The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on: Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http ://pdg. lbl. gov.
文摘Revised August 2013 by M.J. Syphers (MSU) and F. Zimmermann (CERN).29.1. Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow. The number of events, Nexp, is the product of the cross section of interest,
基金supported by PAPIIT(DGAPA-UNAM) project IN106913 and CONACyT(Mexico) project 151234support by the Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics(MITP) where part of this work was completed.A.F.is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant no. PHY-1212635
文摘Revised November 2013 by J. Erler (U. Mexico) and A. Freit&s (Pittsburgh U.).10.1 Introduction 10.2 Renormalization and radiative corrections
文摘1. IntroductionThe collection of online information resources in particle physics and related areas presented in this chapter is of necessity incomplete. An expanded and regularly updated online version can be found at:
基金supported by Fermilab,that is operated by Fermi Research Alliance,LLC under Contract No.DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of EnergyC.G.is supported by the Spanish Ministry MICINN under contract FPA2010-17747+2 种基金the European Commission under the ERC Advanced Grant 22637 MassTeVthe contract PITN-GA-2009-237920 UNILHC.M.K. is supported by the ANR HiggsNet grant.V.S.is supported by the grant DE-SC0009919 of the United States Department of Energy
文摘Written November 2013 by M. Carena (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and the University of Chicago), C. Grojean (ICREA at IFAE, Universitat Autbnoma de Barcelona), M, Kado (Laboratoire de l'Accelerateur Lineaire, LAL and CERN), and V. Sharma (University of California San Diego).
文摘Written November 2013 by M. J. Mortonson (UCB, LBL), D. H. Weinberg (OSU), and M. White (UCB, LBL).26.1. Repulsive Gravity and Cosmic Acceleration In the first modern cosmological model, Einstein [1] modified his field equation of General Relativity (GR), introducing a "cosmological term" that enabled a solution with time-independent spatially homogeneous matter density Pm and constant positive space curvature.
文摘Updated 2013 (see the various sections for authors).34.1. Introduction Non-accelerator experiments have become increasingly important in particle physics. These include classical cosmic ray experiments, neutrino oscillation measurements, and searches for double-beta decay, dark matter candidates, and magnetic monopoles.
文摘Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B±section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections:
基金supported by the Director,Office of Science,Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231by the U.S.National Science Foundation under Agreement No.PHY-0652989+2 种基金by the European Laboratory for Particle Physics(CERN)by an implementing arrangement between the governments of Japan(MEXT:Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports, Science and Technology) and the United States(DOE) on cooperative research and developmentby the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics(INFN)
文摘1. Overview The Review of Particle Physics and the abbreviated version, the Particle Physics Booklet, are reviews of the field of Particle Physics. This complete Review includes a compilation/evaluation of data on particle properties, called the "Particle Listings." These Listings include 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, in addition to the 32,153 measurements from 8,944 papers that first appeared in previous editions [1].
文摘CHARMED BARYONS Revised March 2012 by C.G. Wohl (LBNL). There are 17 known charmed baryons, and four other candidates not well enough established to be promoted to the Summary Tables.* Fig. l(a) shows the mass spectrum,
文摘Written by R.L. Kelly (LBNL). The most commonly used SU(3) isoscalar factors, corresponding to the singlet, octet, and deeuplet content of 8 8 and 10 8, are shown at the right. The notation uses particle names to identify the coefficients, so that the pattern of relative couplings may be seen at a glance. We illustrate the use of the coefficients below.