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Typology of Natural Hazards and Assessment of Associated Risks in the Mount Bambouto Caldera(Cameroon Line,West Cameroon)
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作者 Ghislain T.ZANGMO Armand D.KAGOU +1 位作者 David G.NKOUATHIO Pierre WANDJI 《Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2009年第5期1008-1016,共9页
Mount Bambouto is a polygenic stratovolcano of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, built between 21 Ma and 4.5 Ma. It is situated approximately 200 km NE of Mount Cameroon, between 09° 55' and 10°15' longitude eas... Mount Bambouto is a polygenic stratovolcano of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, built between 21 Ma and 4.5 Ma. It is situated approximately 200 km NE of Mount Cameroon, between 09° 55' and 10°15' longitude east and, 05°25' and 05°50' latitude north. The volcano covers an area of 500 km^2 and culminates at 2740 m at Meletan dome and bears a collapsed caldera at the summit (13 × 8 km). Mount Bambouto is characterized by several natural hazards of different origins: meteorological, such as landslides and rock falls; anthropogenic, such as bushfires, tribal wars and deforestation; and volcanological, such as volcanic eruption. The thematic map shows that 55-60% of the caldera has high probability of occurrence of mass movement. The caldera has a high population density (3000 inhabitants), which increases the level of risk, evaluated at approximately $US3.8 million for patrimony, 3000 civilian deaths and destruction of biodiversity. 展开更多
关键词 CALDERA HAZARD risk assessment Mount Bambouto Cameroon Line
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Efficacy of the Microbial Larvicide VectoMax<sup>®</sup>G against <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>s.l. and <i>Culex</i>spp. Larvae under Laboratory and Open Field Trial Experiments in the City of Yaoundé, Cameroon
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作者 Kopya Edmond Foko Dadji Gisele Aurelie +8 位作者 Sonhafouo-Chiana Nadège Bamou Roland Djamouko-Djonkam Landre Talipouo Abdou Delogko Serges Njiokou Flobert Awono-Ambene Parfait Wondji Charles Sinclair Antonio-Nkondjio Christophe 《Advances in Entomology》 2022年第1期34-51,共18页
<strong>Background: </strong><span><span><span><span>With the rapid expansion of insecticide resistance limiting the effectiveness of insecticide-based vector control interventions,... <strong>Background: </strong><span><span><span><span>With the rapid expansion of insecticide resistance limiting the effectiveness of insecticide-based vector control interventions, integrated control strategies associating larviciding could be appropriate to improve current control efforts. The present experimental study assesses laboratory and field efficacy of the larvicide </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>VectoMax</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="color:#111111;font-family:Roboto, sans-serif;font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>&reg;</sup></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>G</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> on <i>Anopheline</i> and <i>Culicine</i> larval stages in Yaoundé. <strong>Methods:</strong> The effect of the larvicide </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>VectoMax</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="color:#111111;font-family:Roboto, sans-serif;font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>&reg;</sup></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>G,</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> a combination of <i>Bacillus</i><span> <i>thuringiensis</i> var. <i>israelensis</i> </span>(<i>Bti</i>) </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>and <i>Bacillus</i> <i>sphaericus</i> (<i>Bs</i>),</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> on larval development was assessed during both laboratory and open field trial experiments. Laboratory experiments permitted the evaluation of five different concentrations with four replicates/experiments. Laboratory experiments were conducted with <i>Anopheles</i> <i>coluzzii</i> “Ngousso” and <i>Culex</i> <i>quinquefasciatus</i> laboratory strains. Open field trials were conducted using </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>sixteen plastic containers with a diameter of 0.31 m buried in an array of four rows with 4 containers each. Distance between rows and between containers in a row was 1 meter. This experiment permitted to </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>test the effect of the microbial larvicide </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>VectoMax</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="color:#111111;font-family:Roboto, sans-serif;font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>&reg;</sup></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>G</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> under operational application conditions on field mosquito populations. <strong>Results:</strong> <span>The time to induce 100% mortality after exposure to serial concentrations of the larvicide varied according to the dose from 4 - 12 hours for <i>An.</i> <i>coluzzii</i> and 6 - 9 hours for <i>Cx.</i> <i>quinquefasciatus</i> in laboratory experiments. Measurements of the</span> residual activity indicated that all </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>VectoMax</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="color:#111111;font-family:Roboto, sans-serif;font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>&reg;</sup></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>G</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> concentrations were still active after 35 days and killed 86</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>% </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>-</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>100% of larvae. Lethal dose of </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>VectoMax</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="color:#111111;font-family:Roboto, sans-serif;font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>&reg;</sup></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>G</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> killing 50% of larvae was estimated at 5.24 × 10<sup>-8</sup> mg/m<sup>2</sup> for <i>An.</i> <i>coluzzii</i> and 1.25 × 10<sup>-8</sup> mg/m<sup>2</sup> for <i>Cx.</i> <i>quinquefasciatus</i>. The lethal concentration inducing 95% mortality was estimated at 3.13 × 10<sup>-7</sup> mg/m<sup>2</sup> for <i>An.</i> <i>coluzzii</i> and 2.5 × 10<sup>-8</sup> <span>mg/m<sup>2</sup> for <i>Cx.</i> <i>quinquefasciatus</i>. Open field trials tests indicated that </span>sub-lethal concentrations of </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>VectoMax</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="color:#111111;font-family:Roboto, sans-serif;font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>&reg;</sup></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>G</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> successfully killed 100% <i>An.</i> <i>gambiae</i> s.l. larvae within 24 hours, while with <i>Culex</i> spp. larvae, 100% mortality was recorded after 48 hours post-treatment. Natural recolonization of water containers by larvae was recorded between 3 and 6 days respectively after the treatment with sublethal doses. Late instar larvae were recorded 5 and 6 days after treatment. When the jars were treated with reference dosage or supra doses of </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>VectoMax</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="color:#111111;font-family:Roboto, sans-serif;font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>&reg;</sup></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>G,</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> recolonization of water containers was observed six days after treatments. No pupae of both species were found 6 and 7 days post-treatment. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The study indicated high efficacy of the microbial larvicide </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>VectoMax</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="color:#111111;font-family:Roboto, sans-serif;font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>&reg;</sup></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>G</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> against <i>Anopheline</i> and <i>Culex</i> larvae. Microbial larvicides such as </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>VectoMax</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="color:#111111;font-family:Roboto, sans-serif;font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><sup>&reg;</sup></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>G</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span> could be appropriate for controlling mosquito population particularly in areas experiencing high insecticide resistance or outdoor biting mosquitoes.</span></span></span></span> 展开更多
关键词 VectoMax®G Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Bacillus sphaericus Anopheles gambiae s.l. Culex Mosquitoes Yaoundé Camreroon
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