Spread of Traditional Chinese Medicine to the West and the Development of Sinology: A Case Study Based on the Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Literature by German Doctor Gottlieb Olpp

German doctor Gottlieb Olpp played an important role in Sino-German medical exchanges during the late Qing dynasty.During his stay in China for more than 9 years,he wrote a large number of texts related to local Chinese medical and hygienic conditions.In these works,he introduced traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and its situation at that time but also translated TCM literature.His translations and his achievements facilitated the development of sinology in Germany.Not only was he responsible for the development of the method used by German sinologists in translating TCM literature,but also his work gave an impetus to the combination of academic goals and current considerations in sinology studies.In this way,the study of TCM is the internal force driving the development of sinology.

Madman and Sage: The “Two Toms Paradox” of the American Revolution

Few students of revolutionary America would fail to notice that the"two Toms"of the American Revolution,Thomas Jefferson and"Mr.Common Sense"Thomas Paine,remained strikingly similar to each other,sharing similarities in terms of their views on liberty and equality.But if the two Toms were indeed similar to each other ideologically,it seems impossible to reconcile their disparate stances towards people of color,women the lower tier of the social hierarchy.Further,if Jefferson and Paine embraced the same ideals,why was Paine so neglected and marginalized in the United States,rendered as a lunatic vagabond,madman of insanity,alcoholic aesthetic,pest of society,ruffian of ingratitude and a fool of psychic disorders,whereas Jefferson,the"Monticello sage,"became increasingly apotheosized and deified in the American national pantheon?This paper unfolds Paine and Jefferson's nuanced,discrepant ideological differences in terms of race,class and gender,from a domestic perspective.It argues that not only were the two Toms ideologically dissimilar,but also Paine was fighting against the patriarchal order that Jefferson embraced.

Eugenics and the Exclusion of Marginalized Groups in the U.S.in the Early 20th Century

Eugenics was a discipline founded by the British scholar Galton in 1883 to improve the genetic quality of human beings.When eugenics was introduced to the United States in the early 20th century,it quickly developed into an influential eugenics movement that pointed in new directions to solve the social problems of the United States at that time.In American eugenics movement,eugenicists used family studies to construct the marginalized groups such as the mentally retarded,the poor,and criminals into"hereditary defectives"that would lead to the degradation of the American race.At the same time,they used intelligence tests to demonstrate the"Superiority of the Nordic Race"and to belittle other races,thereby highlighting the dangers of racial mixing.These eugenics discourses provided a plausible justification for segregation,sterilization,and marriage restrictions against marginalized groups in the United States and a"scientific"cloak for restrictive immigration policies,serving as an essential tool for exclusionists to gain support from policymakers and the public.