Eosinophilic cholecystitis caused by Ascaris lumbricoides

Eosinophilic cholecystitis is caused by the accumulation of eosinophils in the gallbladder wall and diagnosis is usually made based on histopahologic studies. The purpose of this paper is to comment on a case report published in World 3 GaslToenterol 2007 .July; 13 （27）： 3760-3762, about eosinophilic cholecystitis along with pericarditis without histopathological studies, which are considered necessary for its diagnosis.

Gallbladder perforation with fistulous communication

BACKGROUND The management of gallbladder perforation(GBP)with fistulous communication(Neimeier type I)is controversial.AIM To recommend management options for GBP with fistulous communication.METHODS A systematic review of studies describing the management of Neimeier type I GBP was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines.The search strategy was conducted in Scopus,Web of Science,MEDLINE,and EMBASE(May 2022).Data extraction was obtained for patient characteristics,type of intervention,days of hospitalization(DoH),complications,and site of fistulous communication.RESULTS A total of 54 patients(61%female)from case reports,series,and cohorts were included.The most frequent fistulous communication occurred in the abdominal wall.Patients from case reports/series had a similar proportion of complications between open cholecystectomy(OC)and laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)(28.6 vs 12.5;P=0.569).Mortality was higher in OC(14.3 vs 0.0;P=0.467)but this proportion was given by only one patient.DoH were higher in OC(mean 26.3 d vs 6.6 d).There was no clear association between higher rates of complications of a given intervention in cohorts,and no mortality was observed.CONCLUSION Surgeons must evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the therapeutic options.OC and LC are adequate options for the surgical management of GBP,with no significant differences.

Oxidative stress indicators in human and bottlenose dolphin leukocytes in response to a pro-inflammatory challenge

Marine mammals undergo cycles of tissue ischemia and reperfusion during the dive response.Reperfusion injury can result in oxidative tissue damage and the activation of a pro-inflammatory immune response.The risk of oxidative damage is reduced by antioxidants.Our hypothesis is that the reported higher antioxidant defenses within marine mammal tissues provide additional protection in situations that produce oxidative stress,like inflammation,in comparison to terrestrial mammal tissues.Leukocytes were isolated from the whole blood of Pacific bottlenose dolphins(Tursiops truncatus gilli)and humans(Homo sapiens)and were exposed to lipopolysaccharides(LPS,10μg/mL)in vitro to simulate a pro-inflammatory challenge.Oxidative stress indicators,including superoxide radical(O_(2)^(•−))production,activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GPx),glutathione reductase(GR),and glutathione S-transferase(GST),as well as oxidative protein damage,were quantified by spectrophotometry.Following 48 h under experimental conditions,bottlenose dolphin leukocytes produced 1.9 times more O_(2)^(•−)but displayed 2.0 times lower protein carbonyl concentrations compared to human leukocytes.Following 48 h under experimental conditions,bottlenose dolphin leukocytes displayed 7.9,2.0,11.1,and 3.3 times more activities of CAT,GPx,GR,and GST,respectively,compared to human leukocytes.These results suggest that,under cell culture conditions,the antioxidant defenses in bottlenose dolphin leukocytes provide additional protection against pro-inflammatory challenges in comparison to human leukocytes,likely as an adaptive advantage.

Effects of estrogen receptor modulators on cytoskeletal proteins in the central nervous system

Estrogen receptor modulators are compounds of interest because of their estrogenic agonistic/antagonistic effects and tissue specificity. These compounds have many clinical applications, particularly for breast cancer treatment and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, as well as for the treatment of climacteric symptoms. Similar to estrogens, neuroprotective effects of estrogen receptor modulators have been described in different models. However, the mechanisms of action of these compounds in the central nervous system have not been fully described. We conducted a systematic search to investigate the effects of estrogen receptor modulators in the central nervous system, focusing on the modulation of cytoskeletal proteins. We found that raloxifene, tamoxifen, and tibolone modulate some cytoskeletal proteins such as tau, microtuble-associated protein 1（MAP1）, MAP2, neurofilament 38（NF38） by different mechanisms of action and at different levels： neuronal microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubule-associated proteins. Finally, we emphasize the importance of the study of these compounds in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases since they present the benefits of estrogens without their side effects.

Peritonitis due to <i>Geotrichum candidum</i>in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

This paper is a report of a 34-year-old man with chronic renal failure undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis which developed peritonitis due to Geotricum candidum. The diagnosis was established by culture of dialysis fluid. The purpose of this report is to provide data on a fungal peritonitis due to a non-common agent.

A Case Report of Hypothyroidism and Pericardial Effusion

The pericardial sac is made of two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium. Located between these two layers, the pericardial cavity is found. It contains around 15 to 50 mL of a liquid secreted by mesothelial cells. Pericardial effusion is described as the accumulation of liquid within the pericardial cavity, exceeding the previous mentioned quantity. It has multiple causes, such as malignancy, infectious origins, inflammation, and others, such as hypothyroidism. One of the multiple clinical manifestations associated with hypothyroidism is pericardial effusion. It is related to the severity and duration of the disease, being more frequent in congenital hypothyroidism or cases of a long history of hypothyroidism, as well as clinical hypothyroidism. It can present a clinical challenge mainly due to the discordance between the total volume of the effusion and the clinical symptoms shown by the patient. The main objective of this work is to present a case of a forty-two-year-old male with hypothyroidism-associated pericardial effusion which resolved satisfactorily with hormone replacement therapy.