Potentials of ribosomopathy gene as pharmaceutical targets for cancer treatment

Ribosomopathies encompass a spectrum of disorders arising from impaired ribosome biogenesis and reduced functionality.Mutation or dysexpression of the genes that disturb any finely regulated steps of ribosome biogenesis can result in different types of ribosomopathies in clinic,collectively known as ribosomopathy genes.Emerging data suggest that ribosomopathy patients exhibit a significantly heightened susceptibility to cancer.Abnormal ribosome biogenesis and dysregulation of some ribosomopathy genes have also been found to be intimately associated with cancer development.The correlation between ribosome biogenesis or ribosomopathy and the development of malignancies has been well established.This work aims to review the recent advances in the research of ribosomopathy genes among human cancers and meanwhile,to excavate the potential role of these genes,which have not or rarely been reported in cancer,in the disease development across cancers.We plan to establish a theoretical framework between the ribosomopathy gene and cancer development,to further facilitate the potential of these genes as diagnostic biomarker as well as pharmaceutical targets for cancer treatment.

Stem cells for spine surgery

In the past few years, stem cells have become the focus of research by regenerative medicine professionals and tissue engineers. Embryonic stem cells, although capable of differentiating into cell lineages of all three germ layers, are limited in their utilization due to ethical issues. In contrast, the autologous harvest and subsequent transplantation of adult stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue or blood have been experimentally utilized in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases ranging from myocardial infarction to Alzheimer's disease. The physiologic consequences of stem cell transplantation and its impact on functional recovery have been studied in countless animal models and select clinical trials. Unfortunately, the bench to bedside translation of this research has been slow. Nonetheless, stem cell therapy has received the attention of spinal surgeons due to its potential benefits in the treatment of neural damage, muscle trauma, disk degeneration and its potential contribution to bone fusion.

Background,techniques,applications,current trends,and future directions of minimally invasive endoscopic spine surgery:A review of literature

Across many of the surgical specialties,the use of minimally invasive techniques that utilize indirect visualization has been increasingly replacing traditional techniques which utilize direct visualization.Arthroscopic surgery of the appendicular skeleton has evolved dramatically and become an integral part of musculoskeletal surgery over the last several decades,allowing surgeons to achieve similar or better outcomes,while reducing cost and recovery time.However,to date,the axial skeleton,with its close proximity to critical neural and vascular structures,has not adopted endoscopic techniques at as rapid of a rate.Over the past decade,increased patient demand for less invasive spine surgery combined with surgeon desire to meet these demands has driven significant evolution and innovation in endoscopic spine surgery.In addition,there has been an enormous advancement in technologies that assist in navigation and automation that help surgeons circumvent limitations of direct visualization inherent to less invasive techniques.There are currently a multitude of endoscopic techniques and approaches that can be utilized in the treatment of spine disorders,many of which are evolving rapidly.Here we present a review of the field of endoscopic spine surgery,including the background,techniques,applications,current trends,and future directions,to help providers gain a better understanding of this growing modality in spine surgery.

Smoking cessation prior to elective total joint arthroplasty results in sustained abstinence postoperatively

BACKGROUND Tobacco use is a well-documented modifiable risk factor for perioperative complications.AIM To determine the tobacco abstinence rates of patients who made cessation efforts prior to a total joint arthroplasty(TJA)procedure.METHODS A retrospective evaluation was performed on 88 self-reported tobacco users who underwent TJA between 2014-2022 and had tobacco cessation dates within 3 mo of surgery.Eligible patients were contacted via phone survey to understand their tobacco use pattern,and patient reported outcomes.A total of 37 TJA patients participated.RESULTS Our cohort was on average 61-years-old,60%(n=22)women,with an average body mass index of 30 kg/m2.The average follow-up time was 2.9±1.9 years.A total of 73.0%(n=27)of patients endorsed complete abstinence from tobacco use prior to surgery.Various cessation methods were used perioperatively including prescription therapy(13.5%),over the counter nicotine replacement(18.9%),cessation programs(5.4%).At final follow up,43.2%(n=16)of prior tobacco smokers reported complete abstinence.Patients who were able to maintain cessation postoperatively had improved Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System(PROMIS)-10 mental health scores(49 vs 58;P=0.01),and hip dysfunction and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint replacement(HOOS.JR)scores(63 vs 82;P=0.02).No patients in this cohort had a prosthetic joint infection or required revision surgery.CONCLUSION We report a tobacco cessation rate of 43.2%in patients undergoing elective TJA nearly 3 years postoperatively.Patients undergoing TJA who were able to remain abstinent had improved PROMIS-10 mental health scores and HOOS.JR scores.The perioperative period provides clinicians a unique opportunity to assist active tobacco smokers with cessation efforts and improve postoperative outcomes.

Establishing proof of concept:Platelet-rich plasma and bone marrow aspirate concentrate may improve cartilage repair following surgical treatment for osteochondral lesions of the talus

Osteochondral lesions of the talus are common injuries in the athletic patient. They present a challenging clinical problem as cartilage has a poor potential for healing. Current surgical treatments consist of reparative(microfracture) or replacement(autologous osteochondral graft) strategies and demonstrate good clinical outcomes at the short and medium term follow-up. Radiological findings and second-look arthroscopy however, indicate possible poor cartilage repair with evidence of fibrous infill and fissuring of the regenerative tissue following microfracture. Longer-term follow-up echoes these findings as it demonstrates a decline in clinical outcome. The nature of the cartilage repair that occurs for an osteochondral graft to become integrated with the native surround tissue is also of concern. Studies have shown evidence of poor cartilage integration,with chondrocyte death at the periphery of the graft, possibly causing cyst formation due to synovial fluid ingress. Biological adjuncts, in the form of platelet-rich plasma(PRP) and bone marrow aspirate concentrate(BMAC), have been investigated with regard to their potential in improving cartilage repair in both in vitro and in vitro settings. The in vitro literature indicates that these biological adjuncts may increase chondrocyte proliferation as well as synthetic capability, while limiting the catabolic effects of an inflammatory joint environment. These findings have been extrapolated to in vitro animal models, with results showing that both PRP and BMAC improve cartilage repair. The basic science literature therefore establishes the proof of concept that biological adjuncts may improve cartilage repair when used in conjunction with reparative and replacement treatment strategies for osteochondral lesions of the talus.

Platelet-rich plasma increases transforming growth factor-beta1 expression at graft-host interface following autologous osteochondral transplantation in a rabbit model

AIM: To explore the effect of platelet-rich plasma on protein expression patterns of transforming growth factor-beta1(TGF-β1) in cartilage following autologous osteochondral transplantation(AOT) in a rabbit knee cartilage defect model.METHODS: Twelve New Zealand white rabbits received bilateral AOT. In each rabbit, one knee was randomized to receive an autologous platelet rich plasma(PRP) injection and the contralateral knee received saline injection. Rabbits were euthanized at 3, 6 and 12 wk post-operatively. Articular cartilage sections were stained with TGF-β1 antibody. Histological regions of interest(ROI)(left, right and center of the autologous grafts interfaces) were evaluated using Meta Morph. Percentage of chondrocytes positive for TGF-β1 was then assessed.RESULTS: Percentage of chondrocytes positive for TGF-β1 was higher in PRP treated knees for selected ROIs(left; P = 0.03, center; P = 0.05) compared to control and was also higher in the PRP group at each post-operative time point(P = 6.6 × 10^(-4), 3.1 × 10^(-4) and 7.3 × 10^(-3) for 3, 6 and 12 wk, respectively). TGF-β1 expression was higher in chondrocytes of PRP-treated knees(36% ± 29% vs 15% ± 18%)(P = 1.8 × 10^(-6)) overall for each post-operative time point and ROI. CONCLUSION: Articular cartilage of rabbits treated with AOT and PRP exhibit increased TGF-β1 expression compared to those treated with AOT and saline. Our findings suggest that adjunctive PRP may increase TGF-β1 expression, which may play a role in the chondrogenic effect of PRP in vivo.

Pulmonary complications after spine surgery

Spine surgery is one of the fastest growing branches of orthopedic surgery. Patients often present with a relatively high acuity and, depending on surgical approach, morbidity and mortality can be comparatively high. Among the most prevalent and most frequently fatalitybound perioperative complications are those affecting the pulmonary system; evidence of clinical or subclinical lung injury triggered by spine surgical procedures is emerging. Increasing burden of comorbidity among the patient population further increases the likelihood of adverse outcome. This review is intended to give an overview over some of the most important causes of pulmonary complications after spine surgery, their pathophysiology and possible ways to reduce harm associated with those conditions. We discuss factors surrounding surgical trauma, timing of surgery, bone marrow and debris embolization, transfusion associated lung injury, and ventilator associated lung injury.

Scaffolds based therapy for osteochondral lesions of the talus:A systematic review

AIM To clarify the effectiveness of scaffold-based therapy for osteochondral lesions of the talus(OLT). METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was performed during August 2016 and updated in January 2017. Included studies were evaluated with regard to the level of evidence(LOE) and quality of evidence(QOE) using the Modified Coleman Methodology Score. Variable reporting outcome data, clinical outcomes, and the percentage of patients who returned to sport at previous level were also evaluated. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies for a total of 897 ankles were included; 96% were either LOE Ⅲ or Ⅳ. Studies were designated as either of poor or fair quality. There were 30 treatment groups reporting six different scaffold repair techniques: 13 matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte transplantation(MACT), nine bone marrow derived cell transplantation(BMDCT), four autologous matrixinduced chondrogeneis(AMIC), and four studies of other techniques. The categories of general demographics(93%) and patient-reported outcome data(85%) were well reported. Study design(73%), imaging data(73%), clinical variables(49%), and patient history(30%) were also included. The weighted mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society(AOFAS) score at final follow-up was: 86.7 in MACT, 88.2 in BMDCT, and 82.3 in AMIC. Eight studies reported that a weighted mean of 68.3% ofpatients returned to a previous level of sport activity. CONCLUSION Scaffold-based therapy for OLT may produce favorable clinical outcomes, but low LOE, poor QOE, and variability of the data have confounded the effectiveness of this treatment.

Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic outlooks for arthrofibrosis

Arthrofibrosis is a fibrotic joint disorder that begins with an inflammatory reaction to insults such as injury,surgery and infection.Excessive extracellular matrix and adhesions contract pouches,bursae and tendons,cause pain and prevent a normal range of joint motion,with devastating consequences for patient quality of life.Arthrofibrosis affects people of all ages,with published rates varying.The risk factors and best management strategies are largely unknown due to a poor understanding of the pathology and lack of diagnostic biomarkers.However,current research into the pathogenesis of fibrosis in organs now informs the understanding of arthrofibrosis.The process begins when stress signals stimulate immune cells.The resulting cascade of cytokines and mediators drives fibroblasts to differentiate into myofibroblasts,which secrete fibrillar collagens and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β).Positive feedback networks then dysregulate processes that normally terminate healing processes.We propose two subtypes of arthrofibrosis occur:active arthrofibrosis and residual arthrofibrosis.In the latter the fibrogenic processes have resolved but the joint remains stiff.The best therapeutic approach for each subtype may differ significantly.Treatment typically involves surgery,however,a pharmacological approach to correct dysregulated cell signalling could be more effective.Recent research shows that myofibroblasts are capable of reversing differentiation,and understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis and resolution will be essential for the development of cell-based treatments.Therapies with significant promise are currently available,with more in development,including those that inhibit TGF-βsignalling and epigenetic modifications.This review focuses on pathogenesis of sterile arthrofibrosis and therapeutic treatments.

Postoperative delirium after major orthopedic surgery

BACKGROUND Postoperative delirium(POD)is one of the most common complications in older adult patients undergoing elective surgery.Few studies have compared,within the same institution,the type of surgery,risk factors and type of anesthesia and analgesia associated with the development of POD.AIM To investigate the following three questions:(1)What is the incidence of POD after non-ambulatory orthopedic surgery at a high-volume orthopedic specialty hospital?(2)Does surgical procedure influence incidence of POD after nonambulatory orthopedic surgery?And(3)For POD after non-ambulatory orthopedic surgery,what are modifiable risk factors?METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all non-ambulatory orthopedic surgeries at a single orthopedic specialty hospital between 2009 and 2014.Patients under 18 years were excluded from the cohort.Patient characteristics and medical history were obtained from electronic medical records.Patients with POD were identified using International Classification of Diseases,9^th Revision(ICD-9)codes that were not present on admission.For incidence analyses,the cohort was grouped into total hip arthroplasty(THA),bilateral THA,total knee arthroplasty(TKA),bilateral TKA,spine fusion,other spine procedures,femur/pelvic fracture,and other procedures using ICD-9 codes.For descriptive and regression analyses,the cohort was grouped,using ICD-9 codes,into THA,TKA,spinal fusions,and all procedures.RESULTS Of 78492 surgical inpatient surgeries,the incidence from 2009 to 2014 was 1.2%with 959 diagnosed with POD.The incidence of POD was higher in patients undergoing spinal fusions(3.3%)than for patients undergoing THA(0.8%);THA patients had the lowest incidence.Also,urgent and/or emergent procedures,defined by femoral and pelvic fractures,had the highest incidence of POD(7.2%)than all other procedures.General anesthesia was not seen as a significant risk factor for POD for any procedure type;however,IV patient-controlled analgesia was a significant risk factor for patients undergoing THA[Odds ratio(OR)=1.98,95%confidence interval(CI):1.19 to 3.28,P=0.008].Significant risk factors for POD included advanced age(for THA,OR=4.9,95%CI:3.0-7.9,P<0.001;for TKA,OR=2.16,95%CI:1.58-2.94,P<0.001),American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 3 or higher(for THA,OR=2.01,95%CI:1.33-3.05,P<0.001),multiple medical comorbidities,hyponatremia(for THA,OR=2.36,95%CI:1.54 to 3.64,P<0.001),parenteral diazepam(for THA,OR=5.05,95%CI:1.5-16.97,P=0.009;for TKA,OR=4.40,95%CI:1.52-12.75,P=0.007;for spine fusion,OR=2.17,95%CI:1.19-3.97,P=0.01),chronic opioid dependence(for THA,OR=7.11,95%CI:3.26-15.51,P<0.001;for TKA,OR=2.98,95%CI:1.38-6.41,P=0.005)and alcohol dependence(for THA,OR=5.05,95%CI:2.72-9.37,P<0.001;for TKA,OR=6.40,95%CI:4.00-10.26,P<0.001;for spine fusion,OR=6.64,95%CI:3.72-11.85,P<0.001).CONCLUSION POD is lower(1.2%)than previously reported;likely due to the use of multimodal regional anesthesia and early ambulation.Both fixed and modifiable factors are identified.

Use of intercostal nerves for different target neurotization in brachial plexus reconstruction

Intercostal nerve transfer is a valuable procedure in devastating plexopathies. Intercostal nerves are a very good choice for elbow flexion or extension and shoulder abduction when the intraplexus donor nerves are not available. The best results are obtained in obstetric brachial plexus palsy patients, when direct nerve transfer is performed within six months from the injury. Unlike the adult posttraumatic patients after median and ulnar nerve neurotization with intercostal nerves, almost all obstetric brachial plexus palsy patients achieve protective sensation in the hand and some of them achieve active wrist and finger flexion. Use in combination with proper muscles, intercostal nerve transfer can yield adequate power to the paretic upper limb. Reinnervation of native muscles(i.e., latissimus dorsi) should always be sought as they can successfully be transferred later on for further functional restoration.

Emergent reintubation following elective cervical surgery:A case series

AIM To review cases of emergent reintubation after cervical surgery.METHODS Patients who were emergently intubated in the postoperative period following cervical surgery were identified. The patients' prospectively documented demographic parameters, medical history and clinical symptoms were ascertained. Pre-operative radiographs were examined for the extent of their pathology. The details of the operative procedure were discerned.RESULTS Eight hundred and eighty patients received anterioror combined anterior-posterior cervical surgery from 2008-2013. Nine patients(1.02%) required emergent reintubation. The interval between extubation to reintubation was 6.2 h [1-12]. Patients were kept intubated after reintubation for 2.3 d [2-3]. Seven patients displayed moderate postoperative edema. One patient was diagnosed with a compressive hematoma whichwas subsequently evacuated in the OR. Another patient was diagnosed with a pulmonary effusion and treated with diuretics. One patient received a late debridement for an infected hematoma. Six patients reported residual symptoms and three patients made a complete recovery. CONCLUSION Respiratory compromise is a rare but potentially life threatening complication following cervical surgery. Patients at increased risk should be monitored closely for extended periods of time post-operatively. If the airway is restored adequately in a timely manner through emergent re-intubation, the outcome of the patients is generally favorable.

Bone morphogenetic protein in complex cervical spine surgery: A safe biologic adjunct?

The advent of recombinant DNA technology has substantially increased the intra-operative utilization of biologic augmentation in spine surgery over the past several years after the Food and Drug Administration approval of the bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) class of molecules for indications in the lumbar spine. Much less is known about the potential benefits and risks of the "off-label" use of BMP in the cervical spine. The history and relevant literature pertaining to the use of the "off-label" implantation of the BMP class of molecules in the anterior or posterior cervical spine are reviewed and discussed. Early prospective studies of BMP-2 implantation in anterior cervical spine constructs showed encouraging results. Later retrospective studies reported potentially "life threatening complications" resulting in a 2007 public health advisory by the FDA. Limited data regarding BMP-7 in anterior cervical surgery was available with one group reporting a 2.4% early(< 30 d) complication rate(brachialgia and dysphagia). BMP use in the decompressed posterior cervical spine may result in neurologic or wound compromise according to several retrospective reports, however, controlled use has been reported to increase fusion rates in select complex and pediatric patients. There were no cases of de novo neoplasia related to BMP implantation in the cervical spine. BMP-2 use in anterior cervical spine surgery has been associated with a high early complication rate. Definitive recommendations for BMP-7 use in anterior cervical spine surgery cannot be made with current clinical data. According to limited reports, select complex patients who are considered "high risk" for pseudoarthrosis undergoing posterior cervical or occipitocervical arthrodesis or children with congenital or traumatic conditions may be candidates for "off-label" use of BMP in the context of appropriate informed decision making. At the present time, there are no highlevel clinical studies on the outcomes and complication rates of BMP implantation in the cervical spine.

Proximal tibial osteotomy for genu varum:Radiological evaluation of deformity correction with a plate vs external fixator

BACKGROUND High tibial osteotomy(HTO)is a well-known procedure for the correction of knee varus.The purpose of this study was to compare the radiological results and accuracy of deformity correction performed using two different techniques:acute opening wedge correction using a plate and gradual correction with a monolateral external fixator.AIM To compare of the radiological results of two different techniques:acute opening wedge correction(a plate and screw)and gradual correction(external fixator).METHODS A total of 43 patients with plates and 36 patients with external fixators were included.All patients had moderate uniplanar varus deformities.We measured radiographic parameters,including the mechanical axis deviation(MAD),medial proximal tibial angle(MPTA),Caton-Deschamps Index(CDI),posterior proximal tibial angle,and joint line obliquity angle(JLOA).The accuracy of MAD correction was calculated based on a correction goal of neutral or overcorrection for medial compartment arthritis.RESULTS Demographics including age,body mass index,sex,and preoperative deformities were similar between the groups.The MAD significantly improved from 23.6 mm medial to the midline(SD=8.2 mm)to 6.9 mm lateral to the midline(SD=5.4 mm)(P<0.001).The accuracy of MAD correction did not differ between the groups and was 96.1%(SD=8.1%)in the plate group and 98.2%(SD=5.2%)in the external fixator group(P=0.18).The MPTA significantly improved from 83.9°(SD=2.9°)to 90.9°(SD=3.3°)(P<0.001),and the change was similar between the groups.Differences were noted in patella height,with a CDI change of-19.2%(SD=13.7%)and 3.1%(SD=8.0%)for the plate and external fixator groups,respectively(P<0.001).The change in JLOA was 1.6 degrees(SD=1.1 degrees)and 0.9 degrees(SD=0.9 degrees)for the plate and external fixator groups,respectively(P=0.04).CONCLUSION Reliable correction of moderate varus alignment was achieved with both the acute opening wedge technique with a plate and the gradual monolateral external fixator technique.The patellar height decreased with the open wedge plate technique.Joint line obliquity decreased to a greater degree with the open wedge plate technique,perhaps as a result of medial collateral ligament release.The appropriate technique should be selected based on surgeon and patient preferences;however,external fixation may be a better choice when the preservation of patellar height is deemed important.

Common surgical complications in degenerative spinal surgery

The rapid growth of spine degenerative surgery has led to unrelenting efforts to define and prevent possible complications, the incidence of which is probably higher than that reported and varies according to the region of the spine involved(cervical and thoracolumbar) and the severity of the surgery. Several issues are becoming progressively clearer, such as complication rates in primary versus revision spinal surgery, complications in the elderly, the contribution of minimally invasive surgery to the reduction of complication rate. In this paper the most common surgical complications in degenerative spinal surgery are outlined and discussed.

Treatment of the ulnar nerve for overhead throwing athletes undergoing ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction

Ulnar nerve(UN) injuries are a common complaint amongst overhead athletes. The UN is strained during periods of extreme valgus stress at the elbow, especially in the late-cocking and early acceleration phases of throwing. Although early ulnar collateral ligament(UCL) reconstruction techniques frequently included routine submuscular UN transposition, this is becoming less common with more modern techniques. We review the recent literature on the sites of UN compression, techniques to evaluate the UN nerve, and treatment of UN pathology in the overhead athlete. We also discuss our preferred techniques for selective decompression and anterior transposition of the UN when indicated. More recent studies support the use of UN transpositions only when there are specific preoperative symptoms. Athletes with isolated ulnar neuropathy are increasingly being treated with subcutaneous anterior transposition of the nerve rather than submuscular transposition. When ulnar neuropathy occurs with UCL insufficiency, adoption of the muscle-splitting approach for UCL reconstructions, as well as using a subcutaneous UN transposition have led to fewer postoperative complications and improved outcomes. Prudent handling of the UN in addition to appropriate surgical technique can lead to a high percentage of athletes who return to competitive sports following surgery for ulnar neuropathy.

Microvascular response to transfusion in elective spine surgery

AIM To investigate the microvascular(skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation; SmO_2) response to transfusion in patients undergoing elective complex spine surgery.METHODS After IRB approval and written informed consent, 20 patients aged 18 to 85 years of age undergoing > 3level anterior and posterior spine fusion surgery were enrolled in the study. Patients were followed throughout the operative procedure, and for 12 h postoperatively. In addition to standard American Society of Anesthesiologists monitors, invasive measurements including central venous pressure, continual analysis of stroke volume(SV), cardiac output(CO), cardiac index(CI), and stroke volume variability(SVV) was performed. To measure skeletal muscle oxygen saturation(SmO_2) during the study period, a non-invasive adhesive skin sensor based on Near Infrared Spectroscopy was placed over the deltoid muscle for continuous recording of optical spectra. All administration of fluids and blood products followed standard procedures at the Hospital for Special Surgery, without deviation from usual standards of care at the discretion of the Attending Anesthesiologist based on individual patient comorbidities, hemodynamic status, and laboratory data. Time stamps were collected for administration of colloids and blood products, to allow for analysis of SmO_2 immediately before, during, and after administration of these fluids, and to allow for analysis of hemodynamic data around the same time points. Hemodynamic and oxygenation variables were collected continuously throughout the surgery, including heart rate, blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, SV, CO, CI, SVV, and SmO_2. Bivariate analyses were conducted to examine the potential associations between the outcome of interest, SmO_2, and each hemodynamic parameter measured using Pearson's correlation coeffi-cient, both for the overall cohort and within-patients individually. The association between receipt of packed red blood cells and SmO_2 was performed by running an interrupted time series model, with SmO_2 as our outcome, controlling for the amount of time spent in surgery before and after receipt of PRBC and for the inherent correlation between observations. Our model was fit using PROC AUTOREG in SAS version 9.2. All other analyses were also conducted in SAS version 9.2(SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, United States).RESULTS Pearson correlation coefficients varied widely between SmO_2 and each hemodynamic parameter examined. The strongest positive correlations existed between ScvO_2(P = 0.41) and SV(P = 0.31) and SmO_2; the strongest negative correlations were seen between albumin(P =-0.43) and cell saver(P =-0.37) and SmO_2. Correlations for other laboratory parameters studied were weak and only based on a few observations. In the final model we found a small, but significant increase in SmO_2 at the time of PRBC administration by 1.29 units(P = 0.0002). SmO_2 values did not change over time prior to PRBC administration(P = 0.6658) but following PRBC administration, SmO_2 values declined significantly by 0.015 units(P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION Intra-operative measurement of SmO_2 during large volume, yet controlled hemorrhage, does not show a statistically significant correlation with either invasivehemodynamic, or laboratory parameters in patients undergoing elective complex spine surgery.

Systematic review of bone marrow stimulation for osteochondral lesion of talus-evaluation for level and quality of clinical studies

AIM To clarify the quality of the studies indicating lesion size and/or containment as prognostic indicators of bone marrow stimulation(BMS) for osteochondral lesions of the talus(OLT). METHODS Two reviewers searched the Pub Med/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases using specific terms on March 2015 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Predetermined variables were extracted for all the included studies. Level of evidence(LOE) was determined using previously published criteria by the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery and methodological quality of evidence (MQOE) was evaluated using the Modified Coleman Methodology Score. RESULTS This review included 22 studies. Overall, 21 of the 22(95.5%) included studies were level Ⅳ or level Ⅲ evidences. The remaining study was a level Ⅱ evidence. MQOE analysis revealed 14 of the 22(63.6%) included studies having fair quality, 7(31.8%) studies having poor quality and only 1 study having excellent quality. CONCLUSION The evidence supporting the use of lesion size and containment as prognostic indicators of BMS for OLTs has been shown to be of low quality.

Use of Synteny Conversion in Identification of Candidate Genes for Somitogenesis in Humans

Understanding the genetic component of scoliosis in humans has relied on the assumption that spine development is conserved across species. Since evolutionary conserved genes tend to lie within synteny blocks (HSBs) and genes which are not conserved lie within evolutionary breakpoint regions (EBRs), HSB analysis may be used to determine if spine development is conserved across species. We hypothesized that vertebral patterning genes are conserved in amniotes and their location is within stable or “syntenic” regions of chromosomes. Seventy seven patterning genes involved in Fgf, Wnt and Notch signaling pathways were analyzed to determine their location within HSBs or EBRs in the genomes of several amniotic species. The human genome was divided into 1 Mbp intervals and a comparison was made to determine whether these genes were preferentially localized within HSBs or EBRs associated with rapid evolution. The results indicate that genes associated with somite development in humans are preferentially located away from the EBRs: 0.014 genes in EBRs on genome average vs. 0.030 on average in other parts of the genome (p-value = 0.01). The concentration of vertebral patterning genes in HSBs, provides evidence that developmental pathways involved in vertebral morphogenesis are likely conserved across amniotes, consistent with their known function. These data support prior observations indicating that gene networks associated with major developmental processes such as neuronal, central nervous system, bone and blood vessel development, some mediated by Wnt and Notch signaling pathways, were less likely to be localized at EBRs.

Spinal fusion is an aerosol generating procedure

BACKGROUND Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can occur during aerosol generating procedures.Several steps in spinal fusion may aerosolize blood but little data exists to quantify the risk this may confer upon surgeons.Aerosolized particles containing infectious coronavirus are typically 0.5-8.0μm.AIM To measure the generation of aerosols during spinal fusion using a handheld optical particle sizer(OPS).METHODS We quantified airborne particle counts during five posterior spinal instrumentation and fusions(9/22/2020-10/15/2020)using an OPS near the surgical field.Data were analyzed by 3 particle size groups:0.3-0.5μm/m^(3),1.0-5.0μm/m^(3),and 10.0μm/m^(3).We used hierarchical logistic regression to model the odds of a spike in aerosolized particle counts based on the step in progress.A spike was defined as a>3 standard deviation increase from average baseline levels.RESULTS Upon univariate analysis,bovie(P<0.0001),high speed pneumatic burring(P=0.009),and ultrasonic bone scalpel(P=0.002)were associated with increased 0.3-0.5μm/m^(3)particle counts relative to baseline.Bovie(P<0.0001)and burring(P<0.0001)were also associated with increased 1-5μm/m^(3)and 10μm/m^(3)particle counts.Pedicle drilling was not associated with increased particle counts in any of the size ranges measured.Our logistic regression model demonstrated that bovie(OR=10.2,P<0.001),burring(OR=10.9,P<0.001),and bone scalpel(OR=5.9,P<0.001)had higher odds of a spike in 0.3-0.5μm/m^(3)particle counts.Bovie(OR=2.6,P<0.001),burring(OR=5.8,P<0.001),and bone scalpel(OR=4.3,P=0.005)had higher odds of a spike in 1-5μm/m^(3)particle counts.Bovie(OR=0.3,P<0.001)and drilling(OR=0.2,P=0.011)had significantly lower odds of a spike in 10μm/m^(3)particle counts relative to baseline.CONCLUSION Several steps in spinal fusion are associated with increased airborne particle counts in the aerosol size range.Further research is warranted to determine if such particles have the potential to contain infectious viruses.Previous research has shown that electrocautery smoke may be an inhalation hazard for surgeons but here we show that usage of the bone scalpel and high-speed burr also have the potential to aerosolize blood.