Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear reactions used in reactors or cyclotrons,in addition to a theoretical study based on photodisintegration on natural indium for^(111)Ag production

Production routes were recorded on available reactions for^(111)Ag production from nuclear reactors or cyclotrons using a natural palladium target based on^(110)Pd(n,γ)and^(110)pd(d,n)reactions,respectively.^(nat)Cd(γ,x)based on^(110)Cd(γ,p)has also been studied as a prospective reaction for the production of^(111)Ag.Unfortunately,these nuclear reactions are difficult to utilize because,in some cases,they reduce the specific activity of^(111)Ag.This is a consequence of the stable silver isotopes produced in high concentrations.These isotopes include^(107,109)Ag and,in other cases,the high impurity of silver radioisotopes,such as^(110)m,^(106)m,^(105)Ag,that are produced during parallel nuclear reactions.Due to a scarcity of data regarding the(γ,α)reaction,the gamma reaction on natural indium for^(111)Ag production based on the^(115)In(γ,α)reaction was calculated.The ^(nat)In(γ,α)reaction satisfies the criteria as a possible reaction to produce^(111)Ag with a sufficient yield and purity as consequence of the high^(115)In(95.7%)abundance as an enriched form and a relatively soft background caused by the parallel nuclear reactions.

The performance of activated carbon/NiFe_(2)O_(4) magnetic composite to retain heavy metal ions from aqueous solution

A novel magnetic activated carbon composite(AC/NiF) was synthesized by a precipitation method and applied in retention of Cu(Ⅱ),and Zn(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solutions.The impact of different sorption parameters such as:equilibration time,solution pH value,competing cations and ionic strength on the amount sorbed of Cu(Ⅱ),and Zn(Ⅱ) was clarified.Results illustrated that the magnetic composite had retention ability towards both metal ions significantly higher than that of activated carbon(AC).The magnetic composite exhibited an affinity to adsorb Cu(Ⅱ) higher than Zn(Ⅱ) ions.The maximum sorption capacities(Q_(max)) of the applied magnetic composite(AC/NiF)towards Cu(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ) were 105.8 and 75.1 mg·g^(-1),respectively.Retention of Cu(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ) was proposed to be achieved though an ion exchange and surface adsorption in neutral conditions,while precipitation was believed to be the relevant mechanism in their removal from basic solutions.The kinetic studies showed that sorption process followed the kinetics of pseudo-second-order reactions with rate constant of 3 × 10^(-3) and 2 × 10^(-3) min^(-1)for sorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ) onto AC/NiF composite.Removal of Cu(Ⅱ) slightly decreased with increasing the ionic strength of aqueous solution,using NaCl as a background electrolyte.In contrast,presence of Mn(Ⅱ),Mg(Ⅱ)and Co(Ⅱ) in reaction solutions highly depressed the sorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ) with a competing efficiency followed the order:Mg(Ⅱ)> Mn(Ⅱ)> Co(Ⅱ).The magnetic composite was rapidly recovered from aqueous solution by an external magnetic field,and effectively regenerated using 0.1 mol L^(-1) HCl and 0.1 mol L^(-1) FeCl_(3) as eluents.Sorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ) onto the surface of AC/NiF composite occurred via a spontaneous reaction.And thermodynamically favorable process had ΔH~o values of 30.9 kJ·mol^(-1) and 19.7 kJ·mol^(-1),respectively.The results confirm that the magnetic composite can be viewed as a promising novel composite opens new opportunities for the attainment of required adsorption and operative magnetic separation.

Radiolabeling, docking studies, in silico ADME and biological evaluation of serotonin with 125I for 5-HTRs imaging

Serotonin is one of the significant signaling molecules used by several neural systems in the gut and brain. This study aimed to develop a novel and potent tracer for targeting, detecting, and imaging serotonin receptors(5-HTRs), which is a promising tool in the determination of the receptor’s function and relationship with the diseases related to serotonin and its receptor dysfunction. Serotonin was effectively labeled via a direct electrophilic substitutional reaction using an oxidizing agent such as iodogen with 125I in a neutral medium, and 125I-serotonin was achieved with a maximum labeling yield of 91 ± 0.63% with in vitro stability up to 24 h. Molecular modeling was conducted to signify 125I-serotonin structure and confirm that the radiolabeling process did not affect serotonin binding ability to its receptors. Biodistribution studies show that the maximum gastro intestinal tract uptake of 125I-serotonin was 17.8 ± 0.93% ID/organ after 30 min postinjection and the tracer’s ability to pass the blood–brain barrier. Thus, 125I-serotonin is a promising single photon emission computed tomography tracer in the detection of 5 HTRs.

Wide Applications of Chloroquine Other Than Antimalarial

Chloroquine (CQ) was and still considered as the most common agent in the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria, it also possesses many different pharmacological and biological activities that make it able to be used as a therapy or adjuvant therapy for many types of diseases. CQ exhibits anticancer activity alone or as adjuvants with other agents against many kinds of tumors. Its activities also were approved as an anti-inflammatory agent in rheumatoid and other autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus and rheumatic arthritis. Its’ important role in the improvement of many metabolic disorders like hypertension, hyperglycemia, and lipid profile disturbances was also established. CQ can act against different microbial infections such as many types of viruses, bacteria and fungus by different mechanisms of action. Furthermore, its dermatological role in the treatment of many skin diseases was demonstrated. Recently, CQ showed a very responsive role in curing and prevention of the covoid-19 virus. This review summarizes intensively the multiple therapeutic applications of CQ and discusses the possible mechanisms of action for these applications.

Valence Stabilization of Fe(II) Ions during Extended Gamma Irradiation of Their Aqueous Acidic Solutions Containing Phenol, Acetone, 4-Ethylpyridine or Hydrazine Hydrate

Valence stabilization of polyvalent ions in acidic solutions during gamma irradiation is an important issue in nuclear aqueous chemical technology. Radiolysis and self irradiation problems encountered during chemical reprocessing of nuclear fuel or during chemical separation of transuranium elements or fission products are extremely important. Consequently studies on valence stabilization of polyvalent ions in strong gamma irradiation fields are very useful. In our previous publications, the valence stabilization of Fe(II) ions in acidic solutions during continuous gamma irradiation was achieved by using an inorganic compound;such as sodium sulfite, or some organic additives such as aliphatic alcohols, aldehyds or acids prior to irradiation. It was found that the efficiency of valence stabilization depends on the amount and chemical structure of the added compounds. In the present work, valence stabilization of divalent iron during gamma irradiation was studied in presence of some organic additives, belonging to some other classes of organic compounds such as Phenol (aromatic alcohol), Acetone (aliphatic ketone), 4-Aminopyridine (heterocyclic amino compound) and Hydrazine hydrate (aliphatic amino compound) to complement our previous studies. The results showed that valence stabilization of Fe(II) in presence of these compounds depends also on the amount and chemical structure of the additive used. Some interaction mechanisms have been proposed.

Radioiodination and biological evaluation of valsartan as a tracer for cardiovascular disorder detection

A procedure for radioiodination of valsartan with iodine-125 is carried out via an electrophilic substitution of hydrogen atom with the iodonium cation I+. All reaction parameters were studied to optimize the labeling conditions of valsartan and to obtain a maximum radiochemical yield (RCY) of the 125I-Valsartan [125I-Val]. By using 3.7 MBq of Na125I, 50 μg of valsartan (0.2 mM) as substrate, 25 μg of Iodogen (0.15 mM) as oxidizing agent in ethanol at room temperature for 30 min, the radiochemical yield of 125I-Val was 98.6% The radiochemical yield was determined by electrophoresis using cellulose acetate moistened with 0.02 M phosphate buffer pH 7. The labeled compound was separated and purified by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The biological distribution in normal mice indicates the suitability of radioiodinated valsartan to image any cardiovascular disorders.