Activating Ru in the pyramidal sites of Ru_(2)P-type structures with earth-abundant transition metals for achieving extremely high HER activity while minimizing noble metal content

Rational design of efficient pH-universal hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts to enable large-scale hydrogen production via electrochemical water splitting is of great significance,yet a challenging task.Herein,Ru atoms in the Ru_(2)P structure were replaced with M=Co,Ni,or Mo to produce M_(2-x)Ru_(x)P nanocrystals.The metals show strong site preference,with Co and Ni occupying the tetrahedral sites and Ru the square pyramidal sites of the CoRuP and NiRuP Ru_(2)P-type structures.The presence of Co or Ni in the tetrahedral sites leads to charge redistribution for Ru and,according to density functional theory calculations,a significant increase in the Ru d-band centers.As a result,the intrinsic activity of CoRuP and NiRuP increases considerably compared to Ru_(2)P in both acidic and alkaline media.The effect is not observed for MoRuP,in which Mo prefers to occupy the pyramidal sites.In particular,CoRuP shows state-of-the-art activity,outperforming Ru_(2)P with Pt-like activity in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4)(η10=12.3 mV;η100=52 mV;turnover frequency(TOF)=4.7 s^(-1)).It remains extraordinarily active in alkaline conditions(η10=12.9 mV;η100=43.5 mV)with a TOF of 4.5 s^(-1),which is 4x higher than that of Ru_(2)P and 10x that of Pt/C.Further increase in the Co content does not lead to drastic loss of activity,especially in alkaline medium,where,for example,the TOF of Co_(1.9)Ru_(0.1)P remains comparable to that of Ru_(2)P and higher than that of Pt/C,highlighting the viability of the adopted approach to prepare cost-efficient catalysts.

Data-driven analysis of chemicals,proteins and pathways associated with peanut allergy:from molecular networking to biological interpretation

Peanut allergy is majorly related to severe food induced allergic reactions.Several food including cow's milk,hen's eggs,soy,wheat,peanuts,tree nuts(walnuts,hazelnuts,almonds,cashews,pecans and pistachios),fish and shellfish are responsible for more than 90%of food allergies.Here,we provide promising insights using a large-scale data-driven analysis,comparing the mechanistic feature and biological relevance of different ingredients presents in peanuts,tree nuts(walnuts,almonds,cashews,pecans and pistachios)and soybean.Additionally,we have analysed the chemical compositions of peanuts in different processed form raw,boiled and dry-roasted.Using the data-driven approach we are able to generate new hypotheses to explain why nuclear receptors like the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors(PPARs)and its isoform and their interaction with dietary lipids may have significant effect on allergic response.The results obtained from this study will direct future experimeantal and clinical studies to understand the role of dietary lipids and PPARisoforms to exert pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions on cells of the innate immunity and influence antigen presentation to the cells of the adaptive immunity.

Measuring urban thermal environment from accessibility-based perspective:A case study in a populous city

Understanding the spatial interaction among residents,cooling service,and heat risk area in complex urban areas is conducive to developing targeted management.However,traditional urban thermal environment assessments typically relied on simple linear integration of associated indicators,often neglecting the spatial interaction effect.To explore the spatial interaction among the three elements,this study proposes an accessibility-based urban thermal environment assessment framework.Using Zhengzhou,a rapidly urbanizing city,as an example,remotely sensed images from three periods(2010,2015 and 2020)were applied to extract urban green space(UGS)and hot island area(HIA).An improved two-step floating catchment area(2SFCA)method and bivariate local Moran’s I were employed to explore whether residents’clustering locations are more likely to access cooling service or to be exposed to heat risk.The results demonstrate that the UGS in the city has been expanding,whereas the HIA shrank within the inner city in 2015 and then increased in 2020.Even though the urban thermal environment may have improved in the last decade,the spatial interaction among the residents,cooling service and heat risk area could be exacerbated.Spatial autocorrelation shows an increase in locations that are disadvantageous for resident congregation.Even when sufficient cooling services were provided,residents in these areas could still be exposed to high heat risk.The developed urban thermal environment framework provides a novel insight into the residents’heat risk exposure and cooling service accessibility,and the findings could assist urban planners in targeting the improvement of extra heat exposure risk locations.

Linkage Between European and East Asian Heatwaves on Synoptic Scales

Concurrent extreme weather events in geographically distant areas potentially cause high-end risks for societies.By using network analysis,the present study managed to identify significant nearly-simultaneous occurrences of heatwaves between the grid cells in East Asia and Eastern Europe,even though they are geographically far away from each other.By further composite analysis,this study revealed that hot events first occurred in Eastern Europe,typically with a time lag of3-4 days before the East Asian heatwave events.An eastward propagating atmospheric wave train,known as the circumglobal teleconnection(CGT)pattern,bridged the sequent occurrences of extreme events in these two remote regions.Atmospheric blockings,amplified by surface warming over Eastern Europe,not only enhanced local heat extremes but also excited a CGT-like pattern characterized by alternative anomalies of high and low pressures.Subsequent downstream anticyclones in the middle and upper troposphere reduced local cloud cover and increased downward solar radiation,thereby facilitating the formation of heatwaves over East Asia.Nearly half of East Asian heatwave events were preceded by Eastern European heatwave events in the 10-day time range before East Asian heatwave events.This investigation of heatwave teleconnection in the two distant regions exhibits strong potential to improve the prediction accuracy of East Asian heatwaves.

Atomic layer deposition to heterostructures for application in gas sensors

Atomic layer deposition(ALD) is a versatile technique to deposit metals and metal oxide sensing materials at the atomic scale to achieve improved sensor functions. This article reviews metals and metal oxide semiconductor(MOS) heterostructures for gas sensing applications in which at least one of the preparation steps is carried out by ALD. In particular, three types of MOS-based heterostructures synthesized by ALD are discussed, including ALD of metal catalysts on MOS, ALD of metal oxides on MOS and MOS core–shell(C–S) heterostructures.The gas sensing performances of these heterostructures are carefully analyzed and discussed.Finally, the further developments required and the challenges faced by ALD for the synthesis of MOS gas sensing materials are discussed.

CT对诊断妇科肿瘤的价值

CT对诊断妇科肿瘤的意义说法不一。有必要严格制定使用CT检查的标准,使检查得到最大的效益。

采用多层螺旋CT评价右心室功能:与MRI相比较并分析观察者组间和组内的变异性

本研究前瞻性地对比了16层螺旋CT（MDCT）和MRI对50例病人整体右室功能的评价结果。MDCT采用半自动化的分析工具，其结果表明MDCT与MRI在舒张末期容量（EDV）评价（r=0．83，P〈0．001）、收缩末期容量（ESV）评价（r=0．86，P〈0．001）和心搏出量（SV）评价（r=0．74，P〈0．001）等方面有很好的相关性，而在射血分数（EF）方面有中度的相关性（r=0．67，P〈O．001）。

Now-and Fore-casting the Secular Epidemiological Trends and Seasonality of the Comeback of Scarlet Fever in China:A 16-year Time Series Analysis

Scarlet fever(SF)is a common communicable disease that results from group A Streptococcus(GAS)infections[1].SF accounted for the global loss of life among children 5–15 years of age in the 18th and 19th centuries[2].A rapid reduction in SF morbidity and mortality occurred due to the scale-up of effective antibiotics and improvements in sanitation and nutrition[3].The unexpected increase in the incidence of SF has attracted a renewed interest in infectious diseases[3].Because the triggers that cause SF outbreaks are not fully understood and there is a scarcity of available vaccines protecting susceptible populations from GAS infections,effective prevention and control plans are required to stop the continued spread of SF.

Estimating the Effects of the COVID-19 Outbreak on the Decreasing Number of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Cases and Epidemiological Trends in China

Since the first case of acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)was detected in the United States in 1981,this disease has spread to every corner of the world.Despite the annual incidence of AIDS showing a slight decline since 1997,it remains a major cause of infectious disease-related death worldwide.Unlike global epidemiological trends,the number of notified AIDS cases has increased in recent years in China[1].Moreover,among the class B notifiable infectious diseases,AIDS was responsible for the highest mortality rate from 2008 to 2019,still failing to be identified as a vaccine-preventable disease[1].Thus,to provide more unambiguous and quantitative direction for the effective formulation of preventive planning strategies and for the reasonable allocation of limited resources,a forecasting model with high precision and accuracy to understand the future epidemic behaviors of AIDS is required.During the model-building process,accurate statistics are vital to ensure the forecasting accuracy of the model.

Animal models of pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease

Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease(PH-LHD) is regarded as the most prevalent form of pulmonary hypertension(PH). Indeed, PH is an independent risk factor and predicts adverse prognosis for patients with left heart disease(LHD). Clinically, there are no drugs or treatments that directly address PH-LHD, and treatment of LHD alone will not also ameliorate PH. To target the underlying physiopathological alterations of PH-LHD and to develop novel therapeutic approaches for this population, animal models that simulate the pathophysiology of PH-LHD are required. There are several available models for PH-LHD that have been successfully employed in rodents or large animals by artificially provoking an elevated pressure load on the left heart, which by transduction elicits an escalated pressure in pulmonary artery. In addition, metabolic derangement combined with aortic banding or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist is also currently applied to reproduce the phenotype of PH-LHD. As of today, none of the animal models exactly recapitulates the condition of patients with PH-LHD. Nevertheless, the selection of an appropriate animal model is essential in basic and translational studies of PH-LHD. Therefore, this review will summarize the characteristics of each PH-LHD animal model and discuss the advantages and limitations of the different models.

Psychiatric comorbidities in cancer survivors across tumor subtypes:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Psychiatric disorders are common but underdiagnosed in cancer survivors.Research suggests that tumor type has an effect on the prevalence of clinically relevant depression,anxiety,comorbid anxiety-depression and posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD).AIM To identify studies that examined the prevalence of clinically relevant levels of depression,anxiety,comorbid anxiety-depression and PTSD for patients with one or more tumor sites and compare those prevalences between cancer subtypes.METHODS Four databases(PubMed,PsycInfo,PubPsych and the Cochrane Database)were searched and resulted in a total of 2387 articles to be screened.To be included,a study must have investigated cancer-free and posttreatment survivors using tools to assess clinically relevant levels of the listed psychiatric comorbidities.All articles were screened by two authors with a third author reviewing debated articles.RESULTS Twenty-six studies on ten different tumor types fulfilled all inclusion criteria and were included in the review.The studies showed heterogeneity regarding the study characteristics,number of participants,time since diagnosis,and assessment tools.Generally,all four comorbidities show higher prevalences in cancer survivors than the general population.Brain tumor survivors were reported to have a relatively high prevalence of both depression and anxiety.Studies with melanoma survivors reported high prevalences of all four psychiatric comorbidities.Regarding comorbidities,a wide range in prevalence existed across the tumor types.Within one cancer site,the prevalence also varied considerably among the studies.CONCLUSION Psychiatric comorbidities are more frequent in cancer survivors than in the general population,as reflected by the prevalence of depression,anxiety,comorbid anxiety-depression and PTSD across all tumor subtypes.Developing generalized screening tools that examine psychological distress in cancer survivors up to at least ten years after diagnosis could help to understand and address the psychological burden of cancer survivors.

肝占位病变的CT辅助细针活检——两段时间病例组的结果比较

介入性放射学的意义日趋重要。除血管成形和引流外,首先为CT辅助穿刺。但只有正确结果达足够数量,代价才是合理的。因而需要对穿刺和细胞学的,以及组织学的检查结果加以检验,以避免错误。

应用多层CT观察他汀类药物治疗对冠状动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的应用多层CT(MDCT)冠状动脉血管成像,可以无创性评估非钙化性、钙化性和混合性斑块。冠状动脉斑块的发展可能会受到他汀类药物的影响。

使用多层CT或MRI无创性检测冠状动脉狭窄

背景:多层CT和MRI是无创性冠状动脉血管造影的主要选择;但是,与MRI不同,多层CT使患者暴露于射线和静脉内碘造影剂。目的:比较多层CT和MRI用于无创性检测临床显著冠状动脉狭窄(≥50%)的诊断准确性。设计:前瞻性意向诊断研究。集合:德国柏林单一三级转诊中心。患者:129例疑为冠状动脉疾病的连续患者。干预:以传统冠状动脉血管造影作为参照标准,

自我聚焦对社交焦虑个体外部注意与状态焦虑的作用——来自眼动与生理指标的证据

为模拟真实的社会化场景,探究自我聚焦如何影响社交焦虑个体对外部社交反馈信息的注意与状态焦虑,采用演讲与自由观看任务,105名被试在实验室中面对屏幕进行即兴演讲,同时自由观看提前录制的包含12位听众的录像,听众分别表现出正性、中性和负性的反馈。研究中操纵被试的自我聚焦(高自我聚焦条件或低自我聚焦条件),采用眼动仪测量被试在演讲中对正性、中性和负性反馈的注意,并使用生理仪测量皮肤电和心率。结果显示,自我聚焦在整体上减少了高、低社交焦虑组对外部社交反馈信息的注意,高、低社交焦虑组的心率在高自我聚焦条件下均比低自我聚焦条件下快。研究结果表明,自我聚焦削弱了社交焦虑个体对外部刺激的注意加工。

Insights into the kinetics–morphology relationship of 1-, 2-, and 3D TiNb_(2)O_(7) anodes for Li-ion storage

Understanding the influence of electrode material’s morphology on electrochemical behavior is of great significance for the development of rechargeable batteries,however,such studies are often limited by the inability to precisely control the morphology of electrode materials.Herein,nanostructured titanium niobium oxides(TiNb_(2)O_(7))with three different morphologies(one-dimensional(1D),two-dimensional(2D),and three-dimensional(3D))were synthesized via a facile microwave-assisted solvothermal method.The influence of the morphological dimension of TiNb_(2)O_(7) as electrode material on the electrochemical performance in Li-ion batteries(LIBs)and the underlying correlation with the electrochemical kinetics were studied in detail.2D TiNb_(2)O_(7)(TNO-2D)shows a superior rate capability and cycling stability,associated with improved kinetics for charge transfer and Li-ion diffusion,compared to the 1D and 3D materials.Operando X-ray diffraction measurements reveal the structural stability and crystallographic evolution of TNO-2D upon lithiation and delithiation and correlate the Li-ion diffusion kinetics with the lattice evolution during battery charge and discharge.Moreover,carbon-coated TNO-2D achieves enhanced rate capability(205 mAh·g^(-1) at 50 C)and long-term cycling stability(87%after 1000 cycles at 5 C).This work provides insights into the rational morphology design of electrode materials for accelerated charge transfer and enhanced fast-charging capability,pushing forward the development of electrode materials for high-power rechargeable batteries in future energy storage.

Enhanced diagnostic workup increases pathological findings in patients with acute ischaemic stroke:results of the prospective HEBRAS study

Background Stroke aetiology remains cryptogenic in a relevant proportion of patients with acute ischaemic stroke(AIS).We assessed whether enhanced diagnostic workup after AIS yields a higher rate of prespecified pathological findings compared with routine diagnostic care in-hospital.Methods Hospitalised patients with AIS were prospectively enrolled in the investigator-initiated observational HEart and BRain Interfaces in Acute Ischaemic Stroke(HEBRAS)study at the Charité,Berlin,Germany.Patients with AIS without known atrial fibrillation(AF)underwent cardiovascular MR imaging(CMR),MR-angiography of the aortic arch and prolonged Holter-ECG monitoring on top of routine diagnostic care.Results Among 356 patients with AIS(mean age 66 years,37.6%female),enhanced workup yielded a higher rate of prespecified pathological findings compared with routine care(17.7%vs 5.3%;p<0.001).Consequently,fewer patients were classified as cryptogenic after enhanced diagnostic workup(38.5%vs 45.5%,p<0.001).Routine care included echocardiography in 228(64.0%)patients.CMR was successfully performed in 292(82.0%)patients and revealed more often a prespecified pathological finding compared with routine echocardiography(16.1%vs 5.3%).Furthermore,study-related ECG monitoring(median duration 162 hours(IQR 98–210))detected AF in 16(4.5%)patients,while routine monitoring(median duration 51 hours(IQR 34–74))detected AF in seven(2.0%)patients.Conclusions Enhanced diagnostic workup revealed a higher rate of prespecified pathological findings in patients with AIS compared with routine diagnostic care and significantly reduced the proportion of patients with cryptogenic stroke.Trial registration number NCT02142413.

Bone-targeting engineered small extracellular vesicles carrying anti-miR-6359-CGGGAGC prevent valproic acid-induced bone loss

The clinical role and underlying mechanisms of valproic acid(VPA)on bone homeostasis remain controversial.Herein,we confirmed that VPA treatment was associated with decreased bone mass and bone mineral density(BMD)in both patients and mice.This effect was attributed to VPA-induced elevation in osteoclast formation and activity.Through RNA-sequencing,we observed a significant rise in precursor miR-6359 expression in VPA-treated osteoclast precursors in vitro,and further,a marked upregulation of mature miR-6359(miR-6359)in vivo was demonstrated using quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)and miR-6359 fluorescent in situ hybridization(miR-6359-FISH).Specifically,the miR-6359 was predominantly increased in osteoclast precursors and macrophages but not in neutrophils,T lymphocytes,monocytes and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)following VPA stimulation,which influenced osteoclast differentiation and bone-resorptive activity.Additionally,VPA-induced miR-6359 enrichment in osteoclast precursors enhanced reactive oxygen species(ROS)production by silencing the SIRT3 protein expression,followed by activation of the MAPK signaling pathway,which enhanced osteoclast formation and activity,thereby accelerating bone loss.Currently,there are no medications that can effectively treat VPA-induced bone loss.Therefore,we constructed engineered small extracellular vesicles(E-sEVs)targeting osteoclast precursors in bone and naturally carrying anti-miR-6359 by introducing of EXOmotif(CGGGAGC)in the 3’-end of the anti-miR-6359 sequence.We confirmed that the E-sEVs exhibited decent bone/osteoclast precursor targeting and exerted protective therapeutic effects on VPA-induced bone loss,but not on ovariectomy(OVX)and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporotic models,deepening our understanding of the underlying mechanism and treatment strategies for VPA-induced bone loss.

Landau-Ginzburg A模型研究进展（英文）

简要介绍同调镜像对称中的Landau-Ginzburg A-模型(LG-A模型)。首先简要回顾了同调镜像对称的整体图景,然后讨论了Landau-Ginzburg模型的背景以及在同调镜像对称中的应用,最后,简要介绍LG模型的Fukaya范畴的最新研究。本文尝试尽可能地包含数学与物理两方面的背景材料。

Retrograde signaling in plants: A critical review focusing on the GUN pathway and beyond

Plastids communicate their developmental and physiological status to the nucleus via retrograde signaling,allowing nuclear gene expression to be adjusted appropriately.Signaling during plastid biogenesis and responses of mature chloroplasts to environmental changes are designated“biogenic”and“operational”controls,respectively.A prominent example of the investigation of biogenic signaling is the screen for gun(genomes uncoupled)mutants.Although the first five gun mutants were identified 30 years ago,the functions of GUN proteins in retrograde signaling remain controversial,and that of GUN1 is hotly disputed.Here,we provide background information and critically discuss recently proposed concepts that address GUN-related signaling and some novel gun mutants.Moreover,considering heme as a candidate in retrograde signaling,we revisit the spatial organization of heme biosynthesis and export from plastids.Although this review focuses on GUN pathways,we also highlight recent progress in the identification and elucidation of chloroplast-derived signals that regulate the acclimation response in green algae and plants.Here,stress-induced accumulation of unfolded/misassembled chloroplast proteins evokes a chloroplast-specific unfolded protein response,which leads to changes in the expression levels of nucleus-encoded chaperones and proteases to restore plastid protein homeostasis.We also address the importance of chloroplast-derived signals for activation of flavonoid biosynthesis leading to production of anthocyanins during stress acclimation through sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 1.Finally,a framework for identification and quantification of intercompartmental signaling cascades at the proteomic and metabolomic levels is provided,and we discuss future directions of dissection of organelle-nucleus communication.