Evaluation on Radar Reflectivity-Rainfall Rate (Z-R) Relationships for Guyana

The constant development of science and technology in weather radar results in high-resolution spatial and temporal rainfall estimates and improved early warnings of meteorological phenomena such as flood [1]. Weather radars do not measure the rainfall amount directly, so a relationship between the reflectivity (Z) and rainfall rate (R), called the Z-R relationship (Z = aRb), where a and b are empirical constants, can be used to estimate the rainfall amount. In this research, mathematical techniques were used to find the best climatological Z-R relationships for the Low Coastal Plain of Guyana. The reflectivity data from the S-Band Doppler Weather Radar for February 17 and 21, 2011 and May 8, 2012 together with the daily rainfall depths at 29 rainfall stations located within a 150 km radius were investigated. A climatological Z-R relationship type Z = 200R1.6 (Marshall-Palmer) configured by default into the radar system was used to investigate the correlation between the radar reflectivity and the rainfall by gauges. The same data sets were used with two distinct experimental Z-R relationships, Z = 300R1.4 (WSR-88D Convective) and Z = 250R1.2 (Rosenfeld Tropical) to determine if any could be applicable for area of study. By comprehensive regression analysis, New Z-R and R-Z relationships for each of the three events aforementioned were developed. In addition, a combination of all the samples for all three events were used to produce another relationship called “All in One”. Statistical measures were then applied to detect BIAS and Error STD in order to produce more evidence-based results. It is proven that different Z-R relationships could be calibrated into the radar system to provide more accurate rainfall estimation.

Modeling the Effect of Thermal Diffusion Process from Nuclear Power Plants in Vietnam

In this study, we evaluate the ecological impact of effluent cooling water from the Ninh Thuan nuclear power plant II, using a two-dimensional hydraulic model to simulate thermal diffusion from the effluent outfall. Sites selected for this study were Ninh Thuan nuclear power plant and Vinh Hai seawater in four different scenarios. This paper utilized the relationship between surface water temperature and the water temperature at a depth of -15 m to calculate the water temperature at intake and outlet at a depth of -14 m. A combination between the results of interpolated and results of model showed that effluent cooling water from Ninh Thuan plant affected the largest incidence about 2450 m in the North, 880 m in the South and 960 m in the West. It can be considered as safe distance to not to affect the coral reefs ecosystem in the North and sea turtle conservation area in the South. This study was first in this region to have an integrated approach using two-dimensional model.

Electrochemical Study of Cadmium (Ⅱ) Complexation with Cysteine

The complexation of Cd with cysteine has been investigated at pH ~9, and in constant ionic medium 0.59 M NaNO3 and borate buffer. Reduction signals of the hydrated Cd2+ and Cd-cysteinate complex were resolved on the potential scale during amperometric titration of 2 × 10-6 M Cd2+ with cysteine and cysteine with Cd2+, in a differential pulse (DP) mode on HMDE. The 1:1 molar ratio of Cd2+ to cysteine, and cysteine to Cd2+, was defined for Cd-cysteinate complex formed under the defined conditions. The appearance of the prepeak on the Cd-cysteinate reduction signal is showed, as the result of cysteine adsorption in reduced form. From the mass balance equations, the stoichiometric stability constants of Cd-cysteinate complex were calculated. Under various experimental conditions, comparable log K values were obtained. The grand average log K = 7.83 M-1 refers to 0.59 M ionic strength and 23℃.

Active-Passive Radiolocation of Dangerous Natural Phenomena

In nature one observes strong deviations from thermodynamic equilibrium. The most dangerous natural phenomena proceeding in a thermodynamically irreversible way, are accompanied by the initiation of nonthermal impulse radio and optical radiation, the intensity and amplitude-frequency characteristics of which may serve as a measure of irrcversihility white making the passive radiolocation and simultaneously as an information characteristic of the degree of the phenomenon's approach to the stage of maximum development.The active radiolocation of natural phenomena at the stage of thermodynamic irreversibility has a number of distinct features caused by the high speed of their progress and anomalies of the dielectric properties and accordingly, effective scattering area of natural radio targets.The above is the physical basis of the method proposed by the author, that of the active-passive radiolocation of dangerous natural phenomena such as thunderstorms-both naturally developing and provoked by flying vehicles or other modifying means, avalanches, landslides, catastrophic atmospheric eddies and showers, sudden destruction of sea. river and lake ice and so on.Active-passive radar sounding of cloudiness presumes radical changes in the air traffic control in thunderous situations in the take-off and landing areas of flying vehicles as well as along the airways.Thermodynamic irreversibility turns out to be an important factor in the process of the interaction of ice with heavy-duty icebreakers (nuclear-powered vessels) causing their anomalous corrosion. The non-thermal radio radiator arising at the deformation of ice cover under the pressure of an icebreaker or under the action of wind load, may he used while choosing the route and tactics of the ice-breaker's progress, for the hydrometeorological service of oth-er sea and coastal operations. The completed investigations of the thermodynamically irreversible natural phenomena have found practical application, but their wide utilization is still ahead.The experiments of active-passive radiolocation have been carried out at the experimental proving grounds, in laboratories, in weather planes, on board an atomic-powered icebreaker. Simultaneously there have been developing the theory of thermodynamically irreversible phase transitions, in particular deformation-crystallization processes.So far. there is no generally accepted term denoting the proposed method of the active-passive radiolocation of dangerous natural phenomena (using thermodynamic irreversibility).

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Snow Depth Derived from Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Data in Kazakhstan

Snow cover plays an important role in the hydrological cycle and water management in Kazakhstan. However, traditional observations do not meet current needs. In this study, a snow depth retrieval equation was developed based on passive microwave remote sensing data. The average snow depth in winter （ASDW）, snow cover duration （SCD）, monthly maximum snow depth （MMSD）, and annual average snow depth （AASD） were derived for each year to monitor the spatial and temporal snow distributions. The SCD exhibited significant spatial variations from 30 to 250 days. The longest SCD was found in the mountainous area in eastern Kazakhstan, reaching values between 200 and 250 days in 2005. The AASD increased from the south to the north and maintained latitudinal zonality. The MMSD in most areas ranged from 20 to 30 cm. The ASDW values ranged regularity of latitudinal zonality from 15 to 20 cm in the eastern region and were characterized by spatial The ASDW in the mountainous area often exceeded 20 cm.