Background: From the two facts reported by previous research: 1) frequent co-occurrence of more than one addictive behavior, 2) childhood adversities identified as origins of different types of addictive behaviors, it...Background: From the two facts reported by previous research: 1) frequent co-occurrence of more than one addictive behavior, 2) childhood adversities identified as origins of different types of addictive behaviors, it is assumed that all types of addictive behaviors, regardless of substance, behavioral, or relationship, share common factors which have not yet been proven by epidemiological research. The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire (SPQ) was previously developed to assess 16 types of addictive behaviors. Its factor structure, however, has not been fully investigated. Confirming the factor structure will enable us to hypothesize the common factor(s) shared by all, or if not all, most types of addictive behaviors. Aims: This study aimed at 1) examining the factor structure of the SPQ, 2) confirming the reliability of the questionnaire, and 3) examining the impacts of gender and age on each addictive behavior. Methods: Data obtained from 232 Japanese adults who completed all items of the SPQ were used for the analyses. After confirming the one-factor structure model for each of the 16 subscales, the validity of the one-factor structure of the SPQ was evaluated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), by adapting 16 subscale scores as observed variables. If its validity was not confirmed, another model which showed better compatibility to the data was explored. The reliability of the SPQ as well as that of all 16 subscales was evaluated. Also, the impacts of gender and age on each subscale score were examined. Results: The one-factor structure for each of the 16 subscales was confirmed. The compatibility of the SPQ one-factor model was not acceptable. The best fit model was a bi-factor model in which one main factor was shared by all 16 subscales, and three factors were shared by some specific addictive behaviors. Male respondents were more likely than female respondents to show high scores in Alcohol, Tobacco, Gambling, Sex, and Recreational Drugs, and low scores only in Shopping. Respondents’ age did not impact any of the 16 subscale scores. Conclusion: It was demonstrated that there are common factors shared by all different types, as well as selected types of addictive behaviors, by conducting CFAs of the SPQ. Reliability was proven for the SPQ and for all 16 subscales. Male respondents were more likely to show physically hedonic addictive behaviors.展开更多
Purpose:This study examines law-related education in Japan and China to reveal the current state of research and identify the roles,possibilities,and challenges facing such teaching at the elementary,junior high,and s...Purpose:This study examines law-related education in Japan and China to reveal the current state of research and identify the roles,possibilities,and challenges facing such teaching at the elementary,junior high,and senior high school levels.This study conducts a comparative review of research on perspectives toward law education in both countries,as well as the characteristics of and issues facing law education in Japan.Design/Approach/Methods:This study examines trends in research and educational reform related to law education in Japan.In doing so,it evaluates how the characteristics of and issues facing law education in Japan are related to law education in China.Findings:Results show no evidence of a systematic study of law in Japan.Reforming subjects to engage in collaborative learning is a more realistic strategy than attempting to design wholly new subjects.Accordingly,exploring what kind of learning activities are linked to law-abiding education in China offers insights and references for Japan.Adapting these strategies to the Japanese context and law material can help create a more systematic form of learning.Originality/Value:Through joint research by researchers and educators from East Asian countries,we intend to conduct further research on the development of curricula,textbooks,and class models suited to specific subjects.Employing the joint research learning approach discussed in this study in Japan and China may result in further learning possibilities.展开更多
文摘Background: From the two facts reported by previous research: 1) frequent co-occurrence of more than one addictive behavior, 2) childhood adversities identified as origins of different types of addictive behaviors, it is assumed that all types of addictive behaviors, regardless of substance, behavioral, or relationship, share common factors which have not yet been proven by epidemiological research. The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire (SPQ) was previously developed to assess 16 types of addictive behaviors. Its factor structure, however, has not been fully investigated. Confirming the factor structure will enable us to hypothesize the common factor(s) shared by all, or if not all, most types of addictive behaviors. Aims: This study aimed at 1) examining the factor structure of the SPQ, 2) confirming the reliability of the questionnaire, and 3) examining the impacts of gender and age on each addictive behavior. Methods: Data obtained from 232 Japanese adults who completed all items of the SPQ were used for the analyses. After confirming the one-factor structure model for each of the 16 subscales, the validity of the one-factor structure of the SPQ was evaluated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), by adapting 16 subscale scores as observed variables. If its validity was not confirmed, another model which showed better compatibility to the data was explored. The reliability of the SPQ as well as that of all 16 subscales was evaluated. Also, the impacts of gender and age on each subscale score were examined. Results: The one-factor structure for each of the 16 subscales was confirmed. The compatibility of the SPQ one-factor model was not acceptable. The best fit model was a bi-factor model in which one main factor was shared by all 16 subscales, and three factors were shared by some specific addictive behaviors. Male respondents were more likely than female respondents to show high scores in Alcohol, Tobacco, Gambling, Sex, and Recreational Drugs, and low scores only in Shopping. Respondents’ age did not impact any of the 16 subscale scores. Conclusion: It was demonstrated that there are common factors shared by all different types, as well as selected types of addictive behaviors, by conducting CFAs of the SPQ. Reliability was proven for the SPQ and for all 16 subscales. Male respondents were more likely to show physically hedonic addictive behaviors.
基金support for the research,authorship,and/or publication of this article:This study is based on the research results of"The Comprehensive Study of Classes That Foster‘Citizenship'Using Judgment Materials’on Domestic Laws and International Treaties" (2015-2017)funded by the Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (Challenging Exploratory Research Project/Area Number 15K13222).
文摘Purpose:This study examines law-related education in Japan and China to reveal the current state of research and identify the roles,possibilities,and challenges facing such teaching at the elementary,junior high,and senior high school levels.This study conducts a comparative review of research on perspectives toward law education in both countries,as well as the characteristics of and issues facing law education in Japan.Design/Approach/Methods:This study examines trends in research and educational reform related to law education in Japan.In doing so,it evaluates how the characteristics of and issues facing law education in Japan are related to law education in China.Findings:Results show no evidence of a systematic study of law in Japan.Reforming subjects to engage in collaborative learning is a more realistic strategy than attempting to design wholly new subjects.Accordingly,exploring what kind of learning activities are linked to law-abiding education in China offers insights and references for Japan.Adapting these strategies to the Japanese context and law material can help create a more systematic form of learning.Originality/Value:Through joint research by researchers and educators from East Asian countries,we intend to conduct further research on the development of curricula,textbooks,and class models suited to specific subjects.Employing the joint research learning approach discussed in this study in Japan and China may result in further learning possibilities.
