第五届极端条件下的物质与辐射国际会议(ICMRE2022)第二轮会议通知

一、会议背景及主题为推动极端条件下物质与辐射研究领域的国际交流,促进相关领域的学科发展,中国工程物理研究院于2016年创办了英文学术期刊Matter and Radiation at Extremes(MRE)。MRE举办“极端条件下的物质与辐射国际会议(ICMRE)”,旨在为国际相关领域搭建公开、便捷、高水平的学术交流平台,促进先进知识成果的传播与利用。会议自2016年首次召开以来,已先后在四川成都、北京、山东青岛和安徽合肥等地成功举办了四届,吸引了来自十余个国家的千余名学者参与交流。因为疫情原因,第五届“极端条件下的物质与辐射国际会议”延期到2022年举办,由北京应用物理与计算数学研究所和陕西师范大学共同主办。

Semisynthetic Derivatives of Sissotrin Isolated from Trifolium baccarinii Chiov. (Fabaceae) and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activities

Starting from sissotrin (1), a natural isoflavonoid isolated from Trifolium baccarinii (Fabaceae), one new semisynthetic derivative, 6-nitrobiochanin A (1b) and two known derivatives, 8-nitrobiochanin A (1a) and 2",3",4",6"-tetraacetylsissotrin (1c) have been obtained after performing nitration and acetylation reactions. Their structures were assigned after interpretation of their spectrometric (HR-ESI-MS) and spectroscopic (NMR 1D and 2D) data and by comparison with those reported in the literature. The substrate as well as the semisynthetic derivatives were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against six strains. The results reveal that they are inactive or weakly active on the strains tested with the exception of 8-nitrobiochanin A (1a) which showed moderate activity (MIC = 62.5 μg∙mL−1) on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300.

Indoor Air Pollution and Its Determinants in Household Settings in Jaipur, India

Individuals spend 90% of their time indoors, primarily at home or at work. Indoor environmental factors have a significant impact on human well-being. It was a longitudinal study that assessed the major factors that reduce indoor air quality, namely particulate matter, and bio-aerosols, using low-cost sensors and the settle plate method, respectively also to determine the effect of atmospheric parameters and land use patterns in households of commercial, industrial, residential, slum, and rural areas of the city. PM2.5 concentration levels were similar in most parts of the day across all sites. PM10.0 concentration levels increased indoors in a commercial area. PM2.5 concentration showed a negative correlation with temperature and a positive correlation with relative humidity in some areas. Very high values of PM2.5 concentration and PM10.0 concentration have been observed in this study, inside households of selected rural and urban areas. Pathogenic gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods, Aspergillus, and Mucor species were the most common bacterial and fungal species respectively found inside households. This study examined particulate matter concentration along with bio-aerosols, as very less studies have been conducted in Jaipur the capital of Rajasthan, a state in the western part of India which assessed both of these factors together to determine the indoor air quality. Rural households surrounding the periphery of the city were found to have similar pollution levels as urban households. So, this study may form the basis for reducing pollution inside households and also for taking suitable measures for the reduction of pollution in the indoor environment.

Effect of intermittent treatment with tamoxifen on reproduction in male rats

Aim: To identify the antifertility effect of intermittent oral administration of tamoxifen in male rat. Methods:Tamoxifen was administered orally at a dose of 0.4 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1) with an intermittent regime for 120 days. Treatedand control rats were mated with cycling female rats on days 60, 90 and 120 of treatment. The mated males were sacri-ficed and the weights of reproductive organs were recorded, and the serum levels of LH, FSH, testosterone and estradi-ol estimated by radioimmunoassay. In the female rats, the numbers of implantation sites, corpora lutea, and numbersof normal and resorbed foetuses were recorded on d 21 of gestation. The potency, fecundity, fertility index, litter sizeand post-implantation loss were then calculated. Results; The fecundity of male rats was completely suppressed bytamoxifen while the potency was maintained at the control level. The fertility index was significantly decreased. No vi-able litters were sired. Post implantation loss, indicative of non-viable embryos, was observed but was not significantlyincreased above the control level. The weights of the testes, epididymides, ventral prostate and seminal vesicles weresignificantly reduced. The blood LH and testosterone levels were significantly decreased, but not FSH and estradiol.Conclusion; Intermittent oral tamoxifen administration completely suppressed the fecundity of adult male rats withreserved potency.

Pharmacodynamics of aminoglycosides and tetracycline derivatives against Japanese encephalitis virus

Objective:To explore the antiviral activity of antibiotic compounds,mainly aminoglycosides and tetracyclines against Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV) induced infection in vitro.Methods:Antiviral activity were evaluated against JEV using cytopathic effect inhibition assay,virus yield reduction assay,caspase 3 level,extracellular viral detection by antigen capture ELISA and viral RNA levels.Roults:JEV induced cytopathic effect along with reduction of viral progeny plaque formation indicated antiviral potential of the compounds suggesting that antibiotics had broad spectrum activity.Doxycycline and kanamycin administration in dose dependent manner declined viral RNA replication.Conclusions:The present study shows kanamycin and doxycyclinc can affect virion structure and alter replication causing inhibition of JEV induced pathogenesis in vitro.

Significant increase in HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis infections among blood donors in West Bengal, Eastern India 2004-2005: Exploratory screening reveals high frequency of occult HBV infection

AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among blood donors in Kolkata, Eastern India for two consecutive years and to conduct a pilot study to explore the presence of HBV DNA among hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative but anti-HBc positive blood donors. METHODS: Seroprevalence of HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HIV was studied among 113 051 and 106 695 voluntary blood donors screened in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Moreover, a pilot study on 1027 HBsAg negative donors was carried out for evaluating the presence of HBV DNA by PCR on HBsAg negative/anti- HBc positive donors. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in the prevalence of HBV (1448 vs 1768, P < 0.001), HIV (262 vs 374, P < 0.001), HCV (314 vs 372, P = 0.003) and syphilis (772 vs 853, P = 0.001) infections was noted among blood donors of Kolkata West Bengal in 2005 as compared to 2004. Moreover, the exploratory study on 1027 HBsAg negative donors revealed that 188 (18.3%)of them were anti-HBc positive out of which 21% were positive for HBV DNA. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study underscore the significantly increasing endemicity of hepatitis viruses, syphilis and HIV among the voluntary blood donors of our community. The pilot study indicates a high rate of prevalence of HBV DNA among HBsAg negative/anti-HBc positive donors and thus emphasizes the need for a more sensitive and stringent screening algorithm for blood donations.

Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes:Phylogenetic analysis and virological characteristics of Genotype C circulating among HBV carriers in Kolkata,Eastern India

AIM: To evaluate the genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Eastern India and to clarify the phyloge- netic origin and virological characteristics of the recently identifi ed genotype C in this region. METHODS: Genotype determination, T1762/A1764 mutation in the basal core promoter (BCP) and A1896 mutation in the precore region of 230 subjects were de- termined by restriction fragment length polymorphism method (RFLP) and the result was confi rmed by direct sequencing. RESULTS: The predominant genotypes D (HBV/D) and A (HBV/A) were detected in 131/230 (57%) and 57/230 (25%) samples. In addition, genotype C (HBV/C) was detected in 42/230 (18%) isolates. Surface gene region was sequenced from 45 isolates (27 HBV/C, 9 HBV/A and 9 HBV/D). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all of the HBV/C sequences clustered with South East Asian subgenotype (HBV/Cs). The sequence data showed re- markable similarity with a Thai strain (AF068756) (99.5% ± 0.4% nucleotide identities) in 90% of the genotype C strains analyzed. T1762/A1764 mutation in BCP re- gion, associated with high ALT was signifi cantly higher in HBeAg negative isolates than HBeAg positive isolates. Frequency of A1896 mutation leading to HBeAg negativ- ity was low.CONCLUSION: The present study reports the genotypic distribution and the characteristics of partial genome sequences of HBV/C isolates from Eastern India. Low genetic diversity and confi nement of HBV/C in Eastern India possibly indicate a recent, limited, spread in this region. Genotype C with T1762/A1764 mutation has been reported to increase the risk for hepatocellular car- cinoma; therefore genotype C carriers in Eastern India should be carefully monitored.

Anti-viral role of toll like receptor 4 in hepatitis B virus infection: An in vitro study

AIM Toll like receptors plays a significant anti-viral role in different infections. The aim of this study was to look into the role of toll like receptor 4(TLR4) in hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection.METHODS Real time PCR was used to analyze the transcription of TLR4 signaling molecules, cell cycle regulators and HBV DNA viral load after triggering the Hep G2.2.15 cells with TLR4 specific ligand. Nuclear factor(NF)-κB translocation on TLR4 activation was analyzed using microscopic techniques. Protein and cell cycle analysis was done using Western Blot and FACS respectively.RESULTS The present study shows that TLR4 activation represses HBV infection. As a result of HBV suppression, there are several changes in host factors which include partial release in G1/S cell cycle arrest and changes in host epigenetic marks. Finally, it was observed that anti-viral action of TLR4 takes place through the NF-κB pathway.CONCLUSION The study shows that TLR4 activation in HBV infection brings about changes in hepatocyte microenvironment and can be used for developing a promising therapeutic target in future.

Corrigendum to "Role of remote sensing,geographic bioinformatics system and bioinformatics in kala-azar epidemiology" [originally published as J Biomed Res 2011,25(6):373-384;doi:10.1016/S1674-8301(11)60050-X]

The author would like to inform the readers that the correct form of title ＂Role of remote sensing, geographic bioinformatics system and bioinformatics in kala-azar epidemiology＂ , content in ab-stract ＂The computational approaches like remote sensing, geographic information system （GIS） and bioinformatics are the key re-sources for the detection and distribution of vectors, patterns, ecologi- cal and environmental factors and genomic and proteomic analysis.＂, and keyword ＂geographical bioinformatics systems （GIS）＂ should be read as follows： title ＂Role of remote sensing, geographical bioinformation system and bioinformatics in kala-azar epidemiology＂, content in abstract ＂The com-putational approaches like remote sensing, geographical information system （GIS） and bioinformat-ics are the key re-sources for the detection and distribution of vectors, patterns, ecological and envi-ronmental factors and genomic and proteomic analysis.＂, and keyword ＂geographical bioinformation system （GIS） ＂.

Current molecular methods for the detection of hepatitis C virus in high risk group population:A systematic review

Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is an emerging infection worldwide and the numbers of persons infected are increasing every year. Poor blood transfusion methods along with unsafe injection practices are potential sources for the rapid spread of infection. Early detection of HCV is the need of the hour especially in high riskgroup population as these individuals are severely immunocompromised. Enzyme Immunoassays are the most common detection techniques but they provide no evidence of active viremia or identification of infected individuals in the antibody-negative phase and their efficacy is limited in individuals within high risk group population. Molecular virological techniques have an important role in detecting active infection with utmost specificity and sensitivity. Technologies for assessment of HCV antibody and RNA levels have improved remarkably, as well as our understanding of how to best use these tests in patient management. This review aims to give an overview of the different serological and molecular methods employed in detecting HCV infection used nowadays. Additionally, the review gives an insight in the new molecular techniques that are being developed to improve the detection techniques particularly in High Risk Group population who are severely immunocompromised.

Genetic diversity of PfEMP1-DBL 1-α and its association with severe malaria in a hyperendemic state of India

Objective:To find out the extent of duffy-binding-like(DBL) a gene diversity and the resetting potential of the parasite population in association with severe malaria.Methods:Genotyping of DBLαdomain was done by PCR using three sets of primers(FR,F1R2 and F2R2) and the rosetting frequency was assessed by parasite culture followed by ethidium bromide staining and visualization under a fluorescent microscope.Results:The significant association of high parasite density with severe malaria and the positive correlation between rosetting frequency and parasite density in vivo(P = 0.613,P【0.0001) were observed.Moreover,the parasite strains having multiple fragments of F2R2 region and’b’variant of FR region of DBL 1-αshowed increased rosetting frequency and supported the strain specific association of disease severity. Conclusions:The findings suggest that rosetting mediated higher parasitemia might have contributed to the development of severe disease.As the rosetting domain of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1(HEMP1),the DBL a binds to multiple host receptors; the significant association of multiple fragments of F2R2 region with severe malaria suggests several receptor-ligand interactions as the possible mechanisms of pathogenesis.Alternatively, the high percentage distribution of smaller fragments with mild malaria suggests the lack of adequate rosetting epitopes that might have contributed to low rosetting frequency in mild malaria.

Antiplasmodial activity of silver nanoparticles: A novel green synthesis approach

Objective:To synthesize silver nanoparticles using silver nitrate by a green technique which involves different compositions of aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica(neem)and Ocimum sanctum(tulsi).Methods:Their shape and size were determined using transmission electron microscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy.Their antiplasmodial activity was studied using the malarial parasite strain(Plasmodium falciparum,3D7).The parasite strain(3D7)was collected and revived in vitro using Trager and Jensen method in RPMI 1640 medium for 7-8cycles.Half maximal effective concentration values were calculated by nonlinear regression analysis.Results:Transmission electron microscopy results confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles with size ranging from 4.74-39.32 nm and their size differs by varying the concentrations from 20%to 100%of neem extract in neem and tulsi extracts.It was observed that samples B and C showed half maximum effective concentration of about 0.3μM.Conclusions:It can be easily established that the aqueous leaf extracts of neem and tulsi in combination can be a good source for synthesis of silver nanoparticles with small size possessing appreciable antiplasmodial activity.

Carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori in gastric pre-cancer and cancer lesions: Association with tobacco-chewing

AIM:To investigate the low gastric cancer incidence rate relative to the highly prevalent Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection;data relevant to H.pylori infection during gastric carcinogenesis in Indian patients is currently lacking.METHODS:The present study examines the prevalence of H.pylori infection in DNA derived from 156endoscopic gastric biopsies of different disease groups that represent gastric pre-cancer[intestinal metaplasia(n=15),dysplasia(n=15)],cancer[diffuse adenocarcinoma(n=44),intestinal adenocarcinoma(n=21)],and symptomatic but histopathologically-normal controls(n=61).This was done by generic ureC polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and cagA-specific PCR that could specifically identify the carcinogenic H.pylori strain.RESULTS:Our analysis showed the presence of H.pylori infection in 61%of symptomatic histopathologically-normal individuals,however only 34%of control tissues were harboring the cagA+H.pylori strain.A similar proportion of H.pylori infection(52%)and cagA(26%)positivity was observed in the tumor tissue of the gastric cancer group.In comparison,H.pylori infection(90%)and cagA positivity(73%)were the highest in gastric pre-cancer lesions.In relation to tobacco and alcohol abuse,H.pylori infection showed an association with tobacco chewing,whereas we did not observe any association between tobacco smoking or alcohol abuse with prevalence of H.pylori infection in the tissue of any of the patient groups studied.CONCLUSION:High incidence of H.pylori infection and carcinogenic cagA positive strain in pre-cancer lesions during gastric carcinogenesis may be

Role of RNA secondary structure in emergence of compartment specific hepatitis B virus immune escape variants

AIM To investigate the role of subgenotype specific RNA secondary structure in the compartment specific selection of hepatitis B virus(HBV)immune escape mutations.METHODS This study was based on the analysis of the specific observation of HBV subgenotype A1 in the serum/plasma,while subgenotype A2 with G145R mutation in the peripheral blood leukocytes(PBLs).Genetic variability found among the two subgenotypes was used for prediction and comparison of the full length pregenomic RNA(pgRNA)secondary structure and base pairings.RNA secondary structures were predicted for 37℃using the Vienna RNA fold server,using default parameters.Visualization and detailed analysis was done using RNA shapes program.RESULTS In this analysis,using similar algorithm and conditions,entirely different pgRNA secondary structures for subgenotype A1 and subgenotype A2 were predicted,suggesting different base pairing patterns within the two subgenotypes of genotype A,specifically,in the HBV genetic region encoding the major hydrophilic loop.We observed that for subgenotype A1 specific pgRNA,nucleotide 358U base paired with 1738A and nucleotide 587G base paired with 607C.However in sharp contrast,in subgenotype A2 specific pgRNA,nucleotide 358U was opposite to nucleotide 588G,while 587G was opposite to 359U,hence precluding correct base pairing and thereby lesser stability of the stem structure.When the nucleotides at 358U and 587G were replaced with 358C and 587A respectively(as observed specifically in the PBL associated A2 sequences),these nucleotides base paired correctly with 588G and 359U,respectively.CONCLUSION The results of this study show that compartment specific mutations are associated with HBV subgenotype specific alterations in base pairing of the pgRNA,leading to compartment specific selection and preponderance of specific HBV subgenotype with unique mutational pattern.

Hepatitis B virus genotypes in chronic liver disease patients from New Delhi,India

AIM: To study the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and their effect on the progression and outcome in patients with chronic liver diseases from New Delhi, India. METHODS: Sera from 100 HBV-related chronic liver disease (CLDB) cases were tested for HBV genotype using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and Type-specific primers-based PCR (TSP-PCR) targeting to the surface (S) gene encoding hepatitis B surface antigen. RESULTS: Only genotypes A and D were present and genotype D was dominant. Genotype D was present in all CLDB patient categories. The genotype distribution for the 100 patients with CLDB was as follows: genotype A, 16/100 (16%) (7/40- 17% chronic hepatitis B (CHB); 8/47, 17%, HBV-related cirrhosis (CRB); 1/13, 7.6%, HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCCB); genotype D- 84/100 (84%) (32/40- 80% CHB; 38/47- 81%, CRB; 11/13, 85%, HCCB); genotype A + D, 3/100 (3%) (1/40- 3% CHB; 1/47- 2%, CRB; 1/13, 7.6%, HCCB); C, 0; B, 0; E, 0; F, 0; G 0, H 0; (P < 0.01, genotype D vs A). CONCLUSION: Only HBV genotypes A and D were present in patients with CLDB from New Delhi, India. Compared with genotype D, genotype A patients had no significant clinical or biochemical differences (P > 0.05). Mixed infection with genotype A and D were seen in 3% of the cases. Genotype D was the dominant genotype prevalent in all patient categories.

Insights into human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis B virus co-infection in India

Shared routes of transmission lead to frequent human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-hepatitis B virus(HBV) coinfection in a host which results in about 10% of HIV positive individuals to have chronic hepatitis B infection worldwide. In post-antiretroviral therapy era, liverdiseases have emerged as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals and HBV coinfection have become the major health issue among this population particularly from the regions with endemic HBV infection. In setting of HIV-HBV co-infection, HIV significantly impacts the natural history of HBV infection, its disease profile and the treatment outcome in negative manner. Moreover, the epidemiological pattern of HBV infection and the diversity in HBV genome(genotypic and phenotypic) are also varied in HIV co-infected subjects as compared to HBV mono-infected individuals. Several reports on the abovementioned issues are available from developed parts of the world as well as from sub-Saharan African countries. In contrast, most of these research areas remained unexplored in India despite having considerable burden of HIV and HBV infections. This review discusses present knowledge from the studies on HIV-HBV co-infection in India and relevant reports from different parts of the world. Issues needed for the future research relevant to HIV-HBV co-infection in India are also highlighted here, including a call for further investigations on this field of study.

Sero diagnosis of dengue activity in an unknown febrile outbreak at the Siliguri Town,District Darjeeling,West Bengal

Objective:To investigate the outbreak of unknown fever at Siliguri town,Darjeeling District on request from the State Health Department,Government of West Bengal.Methods: Investigations were made to the affected wards,Sub Divisional Hospital and the nursing homes of Siliguri Town.Duration of illness was 3-5 days.Interesting observations were made in some cases which had gastrointestinal disorders with high serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase(SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(SCOT) levels.A total of 69 blood samples and 7 throat swabs(in Minimum Essential Media) were collected and brought to the ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata for analysis.Mosquitoes from different affected areas were collected for the identification of the definite vector.Results:Amongst the 69 blood samples,42(60.86%) were positive to IgM antibody against dengue virus by Mac enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) test.No IgM antibody to Japanese encephalitis virus was detected among the collected blood samples.Based on the clinical symptoms,presence of IgM antibody to dengue virus and identification of Aedes mosquito,it amply proves that,the illness of those cases were due to dengue virus infection. Conclusions:Based on clinical-epidemiological observations of the investigations the possibility of a communicable disease of viral origin,the detection of IgM antibody and the identification of Aedes egypti,and the potential circulation of denge virus in Siliguri town for the first time were all suggested.

Dual therapy of rosiglitazone/pioglitazone with glimepiride on diabetic nephropathy in experimentally induced type 2 diabetes rats

Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of end-stage renal disease （ESRD） in the general population. It is estimated that diabetic nephropathy will eventually develop in about 40% of all patients with diabetes; therefore, prevention is critical for delaying the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Despite extensive efforts, medical advances are still not successful enough to prevent the progression of the disease. In the present study, we focused on the comparison of combination therapies and whether they offered additional renoprotection. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneally administering streptozotocin （90 mg/kg） in neonatal rats and then these rats were treated with rosiglitazone （1.0 mg/kg） in combination with glimepiride （0.5 mg/kg） or with pioglitazone （2.5 mg/kg） in combination with glimepiride （0.5 mg/kg）. Diabetic nephropathy markers were evaluated by biochemical and ELISA kits and renal structural changes were examined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results show that the combination of pioglitazone with glimepiride is more effective in amelioration of diabetic nephropathy than rosiglitazone with glimepiride drug therapy due to glycemic control, suppressing albumin excretion rate, total protein excretion rate and augmented TNF-α signaling during the development of streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic nephropathy.

Ni(II) N-(2-Pyridylmethyl)-L-Alanine) Complex: Structural Diversity and Photoluminiscent Studies

A novel chiral Nickel (II) complex of N-(2-pyridylmethyl)-L-alanine (Hpyala) 1 has been prepared and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-visible, TGA and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Complex 1 crystallizes in an orthorhombic P212121 space group. The nickel (II) centre in the complex adopts a distorted octahedral geometry. This compound has been seen to exhibit structural diversity resulting from the number of lattice water molecules. The photoluminescent properties of this compound which have also been investigated, indicates the potential application in luminescence.

Virological course of hepatitis A virus as determined by real time RT-PCR: Correlation with biochemical, immunological and genotypic profiles

瞄准：承担肝炎 A 的分析，并且相关病毒的负担，丙氨酸 aminotransferase (中高音) ，和有病毒血的持续时间的病毒的遗传型有控制调停房间的免疫的 CD4 (+)/ CD8 (+) 淋巴细胞人口的这些参数。方法：房间计数用用荧光在乙二胺四乙酸小瓶收集的新鲜全血被执行激活的房间 sorter。肝炎 A 病毒(HAV ) RNA 从血浆液被提取，抄录进 cDNA 并且由实时聚合酶链反应确定了并且是 genotyped 的颠倒。结果：在 11 个病人之中， 10 能完全被分析。这些， 3 有严重尖锐肝炎(s -- 啊) 并且剩余物有自我限制尖锐肝炎 A (啊哈) ，在第 4 d 上与有暴发性的疾病(脑病等级 IV ) 的一个病人一起死。中高音水平在啊哈两个都是显著地更高的(1070.9 +/- 894.3；P = 0.0014 ) 并且 s -- 啊(1713.9 +/- 886.3；P = 0.001 ) 与正常控制相比(23.6 +/- 7.2 ) 。在 s 的前凝血酶时间 -- 啊病人(21.0 +/- 2.0；P = 0.02 ) 比在啊哈显著地高(14.3 +/- 1.1；P = 0.44 ) 。在啊哈病人的 CD4 (+)/CD8 (+) 比率(1.17 +/- 0.11；P = 0.22 ) 并且 s -- 啊(0.83 +/- 0.12；P = 0.0002 ) 比在正常健康控制(1.52 ) 看低。有的自我限制盒子达到顶点在分析的开始的病毒的负担当时在 s -- 啊病人这发生在第 15 或第 30 d。在敏锐、严格的组，一耐心的各个属于遗传型 IA，与仍然是 8 个盒子属于遗传型 IIIA。唯一的暴发性的肝的失败大小写属于遗传型 IA。在自我限制感染的全部功课期间收集的 HAV 病毒的负担和中高音价值直接为 s 被相关，但是这不是事实 -- 啊病人。结论：基于小规模的研究， s 的固执地更高的病毒的负担 -- 啊可能由于减少的细胞免疫和溶血。病毒血的持续时间依赖于主人，当病毒的遗传型没在 AVH 和 s 的临床的结果有明显的角色 -- 啊盒子。