India's healthcare system continues to place the highest priority on the fight against malaria[1].Malaria elimination program has received considerable attention from both the public and private sectors,resulting ...India's healthcare system continues to place the highest priority on the fight against malaria[1].Malaria elimination program has received considerable attention from both the public and private sectors,resulting in a significant drop in malaria cases[2].In 2022,a total of 176000 million cases of malaria were reported in India,in which Plasmodium(P.)falciparum has contributed 57.0%and 42.3%were P.vivax cases and limited cases of P.malariae and P.ovale.展开更多
The steady decline in malaria cases and deaths in recent years is a step ahead toward elimination;however,an increasing number of reports of antimalarial and insecticide resistance highlight the importance of having n...The steady decline in malaria cases and deaths in recent years is a step ahead toward elimination;however,an increasing number of reports of antimalarial and insecticide resistance highlight the importance of having newer approaches to achieve the goal in the stipulated time frame.Therefore,having an effective and durable malaria vaccine is extremely crucial,which can complement the tools currently in use.Although the malaria vaccine development efforts initiated in the 1910’s with the first attempts to develop a malaria vaccine involved inoculating humans with live,attenuated strains of the malaria parasite but the efforts have been intensified over the previous decade,resulting in several significant developments.展开更多
India bears the largest Plasmodium (P.) vivax (Pv) malaria burden and contributes 48%of Pv cases globally[1]. The efforts of government and private bodies to control malaria have successfully reduced the number of Pla...India bears the largest Plasmodium (P.) vivax (Pv) malaria burden and contributes 48%of Pv cases globally[1]. The efforts of government and private bodies to control malaria have successfully reduced the number of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria cases in several countries, including India.展开更多
India is a major contributor to the malaria burden in Southeast Asia, with 83% estimated cases and 82% estimated deaths reported in 2020[1]. As per the National Center for Vector-Borne Disease Control(NCVBDC) estimate...India is a major contributor to the malaria burden in Southeast Asia, with 83% estimated cases and 82% estimated deaths reported in 2020[1]. As per the National Center for Vector-Borne Disease Control(NCVBDC) estimates, around 0.19 million cases and 93 deaths occurred in the country due to malaria in 2020. Since 2002, India has made impressive progress in malaria control with an approximately 90% reduction in malaria cases over the last two decades and is on the road to malaria elimination by 2030.展开更多
Malaria is a public health problem in several parts of India.A continuous decrease in malaria has been reported in India,from about 2.0 million cases in 2000 to about 0.2 million in 2020[1].In February 2016,the Govern...Malaria is a public health problem in several parts of India.A continuous decrease in malaria has been reported in India,from about 2.0 million cases in 2000 to about 0.2 million in 2020[1].In February 2016,the Government of India formally launched the National Framework for Malaria Elimination,which outlines the strategies for eliminating malaria from India by 2030[2].It aims to interrupt indigenous malaria transmission(zero indigenous case reporting)throughout the country,prevent the re-establishment of transmission in areas where it has been eliminated,and maintain national malaria-free status by 2030 and beyond,using the existing intervention tools and strategies.In 2017,India launched its five-year National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination,which is mainly district focused rather than the National Framework for Malaria Elimination,which was state focused[3].India has shown a 71%reduction of malaria cases in 2019 compared to 2015,which was achieved by strengthening surveillance,improving diagnosis and treatment,and intensive vector control measures using existing tools.In India,Odisha state contributed 37.4%of total malaria cases in 2015,which was reduced to 12%in 2019 using the Durgama Anchalare Malaria Nirakaran initiative and comprehensive case management of malaria[4].展开更多
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the entire globe on all fronts,and vector-borne diseases are not an exception.There are certain similarities between dengue and COVID-19 since both diseases are positive-sens...The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the entire globe on all fronts,and vector-borne diseases are not an exception.There are certain similarities between dengue and COVID-19 since both diseases are positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus and have animal origin linkages.Interestingly,both the diseases present over 80%asymptomatic cases.Dengue is the most prevalent and fast-emerging viral infection worldwide.The dengue virus(DENV)has four serotypes,namely DENV-1,DENV-2,DENV-3 and DENV-4,and it is possible that the same person can be infected four times before full immunity is established[1];whereas,COVID-19 is an air-borne respiratory disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,and several variants have emerged over time.In late 2020,the variants posed an increased risk to global public health emergency,which prompted the characterisation of specific Variants of Interest and Variants of Concern to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic[2].DENV is transmitted by several species of day-biting Aedes mosquitoes.They are highly adaptive and invasive species and are predominantly found in the tropical and subtropical regions.In recent decades,these mosquitoes have been discovered in all continents except Antarctica.Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are two major vectors of dengue.This means wherever these mosquitoes make their footprints,dengue creeps in.展开更多
Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria,filariasis,dengue,chikungunya,Japanese encephalitis,yellow fever and Zika contribute significantly to health problems of developing as well as developed nations.Vector control i...Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria,filariasis,dengue,chikungunya,Japanese encephalitis,yellow fever and Zika contribute significantly to health problems of developing as well as developed nations.Vector control is central to control of vector borne diseases.In the last four-five decades,biological control methods have been inducted in the integrated vector management strategy,advocated nationally as well as globally by the World Health Organization.Currently,biological control of vectors is globally acknowledged as the best available strategy in the wake of growing concerns about vector resistance as well as adverse effects of insecticides on the environment and non-target fauna co-inhabiting the same ecological niches as vectors.In India and elsewhere,efforts are ongoing to screen newer isolates to bring forth new biolarvicidal products of public health importance.In this review,by carrying out extensive literature survey,we discuss advances thus far and the prospects of bacilli-based control of vectors and vector borne diseases.展开更多
Microbes colonize the gastrointestinal tract are considered as highest complex ecosystem because of having diverse bacterial species and 150 times more genes as compared to the human genome.Imbalance or dysbiosis in g...Microbes colonize the gastrointestinal tract are considered as highest complex ecosystem because of having diverse bacterial species and 150 times more genes as compared to the human genome.Imbalance or dysbiosis in gut bacteria can cause dysregulation in gut homeostasis that subsequently activates the immune system,which leads to the development of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Neuromediators,including both neurotransmitters and neuropeptides,may contribute to the development of aberrant immune response.They are emerging as a regulator of inflammatory processes and play a key role in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.Neuromediators may influence immune cell’s function via the receptors present on these cells.The cytokines secreted by the immune cells,in turn,regulate the neuronal functions by binding with their receptors present on sensory neurons.This bidirectional communication of the enteric nervous system and the enteric immune system is involved in regulating the magnitude of inflammatory pathways.Alterations in gut bacteria influence the level of neuromediators in the colon,which may affect the gastrointestinal inflammation in a disease condition.Changed neuromediators concentration via dysbiosis in gut microbiota is one of the novel approaches to understand the pathogenesis of IBD.In this article,we reviewed the existing knowledge on the role of neuromediators governing the pathogenesis of IBD,focusing on the reciprocal relationship among the gut microbiota,neuromediators,and host immunity.Understanding the neuromediators and host-microbiota interactions would give a better insight in to the disease pathophysiology and help in developing the new therapeutic approaches for the disease.展开更多
文摘India's healthcare system continues to place the highest priority on the fight against malaria[1].Malaria elimination program has received considerable attention from both the public and private sectors,resulting in a significant drop in malaria cases[2].In 2022,a total of 176000 million cases of malaria were reported in India,in which Plasmodium(P.)falciparum has contributed 57.0%and 42.3%were P.vivax cases and limited cases of P.malariae and P.ovale.
文摘The steady decline in malaria cases and deaths in recent years is a step ahead toward elimination;however,an increasing number of reports of antimalarial and insecticide resistance highlight the importance of having newer approaches to achieve the goal in the stipulated time frame.Therefore,having an effective and durable malaria vaccine is extremely crucial,which can complement the tools currently in use.Although the malaria vaccine development efforts initiated in the 1910’s with the first attempts to develop a malaria vaccine involved inoculating humans with live,attenuated strains of the malaria parasite but the efforts have been intensified over the previous decade,resulting in several significant developments.
文摘India bears the largest Plasmodium (P.) vivax (Pv) malaria burden and contributes 48%of Pv cases globally[1]. The efforts of government and private bodies to control malaria have successfully reduced the number of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria cases in several countries, including India.
文摘India is a major contributor to the malaria burden in Southeast Asia, with 83% estimated cases and 82% estimated deaths reported in 2020[1]. As per the National Center for Vector-Borne Disease Control(NCVBDC) estimates, around 0.19 million cases and 93 deaths occurred in the country due to malaria in 2020. Since 2002, India has made impressive progress in malaria control with an approximately 90% reduction in malaria cases over the last two decades and is on the road to malaria elimination by 2030.
文摘Malaria is a public health problem in several parts of India.A continuous decrease in malaria has been reported in India,from about 2.0 million cases in 2000 to about 0.2 million in 2020[1].In February 2016,the Government of India formally launched the National Framework for Malaria Elimination,which outlines the strategies for eliminating malaria from India by 2030[2].It aims to interrupt indigenous malaria transmission(zero indigenous case reporting)throughout the country,prevent the re-establishment of transmission in areas where it has been eliminated,and maintain national malaria-free status by 2030 and beyond,using the existing intervention tools and strategies.In 2017,India launched its five-year National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination,which is mainly district focused rather than the National Framework for Malaria Elimination,which was state focused[3].India has shown a 71%reduction of malaria cases in 2019 compared to 2015,which was achieved by strengthening surveillance,improving diagnosis and treatment,and intensive vector control measures using existing tools.In India,Odisha state contributed 37.4%of total malaria cases in 2015,which was reduced to 12%in 2019 using the Durgama Anchalare Malaria Nirakaran initiative and comprehensive case management of malaria[4].
文摘The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the entire globe on all fronts,and vector-borne diseases are not an exception.There are certain similarities between dengue and COVID-19 since both diseases are positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus and have animal origin linkages.Interestingly,both the diseases present over 80%asymptomatic cases.Dengue is the most prevalent and fast-emerging viral infection worldwide.The dengue virus(DENV)has four serotypes,namely DENV-1,DENV-2,DENV-3 and DENV-4,and it is possible that the same person can be infected four times before full immunity is established[1];whereas,COVID-19 is an air-borne respiratory disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,and several variants have emerged over time.In late 2020,the variants posed an increased risk to global public health emergency,which prompted the characterisation of specific Variants of Interest and Variants of Concern to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic[2].DENV is transmitted by several species of day-biting Aedes mosquitoes.They are highly adaptive and invasive species and are predominantly found in the tropical and subtropical regions.In recent decades,these mosquitoes have been discovered in all continents except Antarctica.Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are two major vectors of dengue.This means wherever these mosquitoes make their footprints,dengue creeps in.
文摘Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria,filariasis,dengue,chikungunya,Japanese encephalitis,yellow fever and Zika contribute significantly to health problems of developing as well as developed nations.Vector control is central to control of vector borne diseases.In the last four-five decades,biological control methods have been inducted in the integrated vector management strategy,advocated nationally as well as globally by the World Health Organization.Currently,biological control of vectors is globally acknowledged as the best available strategy in the wake of growing concerns about vector resistance as well as adverse effects of insecticides on the environment and non-target fauna co-inhabiting the same ecological niches as vectors.In India and elsewhere,efforts are ongoing to screen newer isolates to bring forth new biolarvicidal products of public health importance.In this review,by carrying out extensive literature survey,we discuss advances thus far and the prospects of bacilli-based control of vectors and vector borne diseases.
文摘Microbes colonize the gastrointestinal tract are considered as highest complex ecosystem because of having diverse bacterial species and 150 times more genes as compared to the human genome.Imbalance or dysbiosis in gut bacteria can cause dysregulation in gut homeostasis that subsequently activates the immune system,which leads to the development of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Neuromediators,including both neurotransmitters and neuropeptides,may contribute to the development of aberrant immune response.They are emerging as a regulator of inflammatory processes and play a key role in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.Neuromediators may influence immune cell’s function via the receptors present on these cells.The cytokines secreted by the immune cells,in turn,regulate the neuronal functions by binding with their receptors present on sensory neurons.This bidirectional communication of the enteric nervous system and the enteric immune system is involved in regulating the magnitude of inflammatory pathways.Alterations in gut bacteria influence the level of neuromediators in the colon,which may affect the gastrointestinal inflammation in a disease condition.Changed neuromediators concentration via dysbiosis in gut microbiota is one of the novel approaches to understand the pathogenesis of IBD.In this article,we reviewed the existing knowledge on the role of neuromediators governing the pathogenesis of IBD,focusing on the reciprocal relationship among the gut microbiota,neuromediators,and host immunity.Understanding the neuromediators and host-microbiota interactions would give a better insight in to the disease pathophysiology and help in developing the new therapeutic approaches for the disease.
