弱相对论涡旋光在等离子体中传播的波前畸变及补偿

涡旋光与等离子体相互作用近年来在激光等离子体领域引起了广泛的关注.深入研究涡旋光在等离子体中的传播对粒子加速和辐射源产生等工作具有重要意义.本文着重探讨了弱相对论涡旋光在等离子中传播时,传播过程对电磁波结构的影响.基于三维粒子模拟,发现弱相对论涡旋光在等离子体中传播时会产生波前畸变.在给定等离子体密度时,畸变程度与电磁波强度及传播距离密切相关.基于相位修正模型,通过考虑电子相对论质量修正,在理论上对该现象进行了解释.此外,研究还发现可以通过设置适当的初始密度调制对波前畸变进行补偿抑制,并通过三维粒子模拟进行了验证.本工作加强了对涡旋光在等离子体中传播过程的理解,并为设计应用于相对论涡旋光的等离子体器件提供了参考.

等容预压缩等离子体中的快点火热斑形成与燃烧波传播

研究热斑点火物理过程对于实现聚变点火和高增益聚变放能具有重要意义,但是,迄今为止的大部分相关研究都是针对等压构型预压缩等离子体进行的,对等容构型预压缩等离子体中的热斑点火过程研究尚不充分.本文针对双锥对撞点火方案产生的等容预压缩高密度等离子体,建立了描述热斑边界演化和核聚变燃烧的半解析模型.该模型表明,在等容预压缩高密度等离子体中的热斑边界,可以用对热斑产生的α粒子具有强烈吸收作用的激波波峰的位置来定义,且等容预压缩等离子体中的热斑点火过程也存在α粒子射程主导的自调节现象.通过考虑α粒子的空间不均匀沉积效应,可以利用该模型描述等容预压缩等离子体中热斑内部的温度和密度演化.使用该模型分析热斑在点火初期时刻的劳森参数和平均热斑温度发现,在快电子总能量相同情况下,能量较低的快电子束更有利于实现点火.辐射流体模拟程序O-SUKI-N的验证计算表明,本文提出的半解析模型的计算结果具有较强的合理性.

间接驱动相关条件下的大空间尺度对流受激拉曼侧向散射

利用基于光线追踪和对流放大模型的模拟程序PHANTAM,对神光Ⅲ原型装置间接驱动相关条件下的大空间尺度受激拉曼散射进行了研究.模拟结果表明,在该参数条件下,真空腔和充气腔中均会发生较强的对流受激拉曼侧向散射过程.入射光的焦斑大小是影响对流受激拉曼侧向散射的关键因素:在光强保持不变的条件下,真空腔和充气腔中受激拉曼侧向散射的对流增益会随焦斑增大而增大,而在功率保持不变的条件下,会随焦斑增大而减小.因此改变焦斑尺寸是调控受激拉曼侧向散射对流增益的有效途径.

Divergence angle consideration in energy spread measurement for high-quality relativistic electron beam in laser wakefield acceleration

The thorough exploration of the transverse quality represented by divergence angle has been lacking yet in the energy spread measurement of the relativistic electron beam for laser wakefield acceleration(LWFA). In this work, we fill this gap by numerical simulations based on the experimental data, which indicate that in a C-shape magnet, magnetic field possesses the beam focusing effect, considering that the divergence angle will result in an increase in the full width at half maxima(FWHM) of the electron density distribution in a uniformly isotropic manner, while the length-to-width ratio decreases. This indicates that the energy spread obtained from the electron deflection distance is smaller than the actual value, regardless of the divergence angle. A promising and efficient way to accurately correct the value is presented by considering the divergence angle(for instance, for an electron beam with a length-to-width ratio of 1.12, the energy spread correct from 1.2% to 1.5%), providing a reference for developing the high-quality electron beam source.

Real-Time Observation of Instantaneous ac Stark Shift of a Vacuum Using a Zeptosecond Laser Pulse

Based on the numerical solution of the time-dependent Dirac equation,we propose a method to observe in real time the ac Stark shift of a vacuum driven by an ultra-intense laser field.By overlapping the ultra-intense pump pulse with another zeptosecond probe pulse whose photon energy is smaller than 2mc^(2),electron–positron pair creation can be controlled by tuning the time delay between the pump and probe pulses.Since the pair creation rate depends sensitively on the instantaneous vacuum potential,one can reconstruct the ac Stark shift of the vacuum potential according to the time-delay-dependent pair creation rate.

Direct observation of shock-induced phase transformation in polycrystalline iron via in situ x-ray diffraction

Phase transition of polycrystalline iron compressed along the Hugoniot is studied by combining laser-driven shock with in situ x-ray diffraction technique.It is suggested that polycrystalline iron changes from an initial body-centered cubic structure to a hexagonal close-packed structure with increasing pressure(i.e.,a phase transition fromαtoε).The relationship between density and pressure for polycrystalline iron obtained from the present experiments is found to be in good agreement with the gas-gun Hugoniot data.Our results show that experiments with samples at lower temperatures under static loading,such as in a diamond anvil cell,lead to higher densities measured than those found under dynamic loading.This means that extrapolating results of static experiments may not predict the dynamic responses of materials accurately.In addition,neither the face-centered cubic structure seen in previous molecular-dynamics simulations or twophase coexistence are found within our experimental pressure range.

Electromagnetic pulses produced by a picosecond laser interacting with solid targets

A high-power laser ablating solid targets induces giant electromagnetic pulses(EMPs),which are intimately pertinent to laser parameters,such as energy and pulse width.In this study,we reveal the features of EMPs generated from a picosecond(ps)laser irradiating solid targets at the SG-Ⅱpicosecond petawatt(PSPW)laser facility.The laser energy and pulse,as well as target material and thickness,show determinative effects on the EMPs’amplitude.More intense EMPs are detected behind targets compared to those at the other three positions,and the EMP amplitude decreases from 90.09 kV/m to 17.8 kV/m with the gold target thickness increasing from 10μm to 20μm,which is suppressed when the laser pulse width is enlarged.The results are expected to provide more insight into EMPs produced by ps lasers coupling with targets and lay the foundation for an effective EMP shielding design in high-power laser infrastructures.

Ultrafast magneto-optical dynamics in nickel(111)single crystal studied by the integration of ultrafast reflectivity and polarimetry probes

With the integration of ultrafast reflectivity and polarimetry probes,we observed carrier relaxation and spin dynamics induced by ultrafast laser excitation of Ni(111)single crystals.The carrier relaxation time within the linear excitation range reveals that electron-phonon coupling and dissipation of photon energy into the bulk of the crystal take tens of picoseconds.On the other hand,the observed spin dynamics indicate a longer time of about 120 ps.To further understand how the lattice degree of freedom is coupled with these dynamics may require the integration of an ultrafast diffraction probe.

The Boundary Element Method for Ordinary State-Based Peridynamics

The peridynamics(PD),as a promising nonlocal continuum mechanics theory,shines in solving discontinuous problems.Up to now,various numerical methods,such as the peridynamic mesh-free particlemethod(PD-MPM),peridynamic finite element method(PD-FEM),and peridynamic boundary element method(PD-BEM),have been proposed.PD-BEM,in particular,outperforms other methods by eliminating spurious boundary softening,efficiently handling infinite problems,and ensuring high computational accuracy.However,the existing PD-BEM is constructed exclusively for bond-based peridynamics(BBPD)with fixed Poisson’s ratio,limiting its applicability to crack propagation problems and scenarios involving infinite or semi-infinite problems.In this paper,we address these limitations by introducing the boundary element method(BEM)for ordinary state-based peridynamics(OSPD-BEM).Additionally,we present a crack propagationmodel embeddedwithin the framework ofOSPD-BEM to simulate crack propagations.To validate the effectiveness of OSPD-BEM,we conduct four numerical examples:deformation under uniaxial loading,crack initiation in a double-notched specimen,wedge-splitting test,and threepoint bending test.The results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of OSPD-BEM,highlighting its capability to successfully eliminate spurious boundary softening phenomena under varying Poisson’s ratios.Moreover,OSPDBEMsignificantly reduces computational time and exhibits greater consistencywith experimental results compared to PD-MPM.

Development of a monochromatic crystal backlight imager for the recent double-cone ignition experiments

We developed a monochromatic crystal backlight imaging system for the double-cone ignition(DCI) scheme, employing a spherically bent quartz crystal. This system was used to measure the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the head-on colliding plasma from the two compressing cones in the DCI experiments. The influence of laser parameters on the x-ray backlighter intensity and spatial resolution of the imaging system was investigated. The imaging system had a spatial resolution of 10 μm when employing a CCD detector. Experiments demonstrated that the system can obtain time-resolved radiographic images with high quality, enabling the precise measurement of the shape, size, and density distribution of the plasma.

Diagnosis of indirectly driven double shell targets with point-projection hard x-ray radiography

We present an application of short-pulse laser-generated hard x rays for the diagnosis of indirectly driven double shell targets. Coneinserted double shell targets were imploded through an indirect drive approach on the upgraded SG-II laser facility. Then, based on thepoint-projection hard x-ray radiography technique, time-resolved radiography of the double shell targets, including that of their near-peakcompression, were obtained. The backlighter source was created by the interactions of a high-intensity short pulsed laser with a metalmicrowire target. Images of the target near peak compression were obtained with an Au microwire. In addition, radiation hydrodynamicsimulations were performed, and the target evolution obtained agrees well with the experimental results. Using the radiographic images, arealdensities of the targets were evaluated.

Compact ultrafast neutron sources via bulk acceleration of deuteron ions in an optical trap

A scheme for a quasi-monoenergetic high-flux neutron source with femtosecond duration and highly anisotropic angular distribution is proposed.This scheme is based on bulk acceleration of deuteron ions in an optical trap or density grating formed by two counter-propagating laser pulses at an intensity of-10^(16)W~cm^(2)in a near-critical-density plasma.The deuterons are first pre-accelerated to an energy of tens of keV in the ambipolar fields formed in the optical trap.Their energy is boosted to the MeV level by another one or two laser pulses at an intensity of-10^(20)W~cm^(2),enabling fusion reactions to be triggered with high efficiency.In contrast to previously proposed pitcher–catcher configurations,our scheme can provide spatially periodic acceleration structures and effective collisions between deuterons inside the whole target volume.Subsequently,neutrons are generated directly inside the optical trap.Our simulations show that neutron pulses with energy 2–8 MeV,yield 10^(18)–10^(19)n/s,and total number 106–107 in a duration-400 fs can be obtained with a 25μm target.Moreover,the neutron pulses exhibit unique angularly dependent energy spectra and flux distributions,predominantly along the axis of the energy-boosting lasers.Such microsize femtosecond neutron pulses may find many applications,such as high-resolution fast neutron imaging and nuclear physics research.

Fast efficient photon deceleration in plasmas by using two laser pulses at different frequencies

The generation of ultrashort high-power light sources in the mid-infrared(mid-IR)to terahertz(THz)range is of interest for applications in a number of fields,from fundamental research to biology and medicine.Besides conventional laser technology,photon deceleration in plasma wakes provides an alternative approach to the generation of ultrashort mid-IR or THz pulses.Here,we present a photon deceleration scheme for the efficient generation of ultrashort mid-IR or THz pulses by using an intense driver laser pulse with a relatively short wavelength and a signal laser pulse with a relatively long wavelength.The signal pulse trails the driver pulse with an appropriate time delay such that it sits at the front of the second wake bubble that is driven by the driver pulse.Owing to its relatively long wavelength,the signal pulse will be subjected to a large gradient of the refractive index in the plasma wake bubble.Consequently,the photon deceleration in the plasma wake becomes faster and more efficient for signal pulses with longer wavelengths.This greatly enhances the capacity and efficiency of photon deceleration in the generation of ultrashort high-power light sources in the long-wavelength IR and THz spectral ranges.

Growth of ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability induced by time-varying heat-flux perturbation

The evolution of ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability(ARTI)induced by single-mode stationary and time-varying perturbations in heat flux is studied numerically in two dimensions.Compared with the stationary case,time-varying heat-flux perturbation mitigates ARTI growth because of the enhanced thermal smoothing induced by the wave-like traveling heat flux.A resonance is found to form when the phase velocity of the heat-flux perturbation matches the average sound speed in the ablation region.In the resonant regime,the coherent density and temperature fluctuations enhance the electron thermal conduction in the ablation region and lead to larger ablation pressure and effective acceleration,which consequently yield higher linear growth rate and saturated bubble velocity.The enhanced effective acceleration offers increased implosion velocity but can also compromise the integrity of inertial confinement fusion shells by causing faster ARTI growth.

坩埚下降法生长大尺寸Bi_(12)GeO_(20)晶体的宏观缺陷

Bi_(12)GeO_(20)晶体是一种多功能光电材料,在可见光范围内具有高速光折变响应,以及良好的压电、声光、磁光,旋光和电光等性能。目前,提拉法生长Bi_(12)GeO_(20)晶体,存在生长成本高、晶锭形状不规则、生长产率低、晶体光学质量差和有效晶体截面小等问题。本研究率先采用改进的坩埚下降法,在铂金坩埚和空气气氛中生长大尺寸Bi_(12)GeO_(20)晶体。通过各种分析测试方法研究生长获得的Bi_(12)GeO_(20)晶体中宏观缺陷的形态、分布和成分构成,探讨了晶体生长过程中主要宏观缺陷的形成过程和成因。坩埚下降法生长的Bi_(12)GeO_(20)晶体存在两种主要宏观缺陷:枝蔓状和管状包裹体。其中,枝蔓状包裹体与铂金溶蚀后的析晶相关,而管状包裹体与铂金析出、接种界面不稳定性和温度波动有关。本研究提出了消除坩埚下降法生长晶体中宏观缺陷的技术途径,通过降低生长控制温度、缩短高温熔体保持时间和优选籽晶等措施,可重复地生长光学质量良好、55 mm×55 mm×80 mm的大尺寸Bi_(12)GeO_(20)晶体,显著提升晶体的光学透过性能。

等离子体控制优化激光烧结Ni_(30)Cr_(25)Al_(15)Co_(15)Mo_(5)Ti_(5)Y_(5)高熵合金涂层的显微组织与性能

提出一种激光诱导等离子体的主动抑制方法,以优化Ni_(30)Cr_(25)Al_(15)Co_(15)Mo_(5)Ti_(5)Y_(5)高熵合金(HEA)涂层表面激光烧结(SLS)的晶体结构和摩擦学性能,该过程采用脉冲激光和不同保护气体。结果表明,无保护气体或He气氛下的电子温度(T_(e))和等离子体射流体积均高于Ar-He气氛下的。SLS过程中发生明显的相变和金属原子扩散,α-AlFe_(3)、α-AlNi和γ-AlFe_(2)Ni化合物沉淀形成冶金结合。等离子体通过逆韧致辐射(IB)吸收较低能量加强激光与HEA之间的相互作用,使涂层显微硬度增加,动态摩擦因数降低,这说明等离子体控制对激光增材制造存在重要影响。

强激光与近临界密度等离子体相互作用中的无碰撞静电冲击波产生

本文通过一维粒子模拟(particle-in-cell)方法研究了强激光与近临界密度等离子体相互作用中的弱冲击波和强冲击波产生,并讨论了非相对论和相对论光强以及等离子体密度分布区间对无碰撞冲击波形成的影响.非相对论的弱驱动光与等离子体相互作用产生的是弱冲击波.由于电子加热不充分,电子能谱呈现出双温分布.较低温度的电子对弱冲击波的形成以及质子反射加速有重要作用.弱冲击波加速质子的能谱呈连续分布.在等离子体密度上升沿区间较大时,可观察到后孤子结构向离子声波结构演化并进一步演化为弱冲击波结构的过程.在相对论的强驱动光强下,电子加热比较充分可达到相对论温度,且呈现出单温分布.进一步分析密度分布区间大小对冲击波形成的影响时发现:1)当等离子体密度上升沿区间较大时,离子声波的势垒易被热电子屏蔽且离子声波结构在传输的过程中容易被后续的激光破坏而无法演化为无碰撞冲击波;2)当等离子密度分布区间较小时,离子声波中加速电场的有效距离(即德拜长度)和持续时间更长,这导致其结构在传输过程中更加稳定.当离子声波中加速的质子与靶后鞘层场加速的质子之间的速度差满足无碰撞冲击波的离子反射条件时,离子声波进一步演化为强的无碰撞冲击波,同时产生了准单能的质子.

激光烧蚀固体碳氢材料的离子组分分离研究

本文从双离子组分等离子体的Landau-Fokker-Planck方程出发,通过Chapman-Enskog方法约化得到离子输运方程,求得双离子组分等离子体的离子输运系数,给出了计及离子扩散的完备离子流体方程;再结合一维辐射流体力学程序Multi-1D模拟得到的烧蚀层的宏观状态,研究了激光烧蚀固体碳氢材料时的组分分离现象.计算结果显示,离子组分分离对等离子体流体演化的影响小,基本可以忽略;但对于敏感依赖于离子组分的其他物理过程,如汤姆孙散射,离子组分分离的影响显著,这意味着研究激光等离子体相互作用时,离子组分分离必须予以考虑.

强激光与亚临界密度等离子体相互作用中的近前向散射驱动光子加速机制

通过二维粒子模拟(particle-in-cell)方法研究了强激光与亚临界密度等离子体相互作用中的近前向光子加速机制.该机制利用强激光在亚临界密度气体传输过程中的电离效应产生在纵向和横向上密度分布不均匀的电子等离子体.在纵向上,入射激光电离氦气产生一个陡峭的电子密度前沿分布.在密度前沿处,入射激光与电子等离子体波作用发生近前向散射.散射光频率较激光频率增大,在频谱中产生了第一个特征峰.在横向上,密度不均匀造成电子等离子体波具有不同的相速度并与入射激光相互作用,使入射激光发生近前向散射,在频谱中产生了第2个特征峰.由于密度分布的不均匀性较电子等离子体波的密度扰动大得多,因此基于微扰理论的散射模型和色散关系,如受激拉曼散射,无法解释频谱中两个特征峰的出现.进一步研究发现:在密度不均匀的情况下,入射激光、电子等离子体波和散射光三者之间仍满足动量和能量守恒的三波耦合关系.这能够解释两个特征峰对应的频率和强度增长过程.该研究对于强激光在亚临界密度气体传输过程中的频谱演化具有重要参考意义.