A sensing system in the near infrared region has been developed for ammonia sensing based on the wavelength modulation spectroscopy （WMS） principle. The WMS is a rather sensitive technique for detecting atomic/molec...A sensing system in the near infrared region has been developed for ammonia sensing based on the wavelength modulation spectroscopy （WMS） principle. The WMS is a rather sensitive technique for detecting atomic/molecular species, presenting the advantage that it can be used in the near-infrared region by using the optical telecommunications technology. In this technique, the laser wavelength and intensity were modulated by applying a sine wave signal through the injection current, which allowed the shift of the detection bandwidth to higher frequencies where laser intensity noise was typically lower. Two multi-pass cells based on free space light propagation with 160 cm and 16 cm of optical path length were used, allowing the redundancy operation and technology validation. This system used a diode laser with an emission wavelength at 1512.21nm, where NH3 has a strong absorption line. The control of the NH3 gas sensing system, as well as acquisition, processing and data presentation was performed.展开更多
Dealing with scarcity events is nowadays gaining relevance in electricity market studies, as traditionally predictable generation and consumption patterns are fading. Policymakers and system planners use therefore ade...Dealing with scarcity events is nowadays gaining relevance in electricity market studies, as traditionally predictable generation and consumption patterns are fading. Policymakers and system planners use therefore adequacy studies to a) understand if the current market design will attract sufficient generation capacity to meet electricity demand in the future and b) to comprehend what drives system inadequacy or resource scarcity when future scenarios lack adequate capacity. This work addressed the latter and showcases a first in-its-kind rulebased methodology that filters scarcity events from a large set of electricity market simulations. In this proof-of-concept, a rule-mining algorithm is applied to outputs from ENTSO-E’s Pan-European electricity market model, which is run for 700 model scenarios, each covering 8760 time steps. The developed methodology shows how to unveil potential reasons behind scarcity events in an automated, interpretable, and scalable manner.展开更多
文摘A sensing system in the near infrared region has been developed for ammonia sensing based on the wavelength modulation spectroscopy （WMS） principle. The WMS is a rather sensitive technique for detecting atomic/molecular species, presenting the advantage that it can be used in the near-infrared region by using the optical telecommunications technology. In this technique, the laser wavelength and intensity were modulated by applying a sine wave signal through the injection current, which allowed the shift of the detection bandwidth to higher frequencies where laser intensity noise was typically lower. Two multi-pass cells based on free space light propagation with 160 cm and 16 cm of optical path length were used, allowing the redundancy operation and technology validation. This system used a diode laser with an emission wavelength at 1512.21nm, where NH3 has a strong absorption line. The control of the NH3 gas sensing system, as well as acquisition, processing and data presentation was performed.
文摘Dealing with scarcity events is nowadays gaining relevance in electricity market studies, as traditionally predictable generation and consumption patterns are fading. Policymakers and system planners use therefore adequacy studies to a) understand if the current market design will attract sufficient generation capacity to meet electricity demand in the future and b) to comprehend what drives system inadequacy or resource scarcity when future scenarios lack adequate capacity. This work addressed the latter and showcases a first in-its-kind rulebased methodology that filters scarcity events from a large set of electricity market simulations. In this proof-of-concept, a rule-mining algorithm is applied to outputs from ENTSO-E’s Pan-European electricity market model, which is run for 700 model scenarios, each covering 8760 time steps. The developed methodology shows how to unveil potential reasons behind scarcity events in an automated, interpretable, and scalable manner.
