Identification of Microorganisms in Poultry Farms in N’djamena and the Border Areas of Hadjer-Lamis and Chari-Baguirmi Chad

Introduction: On the outskirts of Ndjamena, semi-industrial poultry farming and traditional poultry farming are practised informally on almost all poultry farms in Chad. This type of poultry farming is faced with real health problems attributable to a lack of monitoring of the vaccination schedule, inadequate compliance with biosecurity measures and poor application of the Ichikawa rule based on the 5 M’s. Objective: The aim of this article is to identify the microorganisms responsible for contamination of poultry farms in the study area. Method: The study was carried out from 28/04/2022 to 31/01/2023 on the basis of 300 samples taken from feed, drinking water, droppings and scrapings from poultry housing surfaces in the 30 farms that served as a framework for our research. Sampling was of the simple random type, and farms were selected on the basis of the farmers’ consent. The data were recorded on pre-established survey forms. Our study was cross-sectional, descriptive and prospective. Bacteria were isolated using the reference method NF EN ISO 6579 for Salmonella spp. and cultured on the specific medium eosin methylene blue (EMB) for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and Citrobacter freundii. Results: The following results emerged from this study: Escherichia coli (5.33%), Pseudomonas (1.33%), Citrobacter freundii (12%) and Salmonella paratyphi (21.68%). Conclusion: Of the 300 samples analysed, 121 (40.33%) were contaminated with pathogens. This high level of contamination is a health problem. The study shows that biosecurity is less satisfactory on the farms visited. Nevertheless, farms with a very satisfactory level of biosafety ensure food safety and variety for the population.

Predictors of happiness among Iranian nurses

Objectives:This study aimed to assess happiness and its predictors among a group of Iranian hospital nurses.Methods:This cross-sectional study was done in 2016 on 620 hospital nurses who worked in five teaching hospitals affiliated to Kashan University of Medical Sciences,Kashan,Iran.Nurses were recruited through the census method.Data collection instruments were a researcher-made demographic and occupational characteristics questionnaire,the Oxford Happiness Inventory,and the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire.Data analysis was done through stepwise multiple linear regression analysis.Results:Among 620 recruited nurses,422 returned their questionnaires completely filled.The mean of their happiness was 123.4±18.4 in the possible score range of 29-174.The significant predictors of happiness were satisfaction with mental health,monthly salary,satisfaction with salary,quality of life,current hospital ward,the length of working in the current ward,work shift,age,job satisfaction,and satisfaction with physicians'conduct and performance.These variables explained 50.3%of the total variance of happiness.Satisfaction with mental health had the greatest proportion in explaining the variance of happiness.Conclusion:Nurses in teaching hospitals in Kashan,Iran,have moderate happiness.Their happiness is affected by different factors,particularly by satisfaction with their mental health.Health policy-makers and authorities,in developing workforce-related plans and programs,need to pay special attention to nurses'happiness and its contributing factors.

The Focus on “Deeply Studying and Implementing the Spirit of the 20th Rights Development” CPC National Congress and Adhering to the Chinese Path of Human

on November 8, 2022, the China Society for Human Rights Studies held a seminar in Beijing on “Deeply Studying and Implementing the Spirit of the 20th CPC National Congress and Adhering to the Chinese Path of Human Rights Development”. Padma Choling, vice chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress and president of the China Society for Human Rights Studies, addressed the event. The participating experts and scholars focused on studying and implementing the spirit of the 20th CPC National Congress and conducted in-depth interpretations of the macro and micro issues centered on the Chinese path of human rights development from multiple perspectives. Here are excerpts from some of the experts’ discussions for reference. Selected papers include Dai Jitao’s “on Using the Constitutional Way of Thinking to Promote Allaround Development of Human Rights”, Gong Xianghe’s “Committed to the Chinese Path of Human Rights Development Featuring a Coordinated Relationship between Human Rights and Economic Development”, He Zhipeng’s “Core Elements of the Chinese Path of Human Rights Development”, Hua Guoyu’s “The Logic of China’s Human Rights Development in the New Era”, Li Chaoqun’s “The People-centered Discourses in the Chinese Human Rights Discourse System”, Zhang Aining’s “The Chinese Modernization: A Chinese Path Empowered by the Right to Development”, and Yang Bochao’s “The Cultures and Values of the Times Underlying the View of Human Rights in Contemporary China”. It is hoped that this collection of papers will help in studying and implementing the spirit of the 20th CPC National Congress and in understanding the important discourses on respecting and protecting the human rights, as Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC) Central Committee, has said.

新型电子镇流器控制芯片IR2156

介绍了一款低成本、多功能电子镇流器控制芯片IR2156,其主要应用于紧凑型节能灯和普通荧光灯的电子镇流器。详细给出了该芯片的特点、电参数、工作原理和应用。

Delineation of Mesoscale Features of Ocean on Satellite IR Image

An ICSED (Improved Cluster Shade Edge-Detection) algorithm and a series of post-processing technique are discussed for automatic delineation of mesoscale structure of the ocean on digital IR images. The popular derivative-based edge operators are shown to be too sensitive to edge fine-structure and to weak gradients. The new edge-detection algorithm is ICSED (Improved Cluster Shade Edge-detection) method and it is found to be an excel lent edge detector that exhibits the characteristic of fine-structure rejection while retaining edge sharpness. This char acteristic is highly desirable for analyzing oceanographic satellite images. A sorting technique for separating clouds or land well from ocean at both day and night is described in order to obtain high quality mesoscale features on the IR image This procedure is evaluated on an AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) image with Kuroshio. Results and analyses show that the mesoscale features can be well identified by using ICSED algorithm.

Ir-Ru-Sn掺杂电极电催化法处理苯酚废水的实验研究

实验研究了以Ir-Ru-Sn掺杂电极为阳极、不锈钢板为阴极的电催化降解模拟苯酚废水。分别考察了废水初始pH值、极板电压、极板间距、初始液的浓度及曝气等因素对电催化处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,Ir-Ru-Sn掺杂电极对苯酚的电催化降解具有很好的适应性;降解特征为表观一级动力学;曝气的存在可以有效提高传质动力,但对苯酚的降解率的提高贡献不大。采用该电极时适宜的工艺条件是:初始液的pH值为3,极板电压为36V,极板间距为1.0cm,反应时间为180min,在此条件下苯酚的去除率达到了97.97%以上。

On Accurate Detection of Oceanic Features from Satellite IR Data Using ICSED Method

ICSED (Improved Cluster Shade Edge Detection) algorithm and other various methods to accurately and efficiently detect edges on satellite data are presented. Error rate criterion is used to statistically evaluate the performances of these methods in detecting oceanic features for both noise free and noise contaminated AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) IR image with Kuroshio. Also, practical experiments in detecting the eddy of Kuroshio with these methods are carried out for comparison. Results show that the ICSED algorithm has more advantages than other methods in detecting mesoscale features of ocean. Finally, the effectiveness of window size of ICSED method to oceanic features detection is quantitatively discussed.

Solution of Dirac equation for Eckart potential and trigonometric Manning Rosen potential using asymptotic iteration method

The Dirac equation for Eckart potential and trigonometric Manning Rosen potential with exact spin symmetry is obtained using an asymptotic iteration method. The combination of the two potentials is substituted into the Dirac equation, then the variables are separated into radial and angular parts. The Dirac equation is solved by using an asymptotic iteration method that can reduce the second order differential equation into a differential equation with substitution variables of hypergeometry type. The relativistic energy is calculated using Matlab 2011. This study is limited to the case of spin symmetry. With the asymptotic iteration method, the energy spectra of the relativistic equations and equations of orbital quantum number l can be obtained, where both are interrelated between quantum numbers. The energy spectrum is also numerically solved using the Matlab software, where the increase in the radial quantum number nr causes the energy to decrease. The radial part and the angular part of the wave function are defined as hypergeometry functions and visualized with Matlab 2011. The results show that the disturbance of a combination of the Eckart potential and trigonometric Manning Rosen potential can change the radial part and the angular part of the wave function.

Thermo-mechanical properties of mullite–zirconia composites derived from reaction sintering of zircon and sillimanite beach sand: Effect of CaO

Mullite–zirconia composites containing 20% zirconia（mass fraction） were prepared by reaction sintering route utilizing Indian coastal zircon flour and sillimanite beach sand. 4%-12% of CaO（mole fraction） with respect to zirconia was used as additive. The effect of additive on densification, microstructure as well as various mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties was studied. Incorporation of CaO reduced the densification temperature of the composites to 1550 ℃ compared to 1600 ℃（for CaO free samples）. CaO formed small amount of liquid phase（calcium aluminosilicate）, which facilitated sintering. Average grain size of the composites decreased up to 4% CaO addition, afterwards grain size increased with further addition of CaO. Samples with 4% CaO exhibited ～225 MPa of flexural strength, ～6 MPa·m^1/2 of fracture toughness and significant improvement in thermal shock resistance. CaO stabilized the tetragonal zirconia phase and thus improved the mechanical properties.

利用IR2153实现电子镇流器的预热和无灯保护功能

在IR2153外围增加少量元器件,可实现电子镇流器的预热和无灯负载时的保护功能,叙述了其工作原理。

SOFC composite electrolyte based on LSGM-8282 and zirconia or doped zirconia from zircon concentrate

The aim of this research is to study zirconia-based electrolyte materials to increase the commercial value of zircon concentrate as a side product of fin mining industries. Synthesis of CaO-Y2O3-ZrO2 （CYZ） and 8mol% Y2O3-ZrO2 （8YSZ） was carried out by solid state reaction. The result shows that ZrO2 presents in tetragonal phase. Doping of Y203 into ZrO2 allows a phase transformation from tetragonal into cubic structure with small percentage of monoclinic phase. Meanwhile, doping of CaO-Y2O3 allows a phase transformation into a single cubic phase. These phase transformations enhance the ionic conductivity of the material. Introduction of 10wt% of LSGM-8282 into CYZ （CYZ-L90：10） allows further improvement of inter-grain contact shown by SEM morphological analysis and leads to the enhancement of ionic conductivity.

IR推出IRS44273L低侧栅极驱动IC

国际整流器公司（InternationalRectifier，简称IR）推出采用SOT-23—5L高精密封装的IRS44273I低侧栅极驱动IC，能够有效提供高驱动能力。IRS44273I．易于使用，为IGBT及MOSFET栅极驱动器掳供简便的解决方案，可以在最小的电路板上，提供典型1．5A拉电流和灌电流能力、快速开关性能及集威式欠压锁定保护功能。

IR全新600V IGBT提供更高功率密度和效率

国际整流器公司（IR）推出600V绝缘栅双极晶体管系列，适合在10kHz以下工作的电机驱动应用，包括冰箱和空调的压缩机。IR新一代Gen 7F器件采用击穿沟道式技术，能够为特定的工作频率提供更高功率密度，以及经过优化的传导和开关损耗。

IR推出60VIR4321M和IR4322M集成式功率模块

国际整流器公司（IR）推出单通道IR4321M和双通道IR4322M集成式功率模块以扩充PowlRaudioTM系列。全新60VIR4321M和IR4322M与现有产品相辅相成，为汽车音响系统、桌面音响系统、有源音箱和带有集成放大器的乐器等应用内的低负载阻抗D类音频系统提升功率容量。

IR近日推出全新D类音频芯片组

International Rectifier，（简称IR）近日推出全新D类音频芯片组，内含IRS20965数字音频驱动器IC，可提供受保护的脉冲宽度调制（PWM）开关和完整的音频MOSFET，旨在为高性能D类音频放大器产品作出优化。

IR在新加坡开设先进超薄晶圆加工厂

国际整流器公司（InternationalRectifier，简称IR）宣布其位于新加坡的全新先进超薄晶圆加工厂（IRSG）已投入初始生产。

聚焦亚洲IR

《IR Magazine》旗下的调研部门IR Insight为我们揭示了投资界对亚洲公司投资者关系建设的前五大愿望。该调查结果显示，亚洲IR仍有需要提升的空间。

Application of Whey Permeate Fermented with Kefir Grains for the Shelf-Life Improvement of Food and Feed

Fungal contamination by Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus causes negative effects on the production of food cereals. Kefir is an ancient fermented beverage obtained by the fermentation of different substrates with kefir grains. An important waste produced by the dairy cheese industry is the whey permeate, which nowadays is a strong ambient contaminant. The aim of this work was the standardization of the whey permeate fermenting conditions with kefir grains, the assessment of the antifungal activity of the cell-free-supernatants (CFS) from these fermentations and to compare it with that obtained with CFS of milk fermented with kefir grains. Finally, we studied if the addition of kefir fermented whey permeate to food (bread) and feed (poultry) could produce shelf life improvement. The optimal condition to obtain CFS with fungicidal effect was a fermentation with 10% w/v of kefir grains, at 30°C, for 24 hours until a pH 3.7. We found that CFS from whey permeate caused fungal inhibition, whereas CFS of kefir grains grown in milk showed lower antifungal activity. Additionally, the addition of kefir-fermented whey permeates in food (bread) and feed (poultry) improved their resistance to fungal contamination. This is the first report about the application of kefir-fermented whey permeate to improve the shelf life, suggesting its potential use as a biopreservative.

Characterization and frequency of antibiotic resistance related to membrane porin and efflux pump genes among Acinetobacter baumannii strains obtained from burn patients in Tehran, Iran

Objective: To explore the characterization and frequency of antibiotic resistance related to membrane porin and efflux pump genes among Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) strains obtained from burn patients in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 100 strains of A. baumannii isolated from burn patients visiting teaching hospitals of Tehran were collected from January 2016 to November 2017. After A. baumannii strains were confirmed, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done via Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. PCR amplification was performed for detection of β-lactamase adeR, OprD, adeS genes among A. baumannii strains. Results: All isolates (100%) were resistant to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, and piperacillin, and most isolates indicated high resistance (95%-97%) to meropenem, imipenem, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, and tetracycline. The most effective antibiotic against A. baumannii isolates was colistin (97% sensitivity), followed by tigecycline. The frequency of OprD, adeS, and adeR genes were 98%, 91%, and 77%, respectively. Conclusions: This study shows that the majority of A. baumannii isolates are highly resistant to the antibiotics most commonly used in burn patients. Also, high distribution of OprD and adeRS genes may be responsible for the observed resistances among A. baumannii isolates that demonstrate the possible role of both efflux pumps in simultaneous of carbapenemase production during antibiotic resistance.

Contribution to Knowledge of Food Formulation during Lean Periods in the Provinces of Wadi-Fira and West-Ennedi (Chad)

The effects of climate change have had a major impact on forage availability in the Sahel and Saharan regions of Chad in recent years. This has led to the migration of farmers in search of long-distance grazing, thus impacting the potential of the animals to produce good quality milk and meat. It is with this in mind that this study was conducted on the knowledge of feeding practices of animals in the provinces of Wadi-Fira and West-Ennedi (Chad) during the lean period. More specifically, it is a question of collecting some information on the plants consumed by the animals and the way in which the breeders formulate the food ration of their herds in times of deficit. It emerges from this investigation that the herds of animals in the province of Wadi-Fira faced with forage deficit and adapted by consuming the leaves, fruits and seeds of certain tropical plants such as Capparis decidua, Ziziphus mauritiana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia tortilis, Boscia senegalensis, Salvadora percica and Tribulis terristris to compensate for food shortages. This same observation was made in the province of West-Ennedi, since this area is desert with annual precipitation of 150 mm. Natural pasture is only available around water points (ouadis and oasis) in a small area with a high number of herds. Thus, the herds also face a drastic lack of grazing during the deficit periods. However, they adapt by consuming the leaves, fruits and seeds of plants such as Bauhinia sp., Boscia senegalenis, Acacia tortilis, Tribulis terristris, Boscia angustifolia, Bicoma tomentosa, Blepharis linarifolia and Aristida funiculata during lean periods to meet their food requirements. The formulation of the feed ration for animals differs from one area to another. It is mainly based on residues from cereals such as millet (Panicum miliaceum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor).