Petrology,geochronology,and geophysical characterization of Mesoproterozoic rocks in central Illinois,USA

The Precambrian basement rocks of the Eastern Granite-Rhyolite Province(EGRP)in central Illinois(midcontinent region of North America)exhibit a complex history of early volcanism,granite emplacement,and intrusion of mafic rocks.A comprehensive suite of dedicated petrographic analyses,geophysical logs,and drill core from four basement-penetrating wells,two-dimensional and three-dimensional seismic reflection data,and U-Pb age data from the Illinois Basin–Decatur Project(IBDP)and Illinois Carbon Capture Storage(ICCS)Project site provide new constraints for interpreting the Precambrian basement of the Illinois Basin.These new data reveal the basement to be compositionally and structurally complex,having typical EGRP felsic volcanic rocks intruded by the first reported gabbro in the Precambrian basement in Illinois.Zircons(n?29)from rhyolite give a U-Pb weighted mean average age of 14679 Ma.Zircons(n?3)from a gabbro dike that intrudes the rhyolite yield a concordia age of 107312 Ma,which corresponds to Grenville-age extension and represents the first Grenville-age rock in Illinois and in the EGRP.A high-resolution three-dimensional seismic reflection volume,coincident with the four wells,provides a context for interpreting the petrological data and implies a high degree of heterogeneity for basement rocks at the IBDP–ICCS site,as also shown by the drill cores.The occurrence of Grenville-age gabbro is related to a prominent bowl-like structure observed on local two-dimensional seismic reflection profiles and the three-dimensional volume that is interpreted as a deep-seated mafic sill complex.Furthermore,heterogeneities such as the brecciated EGRP rhyolite and later gabbro intrusion observed in the basement lithology at the IBDP–ICCS may reflect previously unknown distal elements of the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift in the EGRP and more likely Grenville-age extension.

Modeling the Sediment Fill of the Upper Troy Pre-Glacial Bedrock Valley, McHenry County, Illinois, USA

The Troy Bedrock Valley (TBV) and its tributary valleys are the principal pre-glacial drainage in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois, USA. This study focused on the headwaters of a tributary that occurs in McHenry County, IL. Drilling, geophysical surveys, and the analysis of existing geologic and water well data were used to determine the lithologic and geometric characteristics of the sediments that fill the paleovalley. A 3D geologic model of these sediments was then developed in Petrel. More than 65 m of Quaternary sediments filled the paleovalley. The model domain covers approximately 30 km2. The valley drains to the west and meanders, which is distinct from the straight course of the overlying modern Kishwaukee River. The sediments that filled the valley were subdivided into five units. These units include Illinois-age Glasford Formation coarse-grained proglacial outwash and alluvial deposits (GS2, GS1) and fine-grained lacustrine and diamicton deposits (G2 and G1). The Wisconsin-age Henry Formation sand and gravel cap the valley fill, and Cahokia alluvium buries everything.

Adapted Metrics for a Modified Coulomb/Newton’s Potential

Modified Theories of Gravity include spin dependence in General Relativity, to account for additional sources of gravity instead of dark matter/energy approach. The spin-spin interaction is already included in the effective nuclear force potential, and theoretical considerations and experimental evidence hint to the hypothesis that Gravity originates from such an interaction, under an averaging process over spin directions. This invites to continue the line of theory initiated by Einstein and Cartan, based on tetrads and spin effects modeled by connections with torsion. As a first step in this direction, the article considers a new modified Coulomb/Newton Law accounting for the spin-spin interaction. The physical potential is geometrized through specific affine connections and specific semi-Riemannian metrics, canonically associated to it, acting on a manifold or at the level of its tangent bundle. Freely falling particles in these “toy Universes” are determined, showing an interesting behavior and unexpected patterns.

保幼激素的代谢

保幼激素的代谢由保幼激素酯酶、保幼激素环氧水解酶和保幼激素二醇激酶等共同催化完成。在这些代谢酶的作用下 ,保幼激素代谢成保幼激素酸、保幼激素二醇、保幼激素酸二醇和保幼激素二醇磷酸。作者总结了保幼激素代谢的研究方法 ;按实验室和昆虫种类为线索 ,归纳和概括了每一种保幼激素代谢酶的研究进程 ;对保幼激素酯酶和保幼激素环氧水解酶作了序列分析 ;

环孢菌素A对三种淋巴因子生物活性及其基因表达的影响

环孢菌素A抑制了用ConA和PMA在体外诱导小鼠脾淋巴细胞分泌的白细胞介素2、白细胞介素3和粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子,这种抑制作用与这些淋巴因子的信使核糖核酸的基因表述受到抑制有关。

基于近似方法的抽样报文流数估计算法

维护每个报文的流记录需要占用大量测量资源.目前已有多种抽样技术估计网络流统计信息,然而精确地估计出流数统计信息是目前的研究难点.提出了Integral和Iteration两种基于报文抽样样本估计网络流数的算法.Integral算法只需使用抽样流长为1的流数信息就可以近似推导出未抽样的流数.Iteration算法通过建立迭代函数估计未抽样流数,然后根据未抽样流数和已抽样的流数推断出原始流量的流数.采用CERNET(China education andresearch network)骨干网络链路数据将这两种算法与EM(expectation maximization)算法进行对比,表明Iteration算法具有较好的精度和性能.

老化对小鼠激活淋巴细胞分泌白细胞介素3及其mRNA表达的影响

本实验测定老化对小鼠激活淋巴细胞分泌白细胞介素3(Interleukin 3,IL-3)和其基因表达的影响。结果5月龄与37月龄小鼠相比较,后者IL-3活性下降79.3％,IL-3mRNA水平下降74％,二者IL-3mRNA水平高峰均位于Con A刺激培养后20h。Northern印迹分析证明,4月龄与27月龄小鼠IL-3mRNA的位置均无移动。用ConA刺激4组不同年龄小鼠的脾淋巴细胞,比较其IL-2和IL-3活性及其mRNA水平,证明二淋巴因子随着年龄增加而逐渐下降的水平具有平行性。

基于TAM和感知风险的城市居民再生水回用行为影响因素研究

快速的城市化进程和社会经济发展造成了水资源紧缺和水环境污染,再生水作为一种重要的替代水资源无疑是解决该问题的有效途径。文章将技术接受模型(TAM)和感知风险理论引入再生水回用行为研究领域,建立城市居民再生水回用行为影响因素的理论模型,并提出相应的研究假设。利用问卷收集数据,并对523份有效样本数据的信度与效度进行了验证,在此基础上,采用结构方程对理论模型进行了实证检验。结果表明:(1)感知易用性和感知有用性会影响公众的再生水回用行为态度;(2)公众对再生水的潜在风险意识会显著负向影响其再生水回用行为态度;(3)公众的再生水回用行为态度能显著影响其行为意愿,且还是感知易用性、感知有用性、感知风险作用于行为意愿的中介变量。

Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of Locusta migratoria eggs at different embryonic stages: Comparison for diapause and non-diapause regimes

Temperate-zone insects typically survive winter by entering diapause. Although many aspects of insect diapause have been studied, the underlying molecular mechanism of insect diapause is not well understood. Here we report the results of the transcriptional and translational differences of migratory locust eggs at different embryonic states using diapause （low temperature） and non-diapause （high temperature） regimes. Compared with non-diapause eggs at 100 degree-days （N2） treatment, 29671 transcripts and 296 proteins were differentially expressed at the diapause maintenance stage （D2）. While compared with 150 degree-days （N3） treatment, 45 922 transcripts and 404 proteins were differentially expressed in the post-diapause stage （D3）. Among them, 51 and 102 transcripts had concurrent transcription and translation profiles in D2 vs. N2 and D3 vs. N3 treatments, respectively. Analysis of Gene Ontology categorized these genes and proteins into three categories： biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Biological pathway analysis indicat- ed that three pathways： （1） insect hormone biosynthesis （KEGG： Map 00981）, （2） the insulin signaling pathway （KEGG： Map 04910）, and （3） the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor （PPAR） signaling pathway （KEGG： Map 03320） play an important role in locust diapause regulation. Most of these transcripts and proteins were up-regulated in the diapause treatments, and were highly linked to juvenile hormone biosynthesis, insulin and PPAR signaling pathways, suggesting these three pathways may be Jnvolved Jn diapause and development regulation. This study demonstrates the applicability of high-throughput omics tools to identify biochemical pathways linked to diapause in locust egg development. In addition, it reveals that cellular metabolism in diapause eggs is more inactive than in non-diapause eggs, and most of the down-reg- ulated enzymes and pathways are related to reduce energy loss.

Coordination Control of Greenhouse Environmental Factors

Optimal control of greenhouse climate is one of the key techniques in digital agriculture.Greenhouse climate,a nonlinear and uncertain system,consists of several major environmental factors such as temperature,humidity,light intensity,and CO 2 concentration.Due to the complex coupled correlations,it is a challenge to achieve coordination control of greenhouse environmental factors.This paper proposes a model-free coordination control approach for greenhouse environmental factors based on Q-learning.Coordination control policy is found through systematic interaction with the dynamic environment to achieve optimal control for greenhouse climate with the control cost constraints.In order to decrease systematic trial-and-error risk and reduce the computational complexity in Q-learning algorithm,case-based reasoning （CBR） is seamlessly incorporated into the Q-learning process.The experimental results demonstrate that this approach is practical,highly effective and efficient.

QMCR:A Q-Learning-Based Multi-Hop Cooperative Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Routing plays a critical role in data transmission for underwater acoustic sensor networks(UWSNs)in the internet of underwater things(IoUT).Traditional routing methods suffer from high end-toend delay,limited bandwidth,and high energy consumption.With the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms,many researchers apply these new methods to improve the quality of routing.In this paper,we propose a Qlearning-based multi-hop cooperative routing protocol(QMCR)for UWSNs.Our protocol can automatically choose nodes with the maximum Q-value as forwarders based on distance information.Moreover,we combine cooperative communications with Q-learning algorithm to reduce network energy consumption and improve communication efficiency.Experimental results show that the running time of the QMCR is less than one-tenth of that of the artificial fish-swarm algorithm(AFSA),while the routing energy consumption is kept at the same level.Due to the extremely fast speed of the algorithm,the QMCR is a promising method of routing design for UWSNs,especially for the case that it suffers from the extreme dynamic underwater acoustic channels in the real ocean environment.

Patellar tendon stress between two variations of the forward step lunge

Background: Patellar tendinopathy(PT) or "jumper's knee" is generally found in active populations that perform jumping activities. Graded exposure of patellar tendon, stress through functional exercise has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of PT. However, no studies have compared how anterior knee displacement variations during the commonly performed forward step lunge(FSL) affect patellar tendon stress.Methods:Twenty-five subjects(age: 22.69 ± 0.74 years; height: 169.39 ± 6.44 cm; mass: 61.55 ± 9.74 kg) performed 2 variations of an FSL with the anterior knee motion going in front of the toes(FSL-FT) and the knee remaining behind the toes(FSL-BT). Kinematic and kinetic data were used with an inverse-dynamics based static optimization technique to estimate individual muscle forces to determine patellar tendon stress during both lunge techniques. A repeated measures multivariate analysis was used to analyze these data.Results: The peak patellar tendon stress, stress impulse, quadriceps force, knee moment, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion angle were significantly greater(p< 0.001) during the FSL-FT as compared to the FSL-BT. The peak patellar tendon stress rate did not differ between the FSL-FT and FSL-BT.Conclusion: The use of an FSL-FT as compared to an FSL-BT increased the load and stress on the patellar tendon. Because a graded exposure of patellar tendon loading with other closed kinetic chain exercises has proven to be effective in treating PT, consideration for the prescription of variations of the FSL and further clinical evaluation of this exercise is warranted in individuals with PT.

Variation of Hyporheic Temperature Profiles in a Low Gradient Third-Order Agricultural Stream—A Statistical Approach

Sediment size governs advection, controlling the hydraulic conductivity of the stratum, and conduction, influencing the amount of surface area in contact between the sediment particles. To understand the role of sediment particle size on thermal profiles within the hyporheic zone, a statistical approach, involving general summary statistics and time series cross-correlation, was employed. Data were collected along two riffles: Site 1: gravel (d50 = 3.9 mm) and Site 2: sand (d50 =0.94 mm).Temperature probe grids collected 15-minute temperature data at 30, 60, 90, and140cm below the streambed surface over a 6 month period. Surface water and air temperature were recorded. Diel temperature signal penetration depth was limited to the upper 30cm of the streambed and was driven by advection. Surface seasonal trends were detected at greater depths, indicating that thermal pulses are transmitted initially by advection and by conduction to areas deeper in the hyporheic zone. Site 1 showed a high degree of thermal heterogeneity via a localized downwelling zone within a gaining stream environment. Site 2 exhibited a vertically and horizontally homogenized thermal environment attributed to an increased amount of sand sediments that limited advection and significant groundwater discharge that mediated the effects of downwelling surface water.

Calcite twinning strain variations across the Proterozoic Grenville orogen and Keweenaw-Kapuskasing inverted foreland,USA and Canada

We report the calcite twinning strain results of a traverse across the Grenville orogen from Parry Sound,Ontario(NW)to Ft.Ann,New York(SE),including the younger,adjacent Ordovician Taconic allochthon.Fifty four carbonates(marbles,calcite veins,Ordovician limestone)were collected resulting in 68 strain analyses on mechanically twinned calcite(n=2337 grains)across the Central Gneiss Belt(CGB;3 samples),the Central Metasedimentary Belt(CMB;27 samples),the Central Granulite Terrane(CGT;Adirondack's;13 samples)and the Ottawan Orogenic Lid(OOL;11 samples).Twinning strains in the greenschist-grade OOL marbles preserve N-S shortening and U-Pb titanite ages(~1150 Ma;n=4)document these marbles formed during the Shawinigan(1190-1140 Ma)part of the Grenville orogen.From northwest to southeast,the Ottawan(1095-1020 Ma)twinning strain is dominantly a layerparallel shortening fabric oriented N-S(Parry Sound),then becomes parallel to the Grenville thrust direction(NW-SE)across the CMB to the Adirondack Highlands where the sub-horizontal shortening strain becomes margin-parallel(SW-NE).Within the regional sample suite there are two areas studied in detail,the Bancroft shear zone(n=11)and a roadcut on the southeast side of the Adirondack Mountains(Ft.Ann,NY;n=8).Marbles from the Bancroft shear zone contain calcite grains with 2 sets of twin lamellae(e_1 and e_2).The better-developed e_1 sets(n=406)record a horizontal fabric oriented NW-SE whereas the younger e_2 lamellae(n=146)preserve a margin-parallel(SW-NE)horizontal fabric.Both the e_1 and e_2 strains record an overprint vertical shortening strain(NEV),perhaps related to extensional orogenic collapse.We also report an Ottawan orogen-aged granoblastic mylonite(1093 Ma,U-Pb zircon;1102 Ma Ar-Ar biotite)in the Keweenaw thrust hanging wall 500 km inboard of the Grenville front and interpret the relations of Grenville-Keweenaw far-field dynamics.

Role of Multiple High-Capacity Irrigation Wells on a Surficial Sand and Gravel Aquifer

Within McHenry County, IL, the fastest growing county in Illinois, groundwater is used for 100% of the water needs. Concerns over water resources have prompted the investigation of the surficial sand and gravel aquifers of the county. While the eastern portion of the county is urbanizing, the western portion remains devoted to agriculture. High-capacity irrigation wells screened within the surficial sand and gravel aquifer are used for crop production. To assess the impacts of the irrigation wells on the aquifer, a groundwater flow model was developed to examine five different scenarios reflecting drought conditions and increased pumping. Results show that the surficial sand and gravel aquifer is capable of meeting current water demands even if recharge is decreased 20% and pumping is increased 20%. The additional loss of discharge and increases in pumping result in head differences throughout the aquifer.

Hillslope coupled stream morphology, flow conditions, and their effects on detrital sedimentology in Garnet Canyon, Teton Range,Wyoming

Characterizing stream erosion in any steep mountain landscape is arduous, but the challenge level increases when the stream flows through a glaciated catchment frequently modified by hillslope debris.Glacial landforms and stochastic mass wasting in alpine systems may interfere with sediment delivery to downstream sites where detrital sediments are often collected to represent upstream bedrock sources.To use detrital sediments as indicators of erosion, we need to understand potential sediment accumulation in flat glaciated reaches or behind rockfall barriers. This study investigates the stream channel in Garnet Canyon, a glaciated catchment located in the central Teton Range, to describe hillslope coupled channel morphology and the subsequent effects on sediment transport throughout the catchment.Stream cross-section surveys and sediment size measurements of the surface bedload were collected in the field within a glacially flattened segment of Garnet Canyon. Calculations of shear stress conditions allowed evaluation of the importance of mineral densities on potential grain entrainment. The length of the Garnet Canyon stream observed in this study was coupled with hillslope deposits. Critical shear stresses were sufficient to move gravel-sized sediments through all sections when calculated with quartz mineral density and through most sections when applying apatite mineral density. These results verify the application of detrital sediments to evaluate erosion rates or spatial bedrock sources because snowmelt stream flow efficiently moves entrained sediment past glacially reduced slopes and potential talus barriers.

Dual Space Analyzing Based on Symmetry Properties for Phonons of Si Quantum Dot

Phonon modes in spherical Si quantum dots (QDs) with up to 7.9 nm in diameter are calculated by using the projection operators of the group theory into valence force field model. The phonons of dot modes in each of five irreducible representations (symmetries) are classified by using a dual space analysis method. It is found that the bulk-like modes with localization radius much smaller than the dot's radius have clearly pronounced bulk specific-κdefinite bulk band (one in six modes). In Si dots of all sizes, each specific bulk-like dot mode has specific symmetry.TO dot modes and bulk-like X-derived TA and LA dot modes red-shift in frequency with decreasing dot size. There is almost not LO/TO mixing for bulk-like modes. As for the surface-like modes localized at the periphery of the dot,their eigenmodes have not a dominant bulk specific-κ point parentage or a dominant BZ parentage around some special point. They are a superposition of many bulk bands with κ from all over the bulk BZ. They have much significant mode mixing than the bulk-like phonons. The classification of dot modes based on the symmetry of group theory will bring advantageous to the discussion of Ramam spectrum, electron-phonon interaction and other phonon-assisted effects in QDs.

The Effects of Surface Water Velocity on Hyporheic Interchange

When evaluating hyporheic exchange in a flowing stream, it is inappropriate to directly compare stream stage with subsurface hydraulic head (h) to determine direction and magnitude of the gradient between the stream and the subsurface. In the case of moving water, it is invalid to ignore velocity and to assume that stage equals the net downward pressure on the streambed.? The Bernoulli equation describes the distribution of energy within flowing fluids and implies that net pressure decreases as a function of velocity, i.e., the Venturi Effect, which sufficiently reduces the pressure on the streambed to create the appearance of a downward gradient when in fact the gradient may be upward with stream flow drawing water from the subsurface to the surface. A field study correlating the difference between subsurface head and stream stage in a low-gradient stream indicates that the effect is present and significant: shallow subsurface head increases less quickly than stage while deeper subsurface head increases more quickly. These results can substantially improve conceptual models and simulations of hyporheic flow.

Inelastic Electron Transport in Monoatomic Wires

Based on non-equilibrium Green＇s function theory and density functional theory, we investigate the vibrational property and electron-phonon （el-ph） interaction induced inelastic scattering in electron transport through metallic monoatomic wires.

DECOMPOSITION BASED IMAGING WITH FIBER AND CCD CAMERA DETECTIONS

We generalize a previously proposed imaging scheme to situations for which the set of hidden objects embedded in the highly scattering medium can take arbitrary shapes.We compare the accuracy of images obtained from optical detection fibers with those from a ccd camera.The latter approach is more efficient and can be applied to non-contact geometries,but it requires an a priori linearization of the obtained digitized images.We discuss some details of this calibration for the camera and establish its potential as a new tool for decomposition based imaging.