Light microscopes are the most widely used devices in life and material sciences that allow the study of the interaction of light with matter at a resolution better than that of the naked eye.Conventional microscopes ...Light microscopes are the most widely used devices in life and material sciences that allow the study of the interaction of light with matter at a resolution better than that of the naked eye.Conventional microscopes translate the spatial differences in the intensity of the reflected or transmitted light from an object to pixel brightness differences in the digital image.However,a phase microscope converts the spatial differences in the phase of the light from or through an object to differences in pixel brightness.Interference microscopy,a phase-based approach,has found application in various disciplines.While interferometry has brought nanometric axial resolution,the lateral resolution in quantitative phase microscopy(QPM)has still remained limited by diffraction,similar to other traditional microscopy systems.Enhancing the resolution has been the subject of intense investigation since the invention of the microscope in the 17th century.During the past decade,microsphere-assisted microscopy(MAM)has emerged as a simple and effective approach to enhance the resolution in light microscopy.MAM can be integrated with QPM for 3D label-free imaging with enhanced resolution.Here,we review the integration of microspheres with coherence scanning interference and digital holographic microscopies,discussing the associated open questions,challenges,and opportunities.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the low melting-point MCP-69,MCP-96,MCP-137,and MCP-200 alloys,and characterize them for their potential to protect from the harms associated with radiation and eliminate radiation hazards during...Objective To evaluate the low melting-point MCP-69,MCP-96,MCP-137,and MCP-200 alloys,and characterize them for their potential to protect from the harms associated with radiation and eliminate radiation hazards during radiological procedures and treatment of cancer.Methods The Klein-Nishina formula was used to calculate the electronic and atomic cross-sections of these alloys using photon beams with energies 4,6,9,12,and 18MeV.Energy transfer coefficients,Compton mass attenuation coefficient,mass-energy transfer coefficient,and recoil energy of electrons in the specific photon energies of 4–18MeV were calculated.The alloys'effective charge number and the photon energy were key factors in determining the properties found by utilizing the Klein-Nishina formula and Compton effects.Results The cross sections and energy transfer coefficients increased with the increasing effective charge number Z of the alloys and decreased as the photon energy increased.The Compton recoil of the ejected electrons was observed to have a direct relationship with photon energy,but mass-energy transfer decreased with increasing photon energy.These alloys can replace the toxic lead for environmentally cleaned radiation applications.Conclusions These calculations and characteristics of the MCP alloys can help further determine their viability as materials for radiation shielding,their use in safe cancer diagnosis,treatment,and environmental hazards protection.展开更多
文摘Light microscopes are the most widely used devices in life and material sciences that allow the study of the interaction of light with matter at a resolution better than that of the naked eye.Conventional microscopes translate the spatial differences in the intensity of the reflected or transmitted light from an object to pixel brightness differences in the digital image.However,a phase microscope converts the spatial differences in the phase of the light from or through an object to differences in pixel brightness.Interference microscopy,a phase-based approach,has found application in various disciplines.While interferometry has brought nanometric axial resolution,the lateral resolution in quantitative phase microscopy(QPM)has still remained limited by diffraction,similar to other traditional microscopy systems.Enhancing the resolution has been the subject of intense investigation since the invention of the microscope in the 17th century.During the past decade,microsphere-assisted microscopy(MAM)has emerged as a simple and effective approach to enhance the resolution in light microscopy.MAM can be integrated with QPM for 3D label-free imaging with enhanced resolution.Here,we review the integration of microspheres with coherence scanning interference and digital holographic microscopies,discussing the associated open questions,challenges,and opportunities.
文摘Objective To evaluate the low melting-point MCP-69,MCP-96,MCP-137,and MCP-200 alloys,and characterize them for their potential to protect from the harms associated with radiation and eliminate radiation hazards during radiological procedures and treatment of cancer.Methods The Klein-Nishina formula was used to calculate the electronic and atomic cross-sections of these alloys using photon beams with energies 4,6,9,12,and 18MeV.Energy transfer coefficients,Compton mass attenuation coefficient,mass-energy transfer coefficient,and recoil energy of electrons in the specific photon energies of 4–18MeV were calculated.The alloys'effective charge number and the photon energy were key factors in determining the properties found by utilizing the Klein-Nishina formula and Compton effects.Results The cross sections and energy transfer coefficients increased with the increasing effective charge number Z of the alloys and decreased as the photon energy increased.The Compton recoil of the ejected electrons was observed to have a direct relationship with photon energy,but mass-energy transfer decreased with increasing photon energy.These alloys can replace the toxic lead for environmentally cleaned radiation applications.Conclusions These calculations and characteristics of the MCP alloys can help further determine their viability as materials for radiation shielding,their use in safe cancer diagnosis,treatment,and environmental hazards protection.
