This study is primarily focused on Cleveland-Akron-Lorain nonattainment area in northeastern Ohio. The base year 2002 considered in this study witnessed one of the worst cases of ozone pollution in this region with oz...This study is primarily focused on Cleveland-Akron-Lorain nonattainment area in northeastern Ohio. The base year 2002 considered in this study witnessed one of the worst cases of ozone pollution in this region with ozone values exceeding previous 8-hour ozone standards of 84 ppb. The photochemical modeling system CAMx was applied to compute relative reduction factors, which were used subsequently to scale the base year (2002) values at the ozone monitoring sites to estimate the ozone design values for the year 2009 in Cleveland area for different emissions reduction scenarios. The results disclose that the largest change in the 2009 ozone design values consequent to applying auxiliary emission control strategies is between 1 and 1.5 ppb, which still left certain counties in northeastern Ohio unable to demonstrate attainment. The results are important in the development of emission control strategies in today’s context with instillation of even more stringent ozone standards and potential future increases in ozone concentrations due to climate change.展开更多
The main hindrances to the large-scale development of renewable-energy projects are the lack of bankability and the inability to align investments and investors with suitable financial instruments or robust policy mea...The main hindrances to the large-scale development of renewable-energy projects are the lack of bankability and the inability to align investments and investors with suitable financial instruments or robust policy measures.To illustrate a bankable project,this paper presents a research-based case study on the installation of solar photovoltaic panels on the rooftops of 195 trains of the Indian Railways.Detailed information on the annual running hours,exposure to sunlight,efficiency of solar photovoltaic generation and electrical power demands of each rail coach is considered to conduct a quantitative measure of the tentative amount of fossil fuel sav-ings.The purpose is to provide insight into the types of renewable-energy projects that can be highly attractive to financial institutions and promoters due to their lucrative internal return on investment.As seen in this case study,there are annual savings in diesel of 12323088 litres and a CO_(2) reduction of 32755 tonnes,with return on investment of 1.3 years.Furthermore,this study conducts a com-prehensive analysis of the limitations of existing renewable-energy project financing mechanisms in India.Subsequently,three policy measures are recommended to develop a robust financial mechanism that can effectively meet the needs of investors and investors.These measures include increasing equity injection through a buy-and-hold strategy,providing direct tax benefits to promoters and financing through real-estate investment trusts.The findings are highly relevant to address the challenges associated with bridging the financial gap between access to finance and capital investment in the renewable-energy sector,especially for Asian countries.展开更多
文摘This study is primarily focused on Cleveland-Akron-Lorain nonattainment area in northeastern Ohio. The base year 2002 considered in this study witnessed one of the worst cases of ozone pollution in this region with ozone values exceeding previous 8-hour ozone standards of 84 ppb. The photochemical modeling system CAMx was applied to compute relative reduction factors, which were used subsequently to scale the base year (2002) values at the ozone monitoring sites to estimate the ozone design values for the year 2009 in Cleveland area for different emissions reduction scenarios. The results disclose that the largest change in the 2009 ozone design values consequent to applying auxiliary emission control strategies is between 1 and 1.5 ppb, which still left certain counties in northeastern Ohio unable to demonstrate attainment. The results are important in the development of emission control strategies in today’s context with instillation of even more stringent ozone standards and potential future increases in ozone concentrations due to climate change.
文摘The main hindrances to the large-scale development of renewable-energy projects are the lack of bankability and the inability to align investments and investors with suitable financial instruments or robust policy measures.To illustrate a bankable project,this paper presents a research-based case study on the installation of solar photovoltaic panels on the rooftops of 195 trains of the Indian Railways.Detailed information on the annual running hours,exposure to sunlight,efficiency of solar photovoltaic generation and electrical power demands of each rail coach is considered to conduct a quantitative measure of the tentative amount of fossil fuel sav-ings.The purpose is to provide insight into the types of renewable-energy projects that can be highly attractive to financial institutions and promoters due to their lucrative internal return on investment.As seen in this case study,there are annual savings in diesel of 12323088 litres and a CO_(2) reduction of 32755 tonnes,with return on investment of 1.3 years.Furthermore,this study conducts a com-prehensive analysis of the limitations of existing renewable-energy project financing mechanisms in India.Subsequently,three policy measures are recommended to develop a robust financial mechanism that can effectively meet the needs of investors and investors.These measures include increasing equity injection through a buy-and-hold strategy,providing direct tax benefits to promoters and financing through real-estate investment trusts.The findings are highly relevant to address the challenges associated with bridging the financial gap between access to finance and capital investment in the renewable-energy sector,especially for Asian countries.
