Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Identification of Multidrug Resistant Novel Salmonella Strain in Poultry Chickens of Hathazari Region in Chattogram, Bangladesh

Poultry chickens are potential source of transmission of zoonotic Salmonella, into human food chain, causing food-borne illness and also hindering development of poultry industry in Bangladesh. The non-judicious uses of antibiotics in poultry farm have increased the multidrug resistant bacteria. So, this study reports the occurrence of Salmonella in poultry samples (meat, egg, liver and cloacal swab) and the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the isolates. This study was carried out throughout the period of May 2019-March 2020, at the bacteriological laboratory in the Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong. Isolates were identified on the basis of cultural and biochemical tests from a total of 25 broiler samples (meat, liver, eggshell and cloacal swab). Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was observed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The overall detection rate of Salmonella was 48% (12/25) and the highest occurrence was noticed in raw meat 62.5% and the lowest in liver (37.5%). The antimicrobial resistance tests revealed that all the isolates (n = 12) exhibited 100% resistance to vancomycin and cephalexin, followed by ampicillin (75%), nalidixic acid (58.33%), chloramphenicol (41.66%), doxycycline (50%), and neomycin (50%). On the other hand, ciprofloxacin showed 83.33%, ceftazidime and amoxicillin showed 91.6% sensitivity respectively. A considerably high proportion of isolates (11/12, 91.67%) was resistant to three or more antibiotics and 6 multidrug profiles were observed. The ampicillin-chloramphenicol-nalidixic acid-neomycin-cephalexin-doxycycline-vancomycin (4/12) was more frequently observed phenotype in multidrug profiles. Finally, two multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella were identified and classified based on their 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strain Eshaa2 and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strain Eshiika3 at NCBI GenBank with Accession no. MT163513 and MT164531 respectively. So, more attention should be focused on increasing antibiotic surveillance to cope with the spread of emerging resistance and on the alternative approaches.

Wound Infection Caused by Chromobacterium violaceum: A Case Report from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram negative, facultative anaerobe, generally present in water, soil in tropical and subtropical regions. This bacterium is an emerging environmental pathogen that causes life threatening infection in humans and animals. It can cause wound infection, visceral abscess, septicaemia, meningitis, diarrhoea, UTI. It is associated with significant mortality due to severe systemic infection. As the bacteria have high spreading tendency leading to sepsis, early identification and prompt treatment is necessary. Here we report a case of Chromobacterium violaceum wound infection in a 9 years old male from Dhaka, who was successfully treated with combination of cefixime and flucloxacillin antibiotics as per culture sensitivity report.

Determination of Chikungunya Virus RNA by Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) Assay

As a matter of fact, infectious diseases hamper everyone’s life and produce a lifelong threat to everyone neutral of age, sex, lifestyle and socio-economic status. Nowadays, come into the sight of Chikungunya viral (CHIKV) infection injured many Asian and African countries, also deliberated threat in rising countries and also low socio-economic countries. CHIKV is a positive-sense, enveloped single-stranded, RNA virus belonging to the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae. As the Dengue & Chikungunya viruses are spread simultaneously at the same time, so it is tough to identify them. In our resource-limited countries, swift detection of CHIKV by RT-LAMP is the simplest molecular technique in low-equipment settings without the use of any expensive decoration. Heat-treated centrifuged and uncentrifuged samples were used in this study and they showed the same result (100%). Different instruments like heat block, water bath, conventional thermal cycler & real-time thermal cycler were used to amplify the CHIKV RNA and they indicated that 100% samples were identified by all four instruments. The amplified products were visualized by turbidity test, color change by HNB, step-ladder band pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis and amplification curve in real-time thermal cycler naked eye, here the results also showed 100% samples were determined by all visualized methods. Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) is a recent technique for amplifying RNA under limited temperature, with high tangibility, quickness and competency. To identify the CHIKV RNA Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification was fabricated and validated, and the results were also compared with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The sensitivity was 95.71% and specificity was 100%, these results indicate that RT-LAMP is a feasible method for quick detection of CHIKV RNA.

Age-Related Serum Total Immunoglobulin E Levels in Suspected Allergic People in Bangladesh

Allergy is an adverse immunologic response of increasing prevalence and severity in which immunoglobulin E plays a pivotal role. Total IgE (tIgE) levels show wide variations depending on various factors, such as age, sex, ethnicity, and geographic area. This study set out to quantitatively determine the serum tIgE levels in Bangladeshi population who were clinically suspected cases of allergic diseases and to find out the association of tIgE level with their age and gender. This cross-sectional descriptive exploratory study was conducted at Biomed Diagnostics Laboratory, Panthapath, Dhaka, from March 2021-September 2021. A total of 402 blood samples were collected from clinically suspected cases of allergic diseases. Quantitative detection of tIgE in serum was done by Immunoblot assay manufactured by Proteome Tech Inc. (PROTIATM Allergy-Q64S panel). Among 402 subjects, a wide variation of tIgE levels ranging from 5 to 2000 IU/ml was found but majority of the study population (30.35%) showed tIgE levels within the range of 201 - 350 IU/ml. The study population aging 1 - 10 years showed highest frequency (23.63%) in tIgE concentrations and the mean tIgE level exhibited a declining tendency with an increase in age. Depending on gender there was no difference in tIgE levels. Determination of tIgE level is imperative for screening allergic diseases. The present study enlightened the distribution of tIgE levels and suggested that among Bangladeshi subjects irrespective of gender there is an inverse relationship between tIgE level and age.