Diagenetic evolution and reservoir quality of the Oligocene sandstones in the Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

The Oligocene Zhuhai sandstones are significant reservoirs for hydrocarbons in the Baiyun Sag, South China Sea.For effective appraisal, exploration and exploitation of such a deep-water hydrocarbon sandstone, samples of five wells from depths of 850 m to 3 000 m were studied. A series of comprehensive petrographic and geochemical analyses were performed to unravel the diagenetic features and their impact on the reservoir quality.Petrographically, the sandstones are dominated by feldspathic litharenites and lithic arenites with fine to medium grain sizes and moderate to good sorting. The reservoir quality varies greatly with a range of porosity from 0.2% to 36.1% and permeability from 0.016 ×10~(–3) μm~2 to 4 301 ×10~(–3) μm~2, which is attributed to complex diagenetic evolution related to sedimentary facies;these include compaction, cementation of calcite, dolomite, siderite and framboidal pyrite in eogenetic stage;further compaction, feldspar dissolution, precipitation of ferrocalcite and ankerite, quartz cements, formation of kaolinite and its illitization, precipitation of albite and nodular pyrite, as well as hydrocarbon charge in mesogenetic stage. The dissolution of feldspar and illitization of kaolinite provide internal sources for the precipitation of quartz cement, while carbonate cements are derived from external sources related to interbedded mudstones and deep fluid. Compaction is the predominant factor in reducing the total porosity, followed by carbonate cementation that leads to strong heterogeneity. Feldspar dissolution and concomitant quartz and clay cementation barely changes the porosity but significantly reduces the permeability.The high-quality reservoirs can be concluded as medium-grained sandstones lying in the central parts of thick underwater distributary channel sandbodies(>2 m) with a high content of detrital quartz but low cement.

Theoretical study on the effective thermal conductivity of silica aerogels based on a cross-aligned and cubic pore model

Aerogel nanoporous materials possess high porosity, high specific surface area, and extremely low density due to their unique nanoscale network structure. Moreover, their effective thermal conductivity is very low, making them a new type of lightweight and highly efficient nanoscale super-insulating material. However, prediction of their effective thermal conductivity is challenging due to their uneven pore size distribution. To investigate the internal heat transfer mechanism of aerogel nanoporous materials, this study constructed a cross-aligned and cubic pore model(CACPM) based on the actual pore arrangement of Si O2aerogel. Based on the established CACPM, the effective thermal conductivity expression for the aerogel was derived by simultaneously considering gas-phase heat conduction, solid-phase heat conduction, and radiative heat transfer. The derived expression was then compared with available experimental data and the Wei structure model. The results indicate that, according to the model established in this study for the derived thermal conductivity formula of silica aerogel, for powdery silica aerogel under the conditions of T = 298 K, a_(2)= 0.85, D_1= 90 μm, ρ = 128 kg/m^(3), within the pressure range of 0–105Pa, the average deviation between the calculated values and experimental values is 10.51%. In the pressure range of 103–104Pa, the deviation between calculated values and experimental values is within 4%. Under these conditions, the model has certain reference value in engineering verification. This study also makes a certain contribution to the research of aerogel thermal conductivity heat transfer models and calculation formulae.

Improving hydrogen storage thermodynamics and kinetics of Ce-Mg-Ni-based alloy by mechanical milling with TiF_(3)

Mg-based hydrides are too stable and the kinetics of hydrogen absorption and desorption is not satisfactory.An efficient way to improve these shortcomings is to employ reactive ball milling to synthesize the nanocomposite materials of Mg and additives.In this experiment,TiF_(3)was selected as an additive,and the mechanical milling method was employed to prepare the experimental alloys.The alloys used in this experiment were the as-cast Ce_(5)Mg_(85)Ni_(10),as-milled Ce_(5)Mg_(85)Ni_(10)and Ce_(5)Mg_(85)Ni_(10)+3 wt.%TiF3.The phase transformation,structural evolution,isothermal and non-isothermal hydrogenation and dehydrogenation performances of the alloys were inspected by XRD,SEM,TEM,Sievert apparatus,DSC and TGA.It revealed that nanocrystalline appeared in the as-milled samples.Compared with the as-cast alloy,ball milling made the particle dimension and grain size decrease dramatically and the defect density increase significantly.The addition of TiF_(3)made the surface of ball milling alloy particles markedly coarser and more irregular.Ball milling and adding TiF_(3)distinctly improved the activation and kinetics of the alloys.Moreover,ball milling along with TiF_(3)can decrease the onset dehydrogenation temperature of Mg-based hydrides and slightly ameliorate their thermodynamics.

Dual roles of the amygdala-hippocampus circuit in the regulation of rapid eye movement sleep and depression symptoms by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with insomnia

To the editor:It is commonly reported that people with insomnia often experience comorbid emotional disorders,such as mood and anxiety disorders.12 A study found that fragmented rapid eye movement(REM)sleep in individuals with insomnia is associated with higher Beck Depression Inventory(BDI)scores.3 REM sleep architecture disruption is a typical symptom of insomnia.

Comparisons of transcranial alternating current stimulation and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment therapy for insomnia:a pilot study

To the editor:Insomnia disorder has a serious and widespread detrimental effect on humans with comorbidity with other mental or physical health problems.In recent years,noninvasive brain stimulation(NIBS)techniques,especially transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)and transcranial electrical stimulation,have been increasingly used for the treatment of brain diseases,including insomnia disorder.

Research on Detection of Food additives Based on Terahertz Spectroscopy and Analytic Hierarchy Process

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy is a kind of far-infrared spectroscopy technology,and its spectrum reflects the internal properties of substances with rich physical and chemical information,so the use of terahertz waves can be used to qualitatively identify food additives containing nitrogen elements.Analytic hierarchy process(AHP)was originally used to solve evaluation-type problems,and this paper introduces it into the field of terahertz spectral qualitative analysis,proposes a terahertz time-domain spectral qualitative identification method combined with analytic hierarchy process,and verifies the feasibility of the method by taking four common food additives(xylitol,L-alanine,sorbic acid,and benzoic acid)and two illegal additives(melamine,and Sudan Red No.I)as the objects of study.Firstly,the collected terahertz time-domain spectral data were pre-processed and transformed into a data set consisting of peaks,peak positions,peak numbers and overall trends;then,the data were divided into comparison and test sets,and a qualitative additive identification model incorporating analytic hierarchy process was constructed and parameter optimisation was performed.The results showed that the qualitative identification accuracies of additives based on single factors,i.e.,overall trend,peak value,peak position,and peak number,were 80.23%,70.93%,67.44%,and 40.70%,respectively,whereas the identification accuracy of the analytic hierarchy process qualitative identification method based on multi-factors could be improved to 92.44%.In addition,the fuzzy characterisation of the absorption spectrum data was binarised in the data pre-processing stage and used as the base data for the overall trend,and the recognition accuracy was improved to 94.19%by combining the fuzzy characterisation method of such data with the hierarchical analysis qualitative recognition model.The results show that it is feasible to use terahertz technology to identify different varieties of additives,and this paper constructs a hierarchical analytical qualitative model with better effect,which provides a new means for food additives detection,and the method is simple in steps,with a small demand for samples,which is suitable for the rapid detection of small samples.

Serological and genotyping study of rare cis-AB01/O01 in the area of Inner Mongolia-with a case report

The antigen gene of ABO blood group system,called ABO,is located on human chromosome 9,with a total length of 19.5 kb.It is the first blood group system found by human beings.[1]ABO blood group subtypes are formed by ABO genovariation,i.e.,gene A variation for A subtype,gene B variation for B subtype and gene O variation for new O alleles.ABO subtypes contain A3,Ax,Ael,Aw,Am,B3,Bx,Bel,Bw,cis-AB,B(A).Generally,an individual with AB blood group has an A allele on one chromosome,with B allele on its paired chromosome.This phenomenon is called trans-AB.However,cis-AB is a unique ABO phenotype that A and B alleles are located on the same chromosome,so that it can be inherited by the next generation.[2]This special mode of inheritance often causes a discrepancy of ABO blood grouping and then reduces the effectiveness and safety of blood transfusion.Therefore,to accurately identify the blood group of cis-AB is a precondition for the safety of blood transfusion.[3]The serological and genotyping analysis on a case of cis-AB patient in our hospital is reported as follows.

Characteristics and Weldability of Resistance Plug Welding of Dissimilar Steels

TRIP980 high-strength steel plate/SPCC low-carbon steel plate were welded by RPW. The key factors such as size and material of filler were studied, and the structure, fusion ratio and mechanical properties of the RPW joint were analyzed. The experimental results show that the calculation formulas of the length and diameter of the filler were designed reasonably. Q235 as a filler for RPW of TRIP980 high-strength steel plate/SPCC low-carbon steel plate is suitable according to schaeffler organization chart. The deposited metal of RPW joint is in the shape of “spool”,and the base metal and cap of deposited metal are alternately combined. The deposited metal has the characteristics of “locking” as rivets, which is beneficial to the improvement of mechanical properties of RPW joint. The nugget of RPW joint is uniform without deviates. TRIP980 high-strength steel plate, SPCC low-carbon steel plate, and filler were metallurgically bonded in the RPW joint.

Effect of ZnO,La_(2)O_(3),and YF_(3)on Crystallization and Rehological Behavior of Y_(2)O_(3)-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)Glass

The effect of substitution La_(2)O_(3)and YF_(3)as network modifiers respectively for Y_(2)O_(3),and ZnO as intermediate oxide for Al_(2)O_(3)on crystallization and viscous behavior of Y_(2)O_(3)-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)glass was studied.La_(2)O_(3)and YF_(3)substitution for Y_(2)O_(3)decreases the melting temperature of studied glass from 1402 to 1346 and 1379℃,and the activation energy of viscous flow decreases from 340 to 250 and 265 kJ/mol.Meanwhile,ZnO substitution for Al_(2)O_(3)decreases the melting temperature to 1379℃while increases the activation energy of viscous flow to 542 kJ/mol,due to their different role in glass structure.Substitution ZnO for Al_(2)O_(3)refines and homogenizes the crystals size and lowers crystallinity because the nucleation and crystal growth are depressed by higher activation energy of crystallization and change of crystallization mechanism from bulk crystallization to surface crystallization.Replacement of Y_(2)O_(3)by La_(2)O_(3)and YF_(3)respectively also decreases the crystallinity of Y_(2)O_(3)-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)glass ceramic due to competitive and hindering effect on the rearranged atoms,structural units and groups required by precipitated two crystals.Besides,y-Y2Si2O7,precipitation of Y4.67(SiO4)3O,ZnAl_(2)O_(4),and Y3Si3O10F were observed respectively due to incorporation of La_(2)O_(3),ZnO,and YF_(3).

Diagnosis of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach by confocal laser endomicroscopy:A case report

BACKGROUND In recent years,confocal laser endomicroscopy(CLE)has become a new endoscopic imaging technology at the microscopic level,which is extensively performed for real-time in vivo histological examination.CLE can be performed to distinguish benign from malignant lesions.In this study,we diagnosed using CLE an asymptomatic patient with poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma.CASE SUMMARY A 63-year-old woman was diagnosed with gastric mucosal lesions,which may be gastric cancer,in the small curvature of the stomach by gastroscopy.She consented to undergo CLE for morphological observation of the gastric mucosa.Through the combination of CLE diagnosis and postoperative pathology,the intraoperative CLE diagnosis was considered to be reliable.According to our experience,CLE can be performed as the first choice for the diagnosis of gastric cancer.CONCLUSION CLE has several advantages over pathological diagnosis.We believe that CLE has great potential in the diagnosis of benign and malignant gastric lesions.

Research on hsa-miR-155-3p and hsa-miR-155-5p as biomarkers for systemic sclerosis and their role in regulating biological behavior

Objective: This study was to investigate the role of hsa-miR-155-3p and hsa-miR-155-5p as biomarkers and regulators of biological behavior in Systemic Sclerosis. Methods: A total of 10 SSc patients and 10 healthy controls were selected for the study. The expression levels of hsa-miR-155-3p and hsa-miR-155-5p in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SSc patients and healthy controls were measured using RT-qPCR. The diagnostic value of these miRNAs was explored using Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis. Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was performed to assess the correlation between miRNAs and clinical indicators in SSc patients. Potential target genes of hsa-miR-155-3p and hsa-miR-155-5p were predicted using miRDB, Targetscan, and miRDIP databases. GO functional annotation, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction network construction, and selection of central genes were conducted. Results: The expression levels of hsa-miR-155-3p and hsa- miR-155-5p were significantly higher in PBMCs of SSc patients compared to healthy controls (P<0.001). The ROC curve analysis showed that hsa-miR-155-3p and hsa-miR-155-5p had a high diagnostic value for SSc (AUC=1, P<0.001). Correlation analysis revealed that hsa- miR-155-3p, hsa-miR-155-5p, and clinical indicators such as high-resolution CT, neutrophil percentage, lymphocyte percentage, and albumin to globulin ratio were correlated (P<0.05). The signaling pathways enriched with target genes of hsa-miR-155-3p and hsa-miR-155- 5p were closely associated with the occurrence and development of SSc fibrosis, immunity, and inflammation. Conclusions: hsa-miR-155-3p and hsa-miR-155-5p may be involved in regulating the occurrence and development of SSc fibrosis, immunity, and inflammation. They have the potential to serve as biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and treatment of SSc.

Metallogenic Correlations for the Fe-Nb-REE Mineralization in the West Mine of the Bayan Obo Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China

The West Mine of the Bayan Obo deposit, located in the northern-central part of Inner Mongolia, China, is enriched in Nb, rare earth elements and iron （Nb-REE-Fe） mineral resources. This paper presents a combined method to explore metallogenic correlation of the Nb-REE-Fe mineralization at the Bayan Obo West Mine. The method integrates factor analysis and Back Propagation （BP） neural network technology into processing and modeling of geological data. In this study, the Nb and REE contents of samples were transformed into discrete values to analyze the correlations among the metallogenic elements. The results show weak mineralization correlations between Nb and REEs. Nb and U are closely related in the geochemical patterns, while Fe is closely related to both Th and Mn. LREEs are an important factor for the mineralization of the Bayan Obo deposit, while Fe and Nb can be considered as the results of passive mineralization. On the basis of a metallogenic correlation analysis, the factors affecting the Fe-REE-Nb mineralization were extracted, and the Nb mineralization model was established by the BP neural network. Based on the BP neural network data computing, the variability of the Nb concentration displays a coupled multi-factor nonlinear relationship, which can be used to reveal the inherent metallogenic elemental regularities and predict the degree of element mineralization enrichment in the mining area.

Analytical solutions for characteristic radii of circular roadway surrounding rock plastic zone and their application

In the non-uniform stress field, the surrounding rock plastic zone of the circular roadway shows different shapes under the different confining pressure conditions. Based on the boundary shape characteristics of the plastic zone, the characteristic radii of the plastic zone were proposed, namely the horizontal,longitudinal and medial axis radii, which could reflect the plastic zone shapes characteristics and classify the sizes of the key parts. On the theoretical basis of elastic-plastic mechanics, analytical solutions for the characteristic radii were obtained by theoretical deduction, and the relationships between the characteristic radii and key influencing factors were analyzed. Finally, the evaluation criterion of the circular roadway surrounding rock plastic zone shapes, evaluation criterion of the location of potential hazards caused by the roadway surrounding rock and evaluation critical points of roadway dynamic disasters based on characteristic radii were proposed. This work could provide a theoretical basis for stability analysis of the surrounding rock, support design, and guide the prevention and control of dynamic roadway disasters.

Preparation and characterization of high-strength calcium silicate boards from coal-fired industrial solid wastes

To realize the comprehensive utilization of coal-fired industrial solid wastes, a novel high-strength board was prepared from calcium silicate slag, fly ash, and flue gas desulfurization(FGD) gypsum. The changes in mineral phases, chemical structure, and morphology during hydration were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). A traditional board made from quartz and lime was prepared as a reference. The novel board not only consumes a lot of solid wastes, but also meets the strength requirement of the class-five calcium silicate board according to the Chinese Standard JC/T 564.2—2008. Microanalysis showed that hydrated calcium silicate gel(C-S-H(I)), ettringite, tobermorite, and xonotlite were successively generated in the novel board by synergistic hydration of the mixed solid wastes. The board strength was improved by the formation of tobermorite and xonotlite but decreased by unhydrated quartz. It was demonstrated that quartz was not completely hydrated in the traditional board. As a result, the flexural strength of the traditional board was much lower than that of the novel board.

Electrochemical performances of as-cast and annealed La_(0.8-x)Nd_xMg_(0.2)Ni_(3.35)Al_(0.1)Si_0.05(x=0-0.4) alloys applied to Ni/metal hydride (MH) battery

The La-Mg-Ni-based A2B7-type Lao.8_xNdx Mgo.2Ni3.35Alo.lSio.o5 （x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4） electrode alloys were prepared by casting and annealing. The influence of the partial substitution of Nd for La on the structure and electrochemical performances of the alloys was investigated. The structural analysis of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy reveals that the experimental alloys consist of two major phases： （La,Mg）2Ni7 with the hexagonal Ce2Ni7-type structure and LaNi5 with the hexagonal CaCus-type structure as well as some residual phases of LaNi3 and NdNis. The electrochemical measurements indicate that an evident change of the electrochemical performance of the alloys is associated with the substitution of Nd for La. The discharge capacity of the alloy first increases then decreases with the growing Nd content, whereas their cycle stability clearly grows all the time. Furthermore, the measurements of the high rate discharge ability, the limiting current density, and hydrogen diffusion coefficient all demonstrate that the electrochemical kinetic properties of the alloy electrodes first augment then decline with the rising amount of Nd substitution.

An investigation on electrochemical performances of as-cast and annealed La_(0.8)Mg_(0.2)Ni_(3.3)Co_(0.2)Si_x(x=0-0.2)alloy electrodes for Ni/MH battery application

The La–Mg–Ni-based A2B7-type La0.8Mg0.2Ni3.3Co0.2Six(x=0-0.2)electrode alloys were prepared by casting and annealing.The influences of the additional silicon and the annealing treatment on the structure and electrochemical performances of the alloys were investigated systemically.Both of the analyses of XRD and SEM reveal that the as-cast and annealed alloys are of a multiphase structure,involving two main phases(La,Mg)2Ni7 and LaNi5 as well as one minor phase LaNi3.The addition of Si and annealing treatment bring on an evident change in the phase abundances and cell parameters of(La,Mg)2Ni7 and LaNi5 phase for the alloy without altering its phase structure.The phase abundances decrease from 74.3%(x=0)to 57.8%(x=0.2)for the(La,Mg)2Ni7 phase,and those of LaNi5 phase increase from 20.2%(x=0)to 37.3%(x=0.2).As for the electrochemical measurements,adding Si and performing annealing treatment have engendered obvious impacts.The cycle stability of the alloys is improved dramatically,being enhanced from 80.3% to 93.7% for the as-annealed(950 °C)alloys with Si content increasing from 0 to 0.2.However,the discharge capacity is reduced by adding Si,from 399.4 to 345.3 mA·h/g as the Si content increases from 0 to 0.2.Furthermore,such addition makes the electrochemical kinetic properties of the alloy electrodes first increase and then decrease.Also,it is found that the overall electrochemical properties of the alloys first augment and then fall with the annealing temperature rising.

Nucleation and crystallization of tailing-based glass-ceramics by microwave heating

The effect of microwave radiation on the nucleation and crystallization of tailing-based glass-ceramics was investigated using a 2.45 GHz multimode microwave cavity. Tailing-based glass samples were prepared fi＇om Shandong gold tailings and Guyang iron tailings utilizing a conventional glass melting technique. For comparison, the tailing-based glass samples were crystallized using two different heat-treatment methods： conventional heating and hybrid microwave heating. The nucleation and crystallization temperatures were determined by performing a differential thermal analysis of the quenched tailing-based glass. The prepared glass-ceramic samples were further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, thermal expansion coefficient measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that hybrid microwave heating could be successfully used to crystallize the tailing-based glass, reduce the processing time, and decrease the crystallization temperature. Furthermore, the results indicated that the nucleation and crystallization mechanism of the hybrid microwave heating process slightly differs fi＇om that of the conventional heating process.

Influences of melt spinning on electrochemical hydrogen storage performance of nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg_2Ni-type alloys

In order to improve the electrochemical hydrogen storage performance of the Mg2Ni-type electrode alloys, Mg in the alloy was partially substituted by La, and the nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg2Ni-type Mg20-xLaxNi10 (x=0, 2) alloys were synthesized by melt-spinning technique. The microstructures of the as-spun alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of the experimental alloys were tested. The results show that no amorphous phase is detected in the as-spun Mg20Ni10 alloy, but the as-spun Mg18La2Ni10 alloy holds a major amorphous phase. As La content increases from 0 to 2, the maximum discharge capacity of the as-spun (20 m/s) alloys rises from 96.5 to 387.1 mA·h/g, and the capacity retaining rate (S20) at the 20th cycle grows from 31.3% to 71.7%. Melt-spinning engenders an impactful effect on the electrochemical hydrogen storage performances of the alloys. With the increase in the spinning rate from 0 to 30 m/s, the maximum discharge capacity increases from 30.3 to 135.5 mA·h/g for the Mg20Ni10 alloy, and from 197.2 to 406.5 mA·h/g for the Mg18La2Ni10 alloy. The capacity retaining rate (S20) of the Mg20Ni10 alloy at the 20th cycle slightly falls from 36.7% to 27.1%, but it markedly mounts up from 37.3% to 78.3% for the Mg18La2Ni10 alloy.

Numerical and physical simulation of a twin-roll strip caster

The 1：1 water model of a twin-roll strip caster was set up based on the Froude number and the Reynolds number similarity criteria. A new type metal delivery system was designed for the twin-roll strip caster. The level fluctuation and the fluid flow in the pool of the water model were measured using the level detector and the 3D-LDV （laser Doppler velocimetry） technology. It is shown that a wedged delivery system can produce the desirable level fluctuation and even fluid flow distribution in the pool Numerical simulations for the water model were performed. Comparisons between the numerical and physical simulation results show good agreement near the side dams.

Structure and electrochemical hydrogen storage characteristics of La_(0.8-x)Pr_xMg_(0.2)Ni_(3.15)Co_(0.2)Al_(0.1)Si_(0.05) (x=0-0.4) electrode alloys

For the purpose of improving the electrochemical cycle stability of the La-Mg-Ni based A2B7-type electrode alloys, both reducing Mg content and substituting La with Pr were adopted. The La0.8-xPrxMg0.2Ni3.15Co0.2Al0.1Si0.05 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) electrode alloys were fabricated by casting and annealing. The investigation on the structures and electrochemical performances of the alloys was performed. The obtained results reveal that the as-cast and annealed alloys comprise two major phases, (La,Mg)2Ni7 phase with the hexagonal Ce2Ni7-type structure and LaNi5 phase with the hexagonal CaCu 5-type structure, as well as a little residual LaNi3 phase. It is also found that the addition of Pr element observably affects the electrochemical hydrogen storage characteristics of the alloys, just as the discharge capacity and high rate discharge ability (HRD) first rise then fall with the growing of Pr content, and among all the alloys, the as-cast and annealed (x=0.3) alloys generate the largest discharge capacities of 360.8 and 386.5 mA·h/g, respectively. Additionally, the electrochemical cycle stability of all the alloys markedly grows with the increase of Pr content. The capacity retaining rate (S100 ) at the 100th charging and discharging cycle is enhanced from 64.98% to 77.55% for the as-cast alloy, and from 76.60% to 95.72% for the as-annealed alloy by rising Pr content from 0 to 0.4. Furthermore, the substitution of Pr for La results in first increase and then decrease in the hydrogen diffusion coefficient (D), the limiting current density (IL ) as well as the electrochemical impedance.