The BETA application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)is a fully programmable chip designed to amplify,shape and digitize the signal of up to 64 Silicon photomultiplier(SiPM)channels,with a power consumption of approx...The BETA application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)is a fully programmable chip designed to amplify,shape and digitize the signal of up to 64 Silicon photomultiplier(SiPM)channels,with a power consumption of approximately~1 mW/channel.Owing to its dual-path gain,the BETA chip is capable of resolving single photoelectrons(phes)with a signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)>5 while simultaneously achieving a dynamic range of~4000 phes.Thus,BETA can provide a cost-effective solution for the readout of SiPMs in space missions and other applications with a maximum rate below 10 kHz.In this study,we describe the key characteristics of the BETA ASIC and present an evaluation of the performance of its 16-channel version,which is implemented using 130 nm technology.The ASIC also contains two discriminators that can provide trigger signals with a time jitter down to 400 ps FWHM for 10 phes.The linearity error of the charge gain measurement was less than 2%for a dynamic range as large as 15 bits.展开更多
On February 16,2021,an artificial object moving slowly over the Mediterranean was recorded by the Spanish Meteor Network(SPMN).Based on astrometric measurements,we identified this event as the reentry engine burn of a...On February 16,2021,an artificial object moving slowly over the Mediterranean was recorded by the Spanish Meteor Network(SPMN).Based on astrometric measurements,we identified this event as the reentry engine burn of a SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle’s upper stage.To study this event in detail,we adapted the plane intersection method for near-straight meteoroid trajectories to analyze the slow and curved orbits associated with artificial objects.To corroborate our results,we approximated the orbital elements of the upper stage using four pieces of“debris”cataloged by the U.S.Government’s Combined Space Operations Center.Based on these calculations,we also estimated the possible deorbit hazard zone using the MSISE90 model atmosphere.We provide guidance regarding the interference that these artificial bolides may generate in fireball studies.Additionally,because artificial bolides will likely become more frequent in the future,we point out the new role that ground-based detection networks can play in the monitoring of potentially hazardous artificial objects in near-Earth space and in determining the strewn fields of artificial space debris.展开更多
基金support from Grant PID2020-116075GB-C21funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033+1 种基金by“ERDF A way of making Europe”under Grant PID2020-116075GB-C21They also acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the“Unit of Excellence Maria de Maeztu 2020-2023”award to the Institute of Cosmos Sciences(CEX2019-000918-M)。
文摘The BETA application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)is a fully programmable chip designed to amplify,shape and digitize the signal of up to 64 Silicon photomultiplier(SiPM)channels,with a power consumption of approximately~1 mW/channel.Owing to its dual-path gain,the BETA chip is capable of resolving single photoelectrons(phes)with a signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)>5 while simultaneously achieving a dynamic range of~4000 phes.Thus,BETA can provide a cost-effective solution for the readout of SiPMs in space missions and other applications with a maximum rate below 10 kHz.In this study,we describe the key characteristics of the BETA ASIC and present an evaluation of the performance of its 16-channel version,which is implemented using 130 nm technology.The ASIC also contains two discriminators that can provide trigger signals with a time jitter down to 400 ps FWHM for 10 phes.The linearity error of the charge gain measurement was less than 2%for a dynamic range as large as 15 bits.
基金This research was supported by the research project(Grant No.PGC2018-097374-B-I00,PI:JMT-R)which is funded by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación-Agencia Estatal de Investigación.This project has also received funding from the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme(Grant No.865657)for the project“Quantum Chemistry on Interstellar Grains”(QUANTUMGRAIN)We also express appreciation for the valuable video recordings obtained from Benicàssim(Castellón)by Vicent Ibanez(AVAMET).
文摘On February 16,2021,an artificial object moving slowly over the Mediterranean was recorded by the Spanish Meteor Network(SPMN).Based on astrometric measurements,we identified this event as the reentry engine burn of a SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle’s upper stage.To study this event in detail,we adapted the plane intersection method for near-straight meteoroid trajectories to analyze the slow and curved orbits associated with artificial objects.To corroborate our results,we approximated the orbital elements of the upper stage using four pieces of“debris”cataloged by the U.S.Government’s Combined Space Operations Center.Based on these calculations,we also estimated the possible deorbit hazard zone using the MSISE90 model atmosphere.We provide guidance regarding the interference that these artificial bolides may generate in fireball studies.Additionally,because artificial bolides will likely become more frequent in the future,we point out the new role that ground-based detection networks can play in the monitoring of potentially hazardous artificial objects in near-Earth space and in determining the strewn fields of artificial space debris.
