In Western countries, research works on air quality have reinforced in recent years because of the links between the level of particulate pollution in numerous cities and the appearing of various health disorders incl...In Western countries, research works on air quality have reinforced in recent years because of the links between the level of particulate pollution in numerous cities and the appearing of various health disorders including cardio-respiratory pathologies, acute bronchopneumonia, lung cancer, etc. In sub-Saharan Africa countries, particularly Burkina Faso, there is very few similar research. In the present work, the pollution levels of airborne particle in the city of Ouagadougou have been assessed through two campaigns of in situ measurements of suspended particulate matter concentrations. These measurements which have concerned PM<sub>1</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> were performed using a portable device (AEROCET531S) at nine sites in 2018 and at ten sites in 2019. These sites are located on roadside, administrative services, secondary education establishments and outlying districts. The results show that: 1) the PM1 concentrations values presented no significant variation between days, seasons or sampling sites;2) the 24-hour PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations often exceeding WHO recommended concentrations and, 3) the 24-hour PM<sub>10</sub> concentrations exceed WHO recommended concentrations regardless of the season or the sampling site. In indeed, the average 24-hour concentrations are 20 ± 4, 87 ± 16 and 951 ± 266 μg<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>m<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>3</sup> for the PM1, PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>, respectively. They are 17 ± 3, 29 ± 5 and 158 ± 43 μg<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>m<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>3</sup>, respectively, in 2018 dry season and, 12 ± 1, 22 ± 9 and 187 ± 67 μg<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>m<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>3</sup>, respectively, in 2019 rainy season.展开更多
Air pollution is one of the major global threats to human health. In Burkina Faso, more than 80% of the population uses solid fuels as the main source of cooking energy. This paper reports a comparative study on the e...Air pollution is one of the major global threats to human health. In Burkina Faso, more than 80% of the population uses solid fuels as the main source of cooking energy. This paper reports a comparative study on the exposure of household to the carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) emitted by improved cookstoves (ICS) or traditional cookstoves (TCS). A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Ouagadougou for 4 months during the rainy season (July to October) in households with an outdoor kitchen. The investigation involved 92 households where air pollutants, such as PM<sub>2.5</sub> and CO were measured with Indoor Air Pollution Meters (IAP meter). These measurements were focused on the concentration levels of the pollutants during cooking. The results of this study show high levels of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and CO for all type of stoves. Wood stoves led to higher PM<sub>2.5</sub> and lower CO emissions than charcoal stoves. ICS reduce emissions of indoor air pollutants compared to TCS. This reduction raised up to 82% for PM<sub>2.5</sub> and 37% for CO. The analysis of the data measured with the student test (t-test) shows that there is a statistically significant difference between the average values of the concentrations of the pollutants emitted with the TCS compared to ICS, except for CO emissions measured on multi-pot sizes cookstoves (MM). This study shows that the concentrations of indoor air pollutants are very high regardless of the type of cookstoves used. The CO exposure obtained varies from 119.10 to 362.72 μg/m<sup>3</sup> for 15-minute and 10.83 - 55.11 μg/m<sup>3</sup> for 1-hour exposure. The exposure in PM<sub>2.5</sub> varies from 4762 to 16,257 μg/m<sup>3</sup> for 15-minute and 106.63 to 1597 μg/m<sup>3</sup> for 1-hour of exposure. It was noted that the CO exposure levels obtained over 15-minute of exposure are 1.36 to 4.15 times higher than the WHO recommendation and 1.8 times higher for an exposure time of one hour. This means that women in charge of cooking have a high risk of exposure to air pollutants.展开更多
文摘In Western countries, research works on air quality have reinforced in recent years because of the links between the level of particulate pollution in numerous cities and the appearing of various health disorders including cardio-respiratory pathologies, acute bronchopneumonia, lung cancer, etc. In sub-Saharan Africa countries, particularly Burkina Faso, there is very few similar research. In the present work, the pollution levels of airborne particle in the city of Ouagadougou have been assessed through two campaigns of in situ measurements of suspended particulate matter concentrations. These measurements which have concerned PM<sub>1</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> were performed using a portable device (AEROCET531S) at nine sites in 2018 and at ten sites in 2019. These sites are located on roadside, administrative services, secondary education establishments and outlying districts. The results show that: 1) the PM1 concentrations values presented no significant variation between days, seasons or sampling sites;2) the 24-hour PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations often exceeding WHO recommended concentrations and, 3) the 24-hour PM<sub>10</sub> concentrations exceed WHO recommended concentrations regardless of the season or the sampling site. In indeed, the average 24-hour concentrations are 20 ± 4, 87 ± 16 and 951 ± 266 μg<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>m<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>3</sup> for the PM1, PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>, respectively. They are 17 ± 3, 29 ± 5 and 158 ± 43 μg<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>m<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>3</sup>, respectively, in 2018 dry season and, 12 ± 1, 22 ± 9 and 187 ± 67 μg<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>m<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span>3</sup>, respectively, in 2019 rainy season.
文摘Air pollution is one of the major global threats to human health. In Burkina Faso, more than 80% of the population uses solid fuels as the main source of cooking energy. This paper reports a comparative study on the exposure of household to the carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) emitted by improved cookstoves (ICS) or traditional cookstoves (TCS). A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Ouagadougou for 4 months during the rainy season (July to October) in households with an outdoor kitchen. The investigation involved 92 households where air pollutants, such as PM<sub>2.5</sub> and CO were measured with Indoor Air Pollution Meters (IAP meter). These measurements were focused on the concentration levels of the pollutants during cooking. The results of this study show high levels of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and CO for all type of stoves. Wood stoves led to higher PM<sub>2.5</sub> and lower CO emissions than charcoal stoves. ICS reduce emissions of indoor air pollutants compared to TCS. This reduction raised up to 82% for PM<sub>2.5</sub> and 37% for CO. The analysis of the data measured with the student test (t-test) shows that there is a statistically significant difference between the average values of the concentrations of the pollutants emitted with the TCS compared to ICS, except for CO emissions measured on multi-pot sizes cookstoves (MM). This study shows that the concentrations of indoor air pollutants are very high regardless of the type of cookstoves used. The CO exposure obtained varies from 119.10 to 362.72 μg/m<sup>3</sup> for 15-minute and 10.83 - 55.11 μg/m<sup>3</sup> for 1-hour exposure. The exposure in PM<sub>2.5</sub> varies from 4762 to 16,257 μg/m<sup>3</sup> for 15-minute and 106.63 to 1597 μg/m<sup>3</sup> for 1-hour of exposure. It was noted that the CO exposure levels obtained over 15-minute of exposure are 1.36 to 4.15 times higher than the WHO recommendation and 1.8 times higher for an exposure time of one hour. This means that women in charge of cooking have a high risk of exposure to air pollutants.