Dedication on the Occasion of the Thirtieth Anniversary of the Founding of Institute of Applied Mathematics

In March of 1979, Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） established, with the approval of the State Council of China, an office for promoting the application of mathematics and Interdisciplinary studies in practice. Later in October of 1979, based on this office CAS established the Institute of Applied Mathematics （IAM）. The first director of IAM was the world-wide famous mathematician, Professor HUA Loo-Keng, and most faculty members of IAM came from Institute of Mathematics within CAS, which was founded in July of 1952 and was also directed by Prof. HUA.

Analysis of thermal management and anti-mechanical abuse of multi-functional battery modules based on magneto-sensitive shear thickening fluid

Electric vehicles(EVs)have garnered significant attention as a vital driver of economic growth and environmental sustainability.Nevertheless,ensuring the safety of high-energy batteries is now a top priority that cannot be overlooked during large-scale applications.This paper proposes an innovative active protection and cooling integrated battery module using smart materials,magneto-sensitive shear thickening fluid(MSTF),which is specifically designed to address safety threats posed by lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)exposed to harsh mechanical and environmental conditions.The theoretical framework introduces a novel approach for harnessing the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics(SPH)methodology that incorporates the intricate interplay of non-Newtonian fluid behavior,capturing the fluid-structure coupling inherent to the MSTF.This approach is further advanced by adopting an enhanced Herschel-Bulkley(H-B)model to encapsulate the intricate rheology of the MSTF under the influence of the magnetorheological effect(MRE)and shear thickening(ST)behavior.Numerical simulation results show that in the case of cooling,the MSTF is an effective cooling medium for rapidly reducing the temperature.In terms of mechanical abuse,the MSTF solidifies through actively applying the magnetic field during mechanical compression and impact within the battery module,resulting in 66%and 61.7%reductions in the maximum stress within the battery jellyroll,and 31.1%and 23%reductions in the reaction force,respectively.This mechanism effectively lowers the risk of short-circuit failure.The groundbreaking concepts unveiled in this paper for active protection battery modules are anticipated to be a valuable technological breakthrough in the areas of EV safety and lightweight/integrated design.

Dirac method for nonlinear and non-homogenous boundary value problems of plates

The boundary value problem plays a crucial role in the analytical investigation of continuum dynamics. In this paper, an analytical method based on the Dirac operator to solve the nonlinear and non-homogeneous boundary value problem of rectangular plates is proposed. The key concept behind this method is to transform the nonlinear or non-homogeneous part on the boundary into a lateral force within the governing function by the Dirac operator, which linearizes and homogenizes the original boundary, allowing one to employ the modal superposition method for obtaining solutions to reconstructive governing equations. Once projected into the modal space, the harmonic balance method(HBM) is utilized to solve coupled ordinary differential equations(ODEs)of truncated systems with nonlinearity. To validate the convergence and accuracy of the proposed Dirac method, the results of typical examples, involving nonlinearly restricted boundaries, moment excitation, and displacement excitation, are compared with those of the differential quadrature element method(DQEM). The results demonstrate that when dealing with nonlinear boundaries, the Dirac method exhibits more excellent accuracy and convergence compared with the DQEM. However, when facing displacement excitation, there exist some discrepancies between the proposed approach and simulations;nevertheless, the proposed method still accurately predicts resonant frequencies while being uniquely capable of handling nonuniform displacement excitations. Overall, this methodology offers a convenient way for addressing nonlinear and non-homogenous plate boundaries.

Parametric resonance of axially functionally graded pipes conveying pulsating fluid

Based on the generalized Hamilton's principle,the nonlinear governing equation of an axially functionally graded(AFG)pipe is established.The non-trivial equilibrium configuration is superposed by the modal functions of a simply supported beam.Via the direct multi-scale method,the response and stability boundary to the pulsating fluid velocity are solved analytically and verified by the differential quadrature element method(DQEM).The influence of Young's modulus gradient on the parametric resonance is investigated in the subcritical and supercritical regions.In general,the pipe in the supercritical region is more sensitive to the pulsating excitation.The nonlinearity changes from hard to soft,and the non-trivial equilibrium configuration introduces more frequency components to the vibration.Besides,the increasing Young's modulus gradient improves the critical pulsating flow velocity of the parametric resonance,and further enhances the stability of the system.In addition,when the temperature increases along the axial direction,reducing the gradient parameter can enhance the response asymmetry.This work further complements the theoretical analysis of pipes conveying pulsating fluid.

Dynamics and vibration reduction performance of asymmetric tristable nonlinear energy sink

With its complex nonlinear dynamic behavior,the tristable system has shown excellent performance in areas such as energy harvesting and vibration suppression,and has attracted a lot of attention.In this paper,an asymmetric tristable design is proposed to improve the vibration suppression efficiency of nonlinear energy sinks(NESs)for the first time.The proposed asymmetric tristable NES(ATNES)is composed of a pair of oblique springs and a vertical spring.Then,the three stable states,symmetric and asymmetric,can be achieved by the adjustment of the distance and stiffness asymmetry of the oblique springs.The governing equations of a linear oscillator(LO)coupled with the ATNES are derived.The approximate analytical solution to the coupled system is obtained by the harmonic balance method(HBM)and verified numerically.The vibration suppression efficiency of three types of ATNES is compared.The results show that the asymmetric design can improve the efficiency of vibration reduction through comparing the chaotic motion of the NES oscillator between asymmetric steady states.In addition,compared with the symmetrical tristable NES(TNES),the ATNES can effectively control smaller structural vibrations.In other words,the ATNES can effectively solve the threshold problem of TNES failure to weak excitation.Therefore,this paper reveals the vibration reduction mechanism of the ATNES,and provides a pathway to expand the effective excitation amplitude range of the NES.

Dynamic performance and parameter optimization of a half-vehicle system coupled with an inerter-based X-structure nonlinear energy sink

Inspired by the demand of improving the riding comfort and meeting the lightweight design of the vehicle, an inerter-based X-structure nonlinear energy sink(IXNES) is proposed and applied in the half-vehicle system to enhance the dynamic performance. The X-structure is used as a mechanism to realize the nonlinear stiffness characteristic of the NES, which can realize the flexibility, adjustability, high efficiency, and easy operation of nonlinear stiffness, and is convenient to apply in the vehicle suspension, and the inerter is applied to replacing the mass of the NES based on the mass amplification characteristic. The dynamic model of the half-vehicle system coupled with the IX-NES is established with the Lagrange theory, and the harmonic balance method(HBM) and the pseudo-arc-length method(PALM) are used to obtain the dynamic response under road harmonic excitation. The corresponding dynamic performance under road harmonic and random excitation is evaluated by six performance indices, and compared with that of the original half-vehicle system to show the benefits of the IX-NES. Furthermore, the structural parameters of the IX-NES are optimized with the genetic algorithm. The results show that for road harmonic and random excitation, using the IX-NES can greatly reduce the resonance peaks and root mean square(RMS) values of the front and rear suspension deflections and the front and rear dynamic tire loads, while the resonance peaks and RMS values of the vehicle body vertical and pitching accelerations are slightly larger.When the structural parameters of the IX-NES are optimized, the vehicle body vertical and pitching accelerations of the half-vehicle system could reduce by 2.41% and 1.16%,respectively, and the other dynamic performance indices are within the reasonable ranges.Thus, the IX-NES combines the advantages of the inerter, X-structure, and NES, which improves the dynamic performance of the half-vehicle system and provides an effective option for vibration attenuation in the vehicle engineering.

Theoretical and experimental study of a bi-stable piezoelectric energy harvester under hybrid galloping and band-limited random excitations

In the practical environment,it is very common for the simultaneous occurrence of base excitation and crosswind.Scavenging the combined energy of vibration and wind with a single energy harvesting structure is fascinating.For this purpose,the effects of the wind speed and random excitation level are investigated with the stochastic averaging method(SAM)based on the energy envelope.The results of the analytical prediction are verified with the Monte-Carlo method(MCM).The numerical simulation shows that the introduction of wind can reduce the critical excitation level for triggering an inter-well jump and make a bi-stable energy harvester(BEH)realize the performance enhancement for a weak base excitation.However,as the strength of the wind increases to a particular level,the influence of the random base excitation on the dynamic responses is weakened,and the system exhibits a periodic galloping response.A comparison between a BEH and a linear energy harvester(LEH)indicates that the BEH demonstrates inferior performance for high-speed wind.Relevant experiments are conducted to investigate the validity of the theoretical prediction and numerical simulation.The experimental findings also show that strong random excitation is favorable for the BEH in the range of low wind speeds.However,as the speed of the incoming wind is up to a particular level,the disadvantage of the BEH becomes clear and evident.

A novel way for vibration control of FGM fluid-conveying pipes via NiTiNOL-steel wire rope

In this study,a coupling model of fluid-conveying pipes made of functionally graded materials(FGMs)with NiTiNOL-steel(NiTi-ST)for vibration absorption is investigated.The vibration responses of the FGM fluid-conveying pipe with NiTi-ST are studied by the Galerkin truncation method(GTM)and harmonic balance method(HBM).The harmonic balance solutions and the numerical results are consistent.Also,the linearized stability of the structure is determined.The effects of the structure parameters on the absorption performance are also studied.The results show that the NiTi-ST is an effective means of vibration absorption.Furthermore,in studying the effect of the NiTi-ST,a closed detached response(CDR)is first observed.It is noteworthy that the CDR may dramatically change the vibration amplitude and that the parameters of the NiTi-ST may determine the emergence or disappearance of the CDR.This vibration absorption device can be extended to offer more general vibration control in engineering applications.

Adjacent mode resonance of a hydraulic pipe system consisting of parallel pipes coupled at middle points

The coupling vibration of a hydraulic pipe system consisting of two pipes is studied.The pipes are installed in parallel and fixed at their ends,and are restrained by clips to one bracket at their middle points.The pipe subjected to the basement excitation at the left end is named as the active pipe,while the pipe without excitation is called the passive pipe.The clips between the two pipes are the bridge for the vibration energy.The adjacent natural frequencies will enhance the vibration coupling.The governing equation of the coupled system is deduced by the generalized Hamilton principle,and is discretized to the modal space.The modal correction is used during the discretization.The investigation on the natural characters indicates that the adjacent natural frequencies can be adjusted by the stiffness of the two clips and bracket.The harmonic balance method(HBM)is used to study the responses in the adjacent natural frequency region.The results show that the vibration energy transmits from the active pipe to the passive pipe swimmingly via the clips together with a flexible bracket,while the locations of them are not node points.The adjacent natural frequencies may arouse wide resonance curves with two peaks for both pipes.The stiffness of the clip and bracket can release the vibration coupling.It is suggested that the stiffness of the clip on the passive pipe should be weak and the bracket should be strong enough.In this way,the vibration energy is reflected by the almost rigid bracket,and is hard to transfer to the passive pipe via a soft clip.The best choice is to set the clips at the pipe node points.The current work gives some suggestions for weakening the coupled vibration during the dynamic design of a coupled hydraulic pipe system.

A nonlinear mathematical model for large deflection of incompressible saturated poroelastic beams

Nonlinear governing equations are established for large deflection of incompressible fluid saturated poroelastic beams under constraint that diffusion of the pore fluid is only in the axial direction of the deformed beams. Then, the nonlinear bending of a saturated poroelastic cantilever beam with fixed end impermeable and flee end permeable, subjected to a suddenly applied constant concentrated transverse load at its free end, is examined with the Gaierkin truncation method. The curves of deflections and bending moments of the beam skeleton and the equivalent couples of the pore fluid pressure are shown in figures. The results of the large deflection and the small deflection theories of the cantilever poroelastic beam are compared, and the differences between them are revealed. It is shown that the results of the large deflection theory are less than those of the corresponding small deflection theory, and the times needed to approach its stationary states for the large deflection theory are much less than those of the small deflection theory.

Nonlinear vibrations of a composite circular plate with a rigid body

The influence of weights is usually ignored in the study of nonlinear vibrations of plates.In this paper,the effect of structure weights on the nonlinear vibration of a composite circular plate with a rigid body is presented.The nonlinear governing equations are derived from the generalized Hamilton's principle and the von Kármán plate theory.The equilibrium configurations due to weights are determined and validated by the finite element method(FEM).A nonlinear model for the vibration around the equilibrium configuration is established.Moreover,the natural frequencies and amplitude-frequency responses of harmonically forced vibrations are calculated.The study shows that the structure weights introduce additional linear and quadratic nonlinear terms into the dynamical model.This leads to interesting phenomena.For example,considering weights increases the natural frequency.Furthermore,when the influence of weights is considered,the vibration response of the plate becomes asymmetrical.

Piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects of DNA adsorbed films on microcantilevers

DNA-based biosensors have played a huge role in many areas,especially in current global coronavirus outbreak.However,there is a great difficulty in the characterization of piezoelectric and flexoelectric coefficients of the nanoscale DNA film,because the existing experimental methods for hard materials are almost invalid.In addition,the relevant theoretical models for DNA films only consider a single effect without clarifying the difference between the two electromechanical effects on device detection signals.This work aims to present multiscale models for DNA-microcantilever experiments to clarify the competitive mechanism in piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects of DNA films on detection signals.First,a Poisson-Boltzmann(PB)equation is used to predict the potential distribution due to the competition between fixed phosphate groups and mobile salt ions in DNA films.Second,a macroscopic piezoelectric/flexoelectric constitutive equation of the DNA film and a mesoscopic free energy model of the DNA solution are combined to analytically predict the electromechanical coefficients of the DNA film and the relevant microcantilever signals by the deformation equivalent method and Zhang’s two-variable method.Finally,the effects of detection conditions on microscopic interactions,electromechanical coupling coefficients,and deflection signals are studied.Numerical results not only agree well with the experimental observations,but also reveal that the piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects of the DNA film should be equivalently modeled when interpreting microcantilever detection signals.These insights might provide opportunities for the microcantilever biosensor with high sensitivity.

Multiscale tensegrity model for the tensile properties of DNA nanotubes

DNA nanotubes(DNTs)with user-defined shapes and functionalities have potential applications in many fields.So far,compared with numerous experimental studies,there have been only a handful of models on the mechanical properties of such DNTs.This paper aims at presenting a multiscale model to quantify the correlations among the pre-tension states,tensile properties,encapsulation structures of DNTs,and the surrounding factors.First,by combining a statistical worm-like-chain(WLC)model of single DNA deformation and Parsegian's mesoscopic model of DNA liquid crystal free energy,a multiscale tensegrity model is established,and the pre-tension state of DNTs is characterized theoretically for the first time.Then,by using the minimum potential energy principle,the force-extension curve and tensile rigidity of pre-tension DNTs are predicted.Finally,the effects of the encapsulation structure and surrounding factors on the tensile properties of DNTs are studied.The predictions for the tensile behaviors of DNTs can not only reproduce the existing experimental results,but also reveal that the competition of DNA intrachain and interchain interactions in the encapsulation structures determines the pre-tension states of DNTs and their tensile properties.The changes in the pre-tension states and environmental factors make the monotonic or non-monotonic changes in the tensile properties of DNTs under longitudinal loads.

Dynamic modeling of fluid-conveying pipes restrained by a retaining clip

Although most pipes are restrained by retaining clips in aircraft,the influence of the clip parameters on the vibration of the fluid-conveying pipe has not been revealed.By considering the clip width,a new dynamic model of a fluid-conveying pipe restrained by an intermediate clip is established in this paper.To demonstrate the necessity of the proposed model,a half pipe model is established by modeling the clip as one end.By comparing the two models,it is found that the half pipe model overestimates the critical velocity and may estimate the dynamical behavior of the pipe incorrectly.In addition,with the increase in the clip stiffness,the conversion processes of the first two modes of the pipe are shown.Furthermore,by ignoring the width of the clip,the effect of the flow velocity on the accuracy of a concentrated restraint clip model is presented.When the flow velocity is close to the critical velocity,the accuracy of the concentrated restraint clip model significantly reduces,especially when the width of the clip is large.In general,the contribution of this paper is to establish a dynamic model of the fluid-conveying pipe which can describe the influence of the clip parameters,and to demonstrate the necessity of this model.

A pre-strain strategy of current collectors for suppressing electrode debonding in lithium-ion batteries

The interfacial debonding between the active layer and the current collector has been recognized as a critical mechanism for battery fading,and thus has attracted great efforts focused on the related analyses.However,much still remains to be studied regarding practical methods for suppressing electrode debonding,especially from the perspective of mechanics.In this paper,a pre-strain strategy of current collectors to alleviate electrode debonding is proposed.An analytical model for a symmetric electrode with a deformable and limited-thickness current collector is developed to analyze the debonding behavior involving both a pre-strain of the current collector and an eigen-strain of the active layers.The results reveal that the well-designed pre-strain can significantly delay the debonding onset(by up to 100%)and considerably reduce the debonding size.The critical values of the pre-strain are identified,and the pre-strain design principles are also provided.Based on these findings,this work sheds light on the mechanical design to suppress electrode degradation.

Revealing the contribution of basilar membrane's biological activity to the mechanism of the cochlear phonosensitive amplification

Explaining the mechanism of the cochlear active phonosensitive amplification has been a major problem in medicine.The basilar membrane(BM)is the key infrastructure.In 1960,Nobel Laureate von B′ek′esy first discovered BM's traveling wave motion.Since that time,BM's models only have considered the traveling wave but not the biological activity.Therefore,a new model considering changes of BM's stiffness in space and time is established based on the immersed boundary method to describe its biological activity.It not only reproduces the results of traveling wave motion but also explains the mechanization on the generation of traveling wave.An important discovery is that changes of BM's stiffness in space and time will cause the unstable global resonance,which will induce amplification of sounds in cochlea.An important inference is that biological activity shall be included in the application of mechanical principles to the analysis of life,which is the essential difference between biomechanics and general mechanics.

Resonant Scattering of Gravitational Waves with Electromagnetic Waves

A certain class of exact solutions of Einstein Maxwell spacetime in general relativity is discussed to demonstrate that at the level of theory,when certain parametric resonance condition is met,the interaction of electromagnetic field with a gravitational wave will display certain Lyapunov instability and lead to exponential amplification of a gravitational wave train described by certain Newman-Penrose component of the Weyl curvature.In some way akin to a free electron laser in electromagnetic theory,by the conversion of electromagnetic energy into gravitational energy in a coherent way,the feasibility of generating a pulsed-laser-like intense beam of gravitational wave is displayed.

On the Vortex Sheets of Compressible Flows

This paper provides a review of the recent results on the stability of vortex sheets in compressible flows.Vortex sheets are contact discontinuities of the underlying flows.The vortex sheet problem is a free boundary problem with a characteristic boundary and is challenging in analysis.The formulation of the vortex sheet problem will be introduced.The linear stability and nonlinear stability for both the two-dimensional two-phase compressible flows and the two-dimensional elastic flows are summarized.The linear stability of vortex sheets for the three-dimensional elastic flows is also presented.The difficulties of the vortex sheet problems and the ideas of proofs are discussed.

Unraveling the reaction reversibility and structure stability of nickel sulfide anodes for lithium ion batteries

The electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries,i.e.specific capacity and cyclability,is primarily determined by chemical reversibility and structural stability of the electrodes in cycling.Here we have investigated the fundamental reaction behaviors of nickel sulfide(NixSy)as lithium-ion battery anodes by in-situ TEM.We find that Ni_(3)S_(2)is the electrochemically stable phase,which appears in the first cycle of the NixSyanode.From the second cycle,conversion between Ni_(3)S_(2)and Li_(2)S/Ni is the dominant electrochemical reaction.In lithiation,the NixSynanoparticles evolve into a mixture of Ni nanocrystals embedded in Li_(2)S matrix,which form a porous structure upon full lithiation,and with the recrystallization of the Ni_(3)S_(2)phase in delithiation,a compact and interconnected network is built.Structural stability in cycles is susceptible to particle size and substrate restraint.Carbon substrate can certainly improve the tolerance for size-dependent pulverization of NixSynanoparticles.When NixSynanoparticle exceeds the critical size value,the morphology of the particle is no longer well maintained even under the constraints of the carbon substrate.This work deepens the understanding of electrochemical reaction behavior of conversiontype materials and helps to rational design of high-energy density battery anodes.