A New Species of Tsuga(Pinaceae) based on Lignified Wood from the Late Miocene of Central Yunnan, China, and Its Paleoenvironmental Implications

A new species, Tsuga nanfengensis sp.nov.（Pinaceae）, is described on the basis of lignified fossil wood from the late Miocene of the Xianfeng Basin, central Yunnan, southwestern China.Detailed observation of the fossil wood specimens show the following characteristics： distinct growth rings, absence of resin canals, uniseriate bordered pits in the radial wall of tracheids, ray tracheids and piceoid and cupressoid cross-field pits.These features indicate similarities to the wood of extant Tsuga canadensis, T.chinensis, and T.dumosa.According to the fossil record, Tsuga was present in Xundian County during the Miocene.Today Tsuga is drought intolerant, preferring wet conditions with no extant species growing naturally in Xundian County.The presence of Tsuga in the Miocene of Xundian County indicates a humid climate consistent with previous palaeoclimatic reconstructions showing a wetter and probably shorter dry season in the Miocene, relative to the present day.Therefore, the change in the local climate such as increasing aridity through the Miocene might explain the local extinction of Tsuga from central Yunnan.

Boundary of Cretaceous and Paleogene continental deposits in Zeya-Bureya Basin,Amur(Heilongjiang)River region

It was conducted the comparison of palynological assemblages of the Middle Tsagayan,Upper Tsagayan subformations,Furao and Wuyun formations from Zeya-Bureya Basin of Amur (Heilongjiang) River region with assemblages obtained from the marine deposits of Northeast Russia,Sakhalin,Kuril,and Hokkaido Islands,dated by ammonites,foraminifers and other invertebrates. Based on detail correlation,the geological age of the terrestrial beds was defined. The guide fossils are recognized Marsypiletes cretacea,Tricolpites variexi- nus,Aquilapollenites conatus,A. stelkii,A. rombicus,Integricorpus bellum,Pseudointegricorpus clarireticula- tus,Triprojectus amoenus,Orbiculapollis lucidus,Wodehouseia aspera,Quercoidites minor,which had last oc- currence in the late Maastrichtian. The Danian palynofloras usually are dominated by Triatriopollenites plicoides and T. confusus. The species Anacolosidites subtrudens,Aquilapollenites proceros,A. spinulosus have last occurrence in the Danian. The K-T (K-Pg) boundary in the terrestrial deposits is defined in the base of the Upper Tsagayan Subformation and the base of the lower part of the Wuyun Formation. The latter is represented by aleuropelite to fine-grained sandstones. The change of taxonomical composition of palynospectra in similar environments could be determined by real change of flora at the Mesozoic and Cenozoic boundary,but not by changes of lithological facies or depositional environment,generally.

Late Cretaceous biota and the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K--Pg)Boundary in Jiayin of Heilongjiang,China

An international cooperative study of the Late Cretaceous biota and non-marine strata including the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K--Pg) boundary in Jiayin near the Heilongjiang River,China during 2002-2010,is summarized in this paper. The strata includes the Upper Cretaceous Yong'ancun-,Taipinglinchang-,Yuliang-zi-,and Furao formations,and the Paleocence Wuyun Formation consisting of Baoshantou Member and a Coalbearing Member. Seven palynological assemblages from Santonian to Paleocene are recognized,which is used for definition of the K--Pg boundary. Through the palynological analysis of three drilled boreholes (XHY-2005,2006,2008) in Xiaoheyan of western Jiayin,the K--Pg boundary is defined within 20. 00-20. 05 m in the borehole XHY-2006 (as a standard boundary) which is just between the top of Furao Formation (late Maasterichtian) and the base of Baishantou Member (early Danian) . These new research results are supported by paleo- magnetic,geochemical and other analyses,also. On the other hand,the presence of eight taxa of Maasterichtian dinosaurs (mostly hadrosaurids) have been recognized by the authors; and two mega-plant assemblages from the Yong'ancun Fm (Santonian) to Taipinglinchang Fm (Campanian) are confirmed. These research a-chievements indicate that the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene in Jiayin can be well correlated to the strata in the neighboring Zeya-Bureja basin,Russia. The K--Pg boundary definited in Jiayin is the first well documented non-marine K--Pg boundary in China. Also the related paleoclimate,paleoenvironment and the mass extinctions in this area during the Cretaceous-Paleocene transition are also discussed.

Geohelminths eggs contamination of sandpits in Vladivostok, Russia

Objective: To detect nematode eggs in sandpits in urban area in Vladivostok. Methods: Totally 60 samples were collected from five districts. Sand samples were analyzed using combined flotation-sedimentation method. In result, 18 sand samples were positive for at one or two parasites species. Results: Overall, only 3 genera of helminths were recovered. Most samples were positive for Toxocara spp. eggs. Toxocara spp. eggs were found in each district. More samples with Toxocara spp. eggs were found in Pervomaiskii district. Ascaris spp. eggs were also appeared in each district, however Ascaris eggs rate of contamination was less than rate of Toxocara spp. contamination. Toxascaris leonina eggs were the less frequent species in sandpits, it was found only in Sovetskii and Pervomaiskii districts. Ascaris eggs rate of contamination was less than rate of Toxocara spp. contamination. Toxascaris leonina eggs were the less frequent species in sandpits, it was found only in two districts. No correlation between districts and helmiths eggs present in soil samples was found(P>0.05). Conclusions: Considering the high sand contamination with parasite infective elements of both human and animal origin, measures to improve environmental and sanitary conditions are indicated, as well as promoting the concept of responsible pet ownership.

Review of the Permian Camptoneuritidae(Insecta:Grylloblattida)

The Permian family Camptoneuritidae （Insecta： Grylloblattida） is reviewed. New synonymies are proposed： Camptoneuritidae Martynov, 1930 = Demopteridae Carpenter, 1950, syn. nov., = Jabloniidae Kukalova, 1964, syn. nov. Key to genera of Camptoneuritidae is given. All genera are redescribed and illustrated. Camptoneurites soyanensis sp. nov. from Soyana locality （Middle Permian, Kazanian Stage; Arkhangelsk Region, Russia） and Tyulkinia bashkuevi gen. et sp. nov. from Tyulkino locality （Lower Permian, Kungurian Stage; Perm Region, Russia） are described.

A New Mantispid-Like Species of Rhachiberothinae (Neuroptera:Berothidae) from Baltic Amber,with a Critical Review of the Fossil Record of the Subfamily

Whalfera wiszniewskii sp. nov. is described from the Late Eocene Baltic amber. The genus Whalfera is considered as the only fossil genus confidently assigned to the Rhachiberothinae. Others previously placed in this subfamily belong to Paraberothinae （except perhaps for Oisea）. The Late Eocene/present Rhachiberothinae and the Cretaceous Paraberothinae are considered to be the subfamilies of Berothidae.

Microsatellite Analysis of <i>Panax ginseng</i>Natural Populations in Russia

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is an endangered species in Russia. To restore this species, effective protective measures, including the reintroduction into favorable habitats, must be worked out considering the specificity of genetic structure of ginseng populations. One hundred and thirty-nine P. ginseng plants were collected from the forests of nine administrative areas of Primorsky Territory of Russia and transferred to a collection nursery for further investigation. Microsatellite markers were used to study the genetic diversity and the genetic structure of ginseng populations. For populations studied with SSR, the number of observed alleles was ranging from 15 to 25, allelic richness from 1.83 to 3.04, polymorphic loci from 62.5% to 87.7%, observed heterozygosity from 0.410 to 0.512 (an average of 0.453) and expected heterozygosity from 0.304 to 0.479, with an average of 0.393. The values of the inbreeding coefficient within populations (Fis) ranged from -0.447 to 0.056, and their average value was -0.296. Genetic differentiation among populations was significant (Fst = 0.115) but an isolation-by-distance pattern was not detected. UPGMA and MS-tree confirmed the presence of genetic structure within P. ginseng and visualized genetic relationships of populations with similar pattern. STRUCTURE analysis revealed the genetic admixture between different ginseng populations. It was established with SSR markers that P. ginseng still preserves substantial genetic resources although all populations are largely exhausted. Because ginseng populations are significantly differentiated all of them should be restored. Considering the admixture of ginseng populations it would be advisable to apply the individual assignment test to verify the content of indigenous populations and to identify the "true" population plants to serve as stock material for reintroduction.

Palynoflora of Wulaga dinosaur site in Jiayin(Zeya-Bureya Basin, China)

The palynological assemblage from Wulaga dinosaur site in Jiayin from southeastern Zeya-Bureya Basin was studied. The high content of pteridophytes spores is characteristic for this assemblage. The further characters are in decrease of abundance-tricolpate pollen, Ginkgocycadophytus, pollen of Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae and Taxaceae (TCT), bisaccate pollen of Pinaceae, and triporate pollen. The bone-bearing burials of Wulaga dinosaur site formed under conditions of vast swampy river valley covered by ferns and taxodialeans. Tricolpate pollen, produced by plants, close to those of Platanaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae, and Juglandaceae, counts in favor of valley river open canopy forests.

Vertical redistribution of drifting benthic invertebrates in the Kedrovaya River, Primorsky Region of Russia

The vertical distribution of morphologically different drifting invertebrates (mayfly and dipteran larvae) in a small salmon river was studied. Drifting invertebrates were caught with the Astakhov’s sampler equipped with three driftnets placed one above another. The average annual drift rate in different levels of a water column was practically the same, while the drift density decreased from the bottom to the surface. Over the course of 24 hours, the drifting organisms did not show clear preference for a particular water layer. Invertebrates were constantly redistributed between the upper and lower levels at approximately 30 - 90 min intervals. This redistribution appears to be linked to the fact that invertebrates of the same taxa, which entered into water column from different bottom sites become active at different times.

Lipovtsy flora of Razdolnaya( Suifun) River Basin,Primorye region,Russia

The Lipovtsy flora originates mostly from the synonymous Formation exposed at the coal quarries in the Razdolnaya( Suifun) River Basin in Heilongjiang Province( China) and Primorye Region( Russia). The thorough study of this flora has revealed its high diversity and abundance. One of the most prominent groups in the Lipovtsy flora is the ferns. Next in diversity are conifers( Miroviaceae,Taxodiaceae,Podozamitaceae,Taxaceae,Cephalotaxaceae). It was revealed the remarkable quantity of bennettitalean remains( 24 taxa). The main peculiarity of this flora is the appearance of first angiosperms( pollen,dispersed cuticle,leaves). The fine preservation of the cuticles from the coals allows us to research the taxonomical composition of peat-forming plants and clear main components of the swamp plant communities. These plants supplied the material for the accumulation of resinite coals on the territory of Razdolnaya River Basin were conifers Miroviaceae,taxodialeans,bennettites,as well as gleicheniaceous and cyatheaceous ferns.

Genetic characterization of far eastern species of the genus <i>Crepidostomum</i>(Trematoda: Allocreadiidae) by means of 28S ribosomal DNA sequences

Genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships of four species of the genus Crepidostomum Braun, 1900 sensu Caira, Bogea (2005) were revealed using partial sequences of 28S ribosomal RNA gene. Genetic divergence between C. cf. farionis (Muller, 1784) and C. nemachilus Krotov, 1959 was 3.1%, which corresponds to the mean value of interspecific divergence between Crepidostomum species. These two species, therefore, can be recognized as bonafide species. However, we found no genetic differences between 28S rRNA gene sequences of C. nemachilus and C. cf. metoecus Braun,1900 inspite of considerable morphological and ecological differences. Maximal values of genetic p-distances were revealed between C. cf. auriculatum Wedl, 1857 and C. cf. farionis. Phylogenetic relationships of Crepidostomum spp. for which sequence data are available, along with species in other related genera (Bunodera Railliet, 1896 and Allocreadium Loss, 1900) showed a paraphyly of the genus Crepidostomum. Considerable differentiation of C. cf. auriculatum from other Crepidostomum species was revealed, which may reflect the original description of this species in a separate genus Acrolichanus Ward, 1917. Our results are consistent with the conventional systematics that places the four genera (Crepidostomum, Bunodera, Megalogonia and Allocreadium) within the same family.

Comparison of Early Jurassic flora from South Primorye of Russia with its main coeval floras of China

The Early Jurassic flora,with over 42 species of 26 genera and documented in age by sandwiched marine beds,from the Lower Jurassic Schitukhe Formation of South Primorye,Russia,is further reported.The flora is dominated by cycadophytes,ferns and conifers,with some of ginkgoales and czekanowskiales,and characterized by occurrence of Cycadocarpidium,with very rare Coniopteris.A comparison of this flora with its coeval Early Jurassic floras of China is discussed.The Russian flora is considered as the early assemblage of Early Jurassic flora,and more similar to the Early Jurassic floras from the Shansonggang-and Yihe formations of Jilin,Beipiao Formation of Liaoning,and lower-middle Guanyintan Formation of Hunan in China.

Early Cretaceous flora from coal-bearing strata of Markovsky Peninsula in South Primorye,Russia

The Early Cretaceous flora from the coal-bearing strata(Ussuri and Lipovtsy formations)in the Markovsky peninsula of South Primorye,Far East Russia,is reported in some detail in this paper.The flora containing over 80 species of about 50 genera can be divided into two assemblages.The paleofloristic characteristics and the comparisons of this flora with its coeval floras from the adjacent region of the eastern Heilongjiang of Northeast China,indicate the flora and its coal-bearing strata of the Markovsky peninsula can be compared to those of the Chengzihe and Muling formations of the Jixi area of Heilongjiang,representing probably the late Barremian and Aptian age,respectively.

Changes of taxonomical composition of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous palynofloras of Bureya Basin,Russia

The changes of taxonomical composition of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous palynofloras are revealed,in the upper stream of Bureya River in Bureya Basin.The palynofloras are dominated as follows:the Berriasian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae,Osmundaceae),Classopollis and bisaccate pollen;the Valanginian-Hauterivian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae),Ginkgocycadophytus and bisaccate pollen;the Barremian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae);the Aptian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae,Gleicheniaceae) and Ginkgocycadophytus;and the Albian one by ferns(Schizaeaceae) and bisaccate pollen.In the Albian the floral diversity raises with the angiosperms appearing.

陕西秦岭平河梁自然保护区小型兽类的组成与分布

2005年9月利用铗日法辅以陷阱法对位于秦岭山脉南坡东段的平河梁自然保护区及牛背梁自然保护区小型兽类进行了调查,共设置采集点10个;2460铗日中共捕获小型兽类689只,隶属于3目6科19属27种(另有两种鼢鼠和一种鼯鼠系其他手段捕获),平均捕获率28.01%。对捕获的27种小型兽类生态和垂直分布进行分析结果表明:平河梁保护区3个群落的Shannon-Weiner多样性指数在2.9288-3.3639之间,Pielou均匀性指数在0.7669-0.8602之间。在上述调查的基础上,结合前人对邻近地区的调查,据一些物种的分布特点,订出平河梁自然保护区小型兽类的名录,计48种,结果显示秦岭南坡东段小型兽类的物种多样性和丰富度要高于秦岭其他地区。另在考察中采集到白尾鼹(Parascaptor leucura)、小纹背鼩鼱(Sorex bedfordiae)、斯氏鼢鼠(Myospalaxsmithii)、川西白腹鼠(Niviventer excelsior),在秦岭山区尚属首次记录。还整理了秦岭南坡小型兽类名录,认为秦岭南坡有小型兽类55种,在动物地理区划上应属于西南区。

吉林省发现长尾鼠耳蝠

在吉林省通化市采集到长尾鼠耳蝠(Myotis frater)样本9只,为吉林省蝙蝠科新纪录,鉴定为长尾亚种M.f.longicaudatus。本文给出了该蝙蝠的特征描述和相关测量数据,并与文献记录进行了比较。

吉林省新纪录东方蝙蝠Vespertilio sinensis(Peters,1880)的回声定位声波特征与分析

通过对吉林省长春市采集到的11只蝙蝠标本的外形、头骨、牙齿和阴茎骨进行测量与对照,鉴定为东方蝙蝠(Vespertilio sinensis),是吉林省翼手目新纪录。用实时录音的超声波仪录制其正常飞行状态下的回声定位声波。结果表明,东方蝙蝠发出短的、宽带的、多谐波的陡坡调频型回声定位声波,能量主要集中在第1谐波。起始频率为83.66±2.08 kHz,峰频为34.54±0.88 kHz,终止频率为24.78±0.41 kHz,带宽为58.84±2.10 kHz,声脉冲持续时间和声脉冲间隔分别为2.63±0.27 ms和61.67±7.5 ms。

毛唇蚁蜂属五中国新纪录种记述(膜翅目:蚁蜂科)（英文）

记述中国膜翅目蚁蜂科毛唇蚁蜂属5中国新纪录种:反毛唇蚁蜂Dasylabris adversa Skorikov,1935,古式毛唇蚁蜂D.gussakovskii Skorikov,1935,莫拉毛唇蚁蜂松戈尔亚种D.maura sungora(Pallas,1773),王毛唇蚁蜂D.regalis(Fabricius,1793)和济式毛唇蚁蜂D.zimini Skorikov,1935,并给出图示和中国毛唇蚁蜂属的检索表。

Social structure and space use of Amur tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)in Southern Russian Far East based on GPS telemetry data

To better understand the spatial structure of Amur tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)at the southern edge of their range we fitted 14 tigers(6♀♀and 8♂♂)with 15 GPS-Argos collars between 2008 and 2011 in 2 study sites:the Ussuriskii Reserve of southern Sikhote-Alin and the Land of the Leopard National Park in southwest Primorye,Russian Far East.Fixed kernel estimates of male home ranges were larger than those of female home ranges(P<0.05[mean 95%fixed kernel♀=401±205 km2;mean 95%fixed kernel♂=778±267 km2]).The home range size of females varied greatly,but on average was similar to estimates derived from earlier work further north.Low overlap of adjacent home ranges suggested that females retained exclusive territories.Real core areas of females overlapped only slightly,and remained stable over multiple years.The home ranges of adult males were smaller than those of males to the north,and in contrast to previous studies,high overlap among males indicated the absence of territoriality.Nonetheless,real core areas of males did not overlap,suggesting some spatial separation.In comparison to other tiger populations and other areas of the Russian Far East,the sex ratio in our 2 study areas was highly skewed towards males.We believe this skewed sex ratio resulted in the dissolution of territoriality of males due to an inability to defend individual females,with males resorting to scramble competition for mates.Continued monitoring of these sites to determine whether shifts in the sex ratio might result in a return to male territoriality would provide confirmation of our tentative hypothesis.

大麝鼩韩国种群与俄罗斯远东种群之间的遗传分化:基于线粒体Cyt b基因的分析(英文)

为重新分析韩国大麝鼩种群与相邻的俄罗斯远东种群之间的遗传分化情况,我们获得9条来自韩国4个地点和俄罗斯3个地点的大麝鼩线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)全序列,并将其与来自Gen Bank的4条Cyt b全序列和4条Cyt b部分序列进行比较。结果发现韩国的大麝鼩并非只有一种基因型,因此,在利用Cyt b部分序列进行种群遗传学分析时需格外注意。基于Cyt b全序列分析,发现韩国的大麝鼩与俄罗斯远东地区的大麝鼩之间存在1.08%的平均JC距离和7个位点的差异,推测韩国的大麝鼩与俄罗斯远东地区的大麝鼩在包括末次冰盛期在内的很长时期都没有进行过遗传交流。目前的测序结果不支持当前认为大麝鼩为单系群的亚种分类理论,支持韩国大麝鼩是C.l.thomasi亚种的分类理论,但还需进一步对中国东北地区的样品进行测序分析后才能最终确认。