Design of a rural-urban sustainable consists six small businesses that use appropriate technologies, human work and natural resources of the region. The six sustainable technological-economic activities will be locali...Design of a rural-urban sustainable consists six small businesses that use appropriate technologies, human work and natural resources of the region. The six sustainable technological-economic activities will be localized in a single field, so, there is interaction between all activities and workers. The site also have to educate the surrounding communities to environmental issues. It is also a demonstration of how to improve the economic development of a region without damaging the environment. The proposal is to create a cooperative society with interested persons of the area and working groups for the six proposed technical and economic activities.展开更多
The study focuses on the in flue nee of Ni and Bi on alkali me etha nol oxidati on reacti on (EOR) activities, stabilities and structure characteristics of carb on supported Pd-based nano catalysts (Pd/C, Pd6oNi4o/C, ...The study focuses on the in flue nee of Ni and Bi on alkali me etha nol oxidati on reacti on (EOR) activities, stabilities and structure characteristics of carb on supported Pd-based nano catalysts (Pd/C, Pd6oNi4o/C, Pd6oBi4o/C, Pd6oNi2oBi2o/C) by cyclic voltammetry/chr ono amperometry using rotating disk electrode and various physico-chemical methods such as X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Nickel generates more adsorbed OH on the Pd catalyst surface than Bi and promotes the oxidation of adsorbed ethanol species. This results in a low onset potential toward ethanol oxidation with high current density. The presenee of Bi facilitates high toleranee toward various reaction in termediates resulting from the incomplete etha nol oxidation, but might also initiate the agglomerati on of Pd nano particles. The no vel Pd60Ni20Bi20/C nanocatalyst displays exceptional byproduct toleranee, but only satisfying catalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation in an alkaline medium. Therefore, the EOR performanee of the novel carbon supported ternary PdxNiyBiz anode catalyst with various atomic variations (Pd70Ni25Bi5/C, Pd70Ni20Bi10/C, Pd80Ni10Bi10/C and Pd40Ni20Bi40/C) using the common instant reduction synthesis method was further optimized for the alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell. The carbon supported Pd:Ni:Bi nano catalyst with atomic ratio of 70:20:10 displays outsta nding catalytic activity for the alkaline EOR compared to the other PdxNiyBiy/C nanocatalysts as well as to the benchmarks Pd/C, Pd60Ni40/C and Pd60Bi40/C. The synergy and the optimal content in consideration of the oxide species of Pd, Ni and Bi are crucial for the EOR kinetic enhancement in alkaline medium.展开更多
文摘Design of a rural-urban sustainable consists six small businesses that use appropriate technologies, human work and natural resources of the region. The six sustainable technological-economic activities will be localized in a single field, so, there is interaction between all activities and workers. The site also have to educate the surrounding communities to environmental issues. It is also a demonstration of how to improve the economic development of a region without damaging the environment. The proposal is to create a cooperative society with interested persons of the area and working groups for the six proposed technical and economic activities.
文摘The study focuses on the in flue nee of Ni and Bi on alkali me etha nol oxidati on reacti on (EOR) activities, stabilities and structure characteristics of carb on supported Pd-based nano catalysts (Pd/C, Pd6oNi4o/C, Pd6oBi4o/C, Pd6oNi2oBi2o/C) by cyclic voltammetry/chr ono amperometry using rotating disk electrode and various physico-chemical methods such as X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Nickel generates more adsorbed OH on the Pd catalyst surface than Bi and promotes the oxidation of adsorbed ethanol species. This results in a low onset potential toward ethanol oxidation with high current density. The presenee of Bi facilitates high toleranee toward various reaction in termediates resulting from the incomplete etha nol oxidation, but might also initiate the agglomerati on of Pd nano particles. The no vel Pd60Ni20Bi20/C nanocatalyst displays exceptional byproduct toleranee, but only satisfying catalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation in an alkaline medium. Therefore, the EOR performanee of the novel carbon supported ternary PdxNiyBiz anode catalyst with various atomic variations (Pd70Ni25Bi5/C, Pd70Ni20Bi10/C, Pd80Ni10Bi10/C and Pd40Ni20Bi40/C) using the common instant reduction synthesis method was further optimized for the alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell. The carbon supported Pd:Ni:Bi nano catalyst with atomic ratio of 70:20:10 displays outsta nding catalytic activity for the alkaline EOR compared to the other PdxNiyBiy/C nanocatalysts as well as to the benchmarks Pd/C, Pd60Ni40/C and Pd60Bi40/C. The synergy and the optimal content in consideration of the oxide species of Pd, Ni and Bi are crucial for the EOR kinetic enhancement in alkaline medium.
