The Uptake and Distribution Evidence of Nano-and Microplastics in vivo after a Single High Dose of Oral Exposure

Objective Tissue uptake and distribution of nano-/microplastics was studied at a single high dose by gavage in vivo.Methods Fluorescent microspheres(100 nm,3μm,and 10μm)were given once at a dose of 200 mg/(kg∙body weight).The fluorescence intensity(FI)in observed organs was measured using the IVIS Spectrum at 0.5,1,2,and 4 h after administration.Histopathology was performed to corroborate these findings.Results In the 100 nm group,the FI of the stomach and small intestine were highest at 0.5 h,and the FI of the large intestine,excrement,lung,kidney,liver,and skeletal muscles were highest at 4 h compared with the control group(P<0.05).In the 3μm group,the FI only increased in the lung at 2 h(P<0.05).In the 10μm group,the FI increased in the large intestine and excrement at 2 h,and in the kidney at 4 h(P<0.05).The presence of nano-/microplastics in tissues was further verified by histopathology.The peak time of nanoplastic absorption in blood was confirmed.Conclusion Nanoplastics translocated rapidly to observed organs/tissues through blood circulation;however,only small amounts of MPs could penetrate the organs.

Evidence on Invasion of Blood,Adipose Tissues,Nervous System and Reproductive System of Mice After a Single Oral Exposure:Nanoplastics versus Microplastics

Objective This study was designed to provide the evidences on the toxicokinetics of microplastics(MPs)and nanoplastics(NPs)in the bodies of mammals.Methods 100 nm,3μm,and 10μm fluorescent polystyrene(PS)beads were administered to mice once by gavage at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight.The levels and change of fluorescence intensity in samples of blood,subcutaneous fat,perirenal fat,peritesticular fat,cerebrum,cerebellum,testis,and epididymis were measured at 0.5,1,2,and 4 h after administration using an IVIS Spectrum small-animal imaging system.Histological examination,confocal laser scanning,and transmission electron microscope were performed to corroborate the findings.Results After confirming fluorescent dye leaching and impact of pH value,increased levels of fluorescence intensity in blood,all adipose tissues examined,cerebrum,cerebellum,and testis were measured in the 100 nm group,but not in the 3 and 10μm groups except in the cerebellum and testis at 4 h for the 3μm PS beads.The presence of PS beads was further corroborated.Conclusion After a single oral exposure,NPs are absorbed rapidly in the blood,accumulate in adipose tissues,and penetrate the blood-brain/testis barriers.As expected,the toxicokinetics of MPs is significantly size-dependent in mammals.

Expenditure and financial burden for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer in China:a hospital.based,multicenter,cross-sectional survey

Background: The increasing prevalence of colorectal cancer(CRC) in China and the paucity of information about relevant expenditure highlight the necessity of better understanding the financial burden and effect of CRC diagnosis and treatment. We performed a survey to quantify the direct medical and non-medical expenditure as well as the resulting financial burden of CRC patients in China.Methods: We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional survey in 37 tertiary hospitals in 13 provinces across China between 2012 and 2014. Each enrolled patient was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. All expenditure data were inflated to the 2014 Chinese Yuan(CNY; 1 CNY = 0.163 USD). We quantified the overall expenditure and financial burden and by subgroup(hospital type, age at diagnosis, sex, education, occupation, insurance type, household income, clinical stage, pathologic type, and therapeutic regimen). We then performed generalized linear modeling to determine the factors associated with overall expenditure.Results: A total of 2356 patients with a mean age of 57.4 years were included, 57.1 % of whom were men; 13.9% of patients had stage I cancer; and the average previous-year household income was 54,525 CNY.The overall average direct expenditure per patient was estimated to be 67,408 CNY, and the expenditures for stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ disease were 56,099 CNY, 59,952 CNY, 67,292 CNY, and 82,729 CNY, respectively. Non-medical expenditure accounted for 8.3%of the overall expenditure. The 1-year out-of-pocket expenditure of a newly diagnosed patient was 32,649 CNY, which accounted for 59.9% of their previous-year household income and caused 75.0% of families to suffer an unmanageable financial burden. Univariate analysis showed that financial burden and overall expenditure differed in almost all subgroups(P < 0.05), except for sex. Multivariate analysis showed that patients who were treated in specialized hospitals and those who were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma or diagnosed at a later stage were likely to spend more,whereas those with a lower household income and those who underwent surgery spent less(all P < 0.05).Conclusions: For patients in China, direct expenditure for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC seemed catastrophic,and non-medical expenditure was non-ignorable. The financial burden varied among subgroups, especially among patients with different clinical stages of disease, which suggests that, in China, CRC screening might be cost-effective.

Gender-specific Association of Sleep Duration with Body Mass Index,Waist Circumference,and Body Fat in Chinese Adults

Objective To examine the association between habitual sleep duration and obesity among Chinese adults. Methods The association of sleep duration and obesity was investigated among 7,094 community-dwelling Chinese adults. Sleep duration was self-reported. In this study, obesity was defined as follows： body mass index （BMI） ≥ 28 kg/m^2, waist circumference （WC） ≥ 85 cm in men and ≥ 80 cm in women, and percent body fat （%BF） ≥ 25 in men and ≥ 35 in women. Logistic and quantile regressions were employed to examine relationships of interest. Results Overall, 6.42% of the participants reported short sleep durations （〈 6 h/d） while 14.71% reported long （≥ 9 h/d） sleep durations. Long sleepers （≥ 9 h/d） represented a greater frequency of women with obesity [odds ratio （OR）： 1.30; 95% confidence interval （CI）, 1.02-1.67] and high body fat （1.43, 1.04-1.96） than those who slept 7-8 h/d. An association between long sleep times and higher BMI estimations was found across the 10th-75th percentile of the BMI distribution. Among men, long sleepers （≥ 9 h/d） presented lower risks of developing abdominal obesity compared with individuals who slept 7-8 h/d （OR = 0.79, 95% CI： 0.44-0.99）. Conclusion Our study suggests that long sleep durations are associated with general obesity in Chinese women but reduced waist circumferences in men. Confirmatory studies are needed to determine the heterogeneous association of sleep time and obesity by gender.

Characteristic and effect analysis of protein and peptide in Cantonese cured meat processing

The aim of this work was to explore the physicochemical and structural properties,lipid oxidation and antioxidant capacity of the peptides extracted from Cantonese cured meat and as well as to investigate the effect of drying time on the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins of Cantonese cured meat.The results suggested that salting out,protein oxidation and heat treatment were closely related to surface hydrophobicity and the secondary structure of peptides was changed by processing.And the peroxide value and the value of tributyltin compounds were different in evaluating the degree of lipid oxidation.Glu and His were the major amino acid.The approximate molecular weights of the sarcoplasmic proteins and myofibrillar proteins ranged from 31 kDa to 50 kDa and 66 kDa,respectively.The results indicated that reducing the levels of protein oxidation and improvement of the antioxidant properties should be of great interest to preserve the nutritional quality of meat products and prolong preservation period.

Association of MiR-21 expression and hypertension:A Meta-analysis

Objective:To systematically evaluate the relationship between the miR-21 level in peripheral blood and hypertension.Methods:A systematic literature searching of CNKI,Wanfang and VIP databases,PubMed,Web of Science and EMBASE by keywords was performed up to the end of November 2020.All statistical analysis was performed using the state16.0 software.Results:A total of 9 studies including 577 hypertension patients and 344 healthy controls were selected.The combined effect SMD was 1.53(95%CI:0.58-2.47,P=0.002).It is suggested that the level of miR-21 in peripheral blood of patients with hypertension is higher than that of controls.In subgroup analysis,the level of miR-21 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC)in hypertensives was higher than that in controls(SMD=3.49,95%CI:1.24-5.74),and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.002).But the association was not found in plasma(P=0.375).No publication bias was found in our study by Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test.Conclusion:The increased level of miR-21 in peripheral blood,especially in PBMC,is a risk factor for hypertension.Limited by the number of included studies,the conclusion still needs to be verified by more high-quality studies.

模拟教学联合小规模限制性在线课程在护生患者安全教育中的应用

目的旨在探讨模拟教学联合小规模限制性在线课程(small private online course,SPOC)在护理专业学生患者安全教育中的应用效果。方法采用类实验研究设计。于2020年11月至2021年6月,选取郑州市某职业卫生学校护理系4个班级219名护生为研究对象,按班级分为干预组(n=106)和对照组(n=113)。干预组护生在进行SPOC基础上,以小组为单位实施模拟教学,每次3个学时,共2次,分为课前准备、教学实施和课后反思3个阶段。对照组护生在钉钉教学平台上采用SPOC进行理论教学,以班级为单位,每次2个学时,共计4次。课程实施后,采用患者安全胜任力自评量表(Patient Safety Competency Self-Evaluation,PSCSE)比较两组护生的教学效果。结果干预组(n=103)和对照组(n=102)学生完成了研究。课程结束后,干预组和(176.24±13.73比144.64±13.75)和对照组(160.87±14.88比142.57±15.66)护生PSCSE总分均高于干预前(P<0.01),且干预组护生总分高于对照组(176.24±13.73比160.87±14.88,P<0.01)。课程结束后,干预组护生PSCSE各维度得分均提高(P<0.01);除不良事件报告与应对、不良事件沟通维度外(P>0.05),对照组护生PSCSE各维度得分均提高(P<0.01)。干预组护生除在安全护理认知、不良事件报告态度维度得分与对照组比较差异无统计学意义外,其余各维度得分均高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论模拟教学联合SPOC在护生患者安全教育中实施效果较好,能够从知识、技能、态度层面提高护生的患者安全胜任力水平。

How hypertensive patients in the rural areas use home blood pressure monitoring and its relationship with medication adherence: A primary care survey in China

Despite an increasing popularity of home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) over the last few decades, little is known about HBPM use among hypertensive patients in the rural areas. A cross-sectional survey including 318 hypertensive patients was conducted in a rural community in Beijing, China, in 2012. Participants were mainly recruited from a community health clinic and completed the questionnaires assessing HBPM usage. Binary logistic regression models were used for the analysis of medication adherence with age, gender, level of education marital status, perceived health status, duration of hypertension, HBPM use, and frequency of performing BP measurement. Among the total population, 78 (24.5%) reported currently use of HBPM. Only 5.1% of the HBPM users cited doctor’s advice as the reason for using HBPM. Analysis of the risk factors of poor medication adherence by multivariable modeling indicated significant associations between the duration of hypertension (adjusted OR, 3.31;95% CI, 1.91-5.72;P 01), frequency of performing BP measurements (adjusted OR, 2.33;95% CI, 1.42-3.83;

Medical expenditure for esophageal cancer in China:a 10-year multicenter retrospective survey(2002-2011)

Background: Esophageal cancer is associated with substantial disease burden in China, and data on the economic burden are fundamental for setting priorities in cancer interventions. The medical expenditure for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer in China has not been fully quantified. This study aimed to examine the medical expenditure of Chinese patients with esophageal cancer and the associated trends.Methods: From 2012 to 2014, a hospital-based multicenter retrospective survey was conducted in 37 hospitals in 13 provinces/municipalities across China as a part of the Cancer Screening Program of Urban China. For each esophageal cancer patient diagnosed between 2002 and 2011, clinical information and expense data were extracted by using structured questionnaires. All expense data were reported in Chinese Yuan(CNY; 1 CNY = 0.155 USD) based on the2011 value and inflated using the year-specific health care consumer price index for China.Results: A total of 14,967 esophageal cancer patients were included in the analysis. It was estimated that the overall average expenditure per patient was 38,666 CNY, and an average annual increase of 6.27% was observed from 2002(25,111 CNY) to 2011(46,124 CNY). The average expenditures were 34,460 CNY for stage Ⅰ,39,302 CNY for stage Ⅱ,40,353 CNY for stage Ⅲ, and 37,432 CNY for stage IV diseases(P < 0.01). The expenditure also differed by the therapy type, which was 38,492 CNY for surgery, 27,933 CNY for radiotherapy, and 27,805 CNY for chemotherapy(P < 0.05).Drugs contributed to 45.02% of the overall expenditure.Conclusions: These conservative estimates suggested that medical expenditures for esophageal cancer in China substantially increased in the last 10 years, treatment for early-stage esophageal cancer costs less than that for advanced cases, and spending on drugs continued to account for a considerable proportion of the overall expenditure.

Medical expenditures for colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment: A 10-year high-level-hospital-based multicenter retrospective survey in China, 2002-2011

Objective: Colorectal cancer(CRC) causes a substantial burden of disease in China and the evidence of economic burden triggered is fundamental for priority setting. The aim of this survey was to quantify medical expenditures and the time trends for CRC diagnosis and treatment in China.Methods: From 2012 to 2014, a hospital-based multicenter retrospective survey was conducted in 13 provinces across China. For each eligible CRC patient diagnosed from 2002 to 2011, clinical information and expenditure data were extracted using a uniform questionnaire. All expenditure data were reported in Chinese Yuan(CNY)using 2011 values.Results: Of the 14,536 CRC patients included, the average age at diagnosis was 58.2 years and 15.8% were stageI cases. The average medical expenditure per patient was estimated at 37,902 CNY [95 % confidence interval(95%CI): 37,282-38,522], and the annual average increase rate was 9.2% from 2002 to 2011(P for trend <0.001), with a cumulative increase of 2.4 times(from 23,275 CNY to 56,010 CNY). The expenditure per patient in stages Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were 31,698 CNY, 37,067 CNY, 38,918 CNY and 42,614 CNY, respectively(P<0.001). Expenditure significantly differed within various subgroups. Expenses for drugs contributed the largest proportion(52.6%).Conclusions: These conservative estimates illustrated that medical expenditures for CRC diagnosis and treatment in tertiary hospitals in China were substantial and increased rapidly over the 10 years, with drugs continually being the main expense by 2011. Relatively, medical expenditures are lower for CRC in the earlier stages. These findings will facilitate the economic evaluation of CRC prevention and control in China.

The function and regulation of OTU deubiquitinases

Post-translational modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin regulates numerous cellular processes,including cell division,immune responses,and apoptosis.Ubiquitin-mediated control over these processes can be reversed by deubiquitinases(DUBs),which remove ubiquitin from target proteins and depolymerize polyubiquitin chains.Recently,much progress has been made in the DUBs.In humans,the ovarian tumor protease(OTU)subfamily of DUBs includes 16 members,most of which mediate cell signaling cascades.These OTUs show great variation in structure and function,which display a series of mechanistic features.In this review,we provide a comprehensive analysis of current progress in character,structure and function of OTUs,such as the substrate specificity and catalytic activity regulation.Then we discuss the relationship between some diseases and OTUs.Finally,we summarize the structure of viral OTUs and their function in immune escape and viral survival.Despite the challenges,OTUs might provide new therapeutic targets,due to their involvement in key regulatory processes.

Effects of sugar addition on adipolysis and volatile profiles of dry cured sausage

As sugar play a primary role in food flavor and biochemical reaction during the industrial manufacture of dry cured meat products,we aim to evaluate the function of sugar and how the quality changed with the addition of sugar on dry cured sausage after three months of preservation,and the corresponding effect on acidity value and the total acid value.The roles of sugars’effects on FA hydrolysis and flavor formation are required to be assessed.We selected the addition of sugar with the gradient contents from 3%to 15%,we found that the total acid,acidity value,peroxide value,FA and organic acid were significantly affected.Mono unsaturated fatty acids(MUFA)was the main content of FAs,following by saturated FA and polyunsaturated FA.C18:1n9c was the major FA,following by C16:0 and C18:0.Six kinds of organic acids in dry-cured sausages containing different concentrations of sugar were analyzed by HPLC and the total organic acid reached a maximum of 12.15%by after adding 6%sugar.Acetic acid was 8.06%and lactic acid was 2.56%.This study concludes that sugar is the main factor in flavor formation of dry cured sausage and affects the sausage quality for three months in storage.