Design of Optoelectric Detection Circuit for Difference Absorption Gas Sensor

因为煤气的红外线的吸收光谱线宽仅仅是在 1000 占据几的来源紧张的几纳米，它是平的不到光的噪音来源。煤气的吸收的信号在噪音被沉没，因此直接与光谱吸收测量气体的集中是不可能的。根据 CH_4 气体的差别吸收系统的原则和参数，一个察觉电路由 lock-inamplifier 组成了被设计。实验结果显示察觉电路能满足整个系统的需求，并且限制集中是 150 X10~(-6) 。

A New Method of Wind Turbine Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Multi-Masking Empirical Mode Decomposition and Fuzzy C-Means Clustering

Based on Multi-Masking Empirical Mode Decomposition (MMEMD) and fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering, a new method of wind turbine bearing fault diagnosis FCM-MMEMD is proposed, which can determine the fault accurately and timely. First, FCM clustering is employed to classify the data into different clusters, which helps to estimate whether there is a fault and how many fault types there are. If fault signals exist, the fault vibration signals are then demodulated and decomposed into different frequency bands by MMEMD in order to be analyzed further. In order to overcome the mode mixing defect of empirical mode decomposition (EMD), a novel method called MMEMD is proposed. It is an improvement to masking empirical mode decomposition (MEMD). By adding multi-masking signals to the signals to be decomposed in different levels, it can restrain low-frequency components from mixing in highfrequency components effectively in the sifting process and then suppress the mode mixing. It has the advantages of easy implementation and strong ability of suppressing modal mixing. The fault type is determined by Hilbert envelope finally. The results of simulation signal decomposition showed the high performance of MMEMD. Experiments of bearing fault diagnosis in wind turbine bearing fault diagnosis proved the validity and high accuracy of the new method.

Time between failures model and failure analysis of CNC system

To provide basis for the reliability improvement design of CNC system, the failure data of a type of CNC system in one year are collected under field conditions in workshops. The distribution model parameters of time between failures are estimated by least square method and hypothesis testing is done by d-test method. It is proved that the time between failures of the CNC system follows Weibull distribution and the system has entered into the wear-out failure period. The failure positions and failure causes are analyzed further to indicate the weak subsystems of the CNC system. It can be found that servo unit, electrical system, detecting unit and power supply are principal failure positions and the main failure cause is breakage of components. The corresponding improvement measures are put forward. The paper provides a reference to reliability design and analysis of CNC system for the manufacturer and has great guidance to using and maintaining CNC system for the user.

Optimum line reclosing time for the enhancement of interconnected power system stability

Automatic line reclosing schemes used in an extra-high-voltage power system is an economical and effective means to maintain transient stability. A novel method is proposed in the paper to adaptively optimize the automatic line reclosing time after a transient fault for enhancement of interconnected power system transient stability. Both the study on the transient energy over network and the structure-preserving multi-machines power system model illustrate that the excessive convergence of potential energy on the lines with a certain cutset deteriorate power system stability, and therefore, an optimum line reclosing strategy can be established by minimizing the change in transient potential energy distribution across a cutset lines in the vicinity of the faulty line as an optimization target, and the optimal reclosure time is set to the time of minimum line phase angle difference. Without any pre-determined knowledge, the method is adaptive to various power system operation modes and fault conditions, and easy to implement because only a limited number of data measured at one location on a tie-line linking sub-networks are required. Simulations have been performed with the OMIB(One Machine and Infinite Bus System) and a real inter-connected power system to verify the applicability of the method proposed.

Evaluation of anti-fouling performance for ion-rod water treater with automatic dynamic simulator of fouling

The application of a novel Automatic Dynamic Simulator of Fouling (ADSF) to evaluate the effectiveness of ion-rod water treater is reported.The effects of some parameters of the water treater were studied with an ADSF made according to patented technology, and orthogonal experimental design was adopted with the use of artificial hard water.Experimental results validated that the ion-rod water treater could mitigate fouling,and the anti-fouling efficiency varies with the test conditions.The anti-fouling efficiency of treater increased with the increase of flow velocity in the range of 0.8—1.2 m·s -1 and output voltage in the range of 7500—15000 V.The efficiency weat up initially, and then went down with the increase in hardness.The rough surface of ion-rod was superior to the smooth one.The order of influence on treater performance with respect to these factors was as follows: water hardness, roughness of surface, flow velocity and output voltage.The research also provided a guide to improving the performance of ion-rod water treater.

Box-like spectral response of a series-coupled microring resonant filter in a parallel channel

Formulas of the transfer functions are presented for a series-coupled microring resonant filter and the filtering characteristics of this device are investigated around the central wavelength of 1.55 μm.The simulation results show that when the number of the microring is 4,the amplitude coupling ratio between the channel and the microring is 0.25,that between two microrings is 0.022,and the flat box-like spectral response can be formed.The 3-dB bandwidth is about 0.2 nm,the insertion loss is about 1.5 dB,and the minimum of non-resonant light is close to -150 dB.

A hybrid dynamic programming-rule based algorithm for real-time energy optimization of plug-in hybrid electric bus

The optimization of the control strategy of a plug-in hybrid electric bus(PHEB) for the repeatedly driven bus route is a key technique to improve the fuel economy. The widely used rule-based(RB) control strategy is lacking in the global optimization property, while the global optimization algorithms have an unacceptable computation complexity for real-time application. Therefore, a novel hybrid dynamic programming-rule based(DPRB) algorithm is brought forward to solve the global energy optimization problem in a real-time controller of PHEB. Firstly, a control grid is built up for a given typical city bus route, according to the station locations and discrete levels of battery state of charge(SOC). Moreover, the decision variables for the energy optimization at each point of the control grid might be deduced from an off-line dynamic programming(DP) with the historical running information of the driving cycle. Meanwhile, the genetic algorithm(GA) is adopted to replace the quantization process of DP permissible control set to reduce the computation burden. Secondly, with the optimized decision variables as control parameters according to the position and battery SOC of a PHEB, a RB control is used as an implementable controller for the energy management. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DPRB might distribute electric energy more reasonably throughout the bus route, compared with the optimized RB. The proposed hybrid algorithm might give a practicable solution, which is a tradeoff between the applicability of RB and the global optimization property of DP.

Preliminary Research on Cd^(2+) Removal from Wastewater by Sphaerotilus Natans

Influencing factors, such as the biomass concentration, pH value, temperature and time of adsorption on the removal of Cd^2＋ were investigated when Sphaerotilus natans was used as a biosorbent. The results show that Sphaerotilus natans has a significant effect on the adsorption of Cd^2＋. The process of adsorption will reach the equilibrium in 20 min. Temperature has no significant effect on the adsorption. The removal rate of Cd^2＋. can approach to 90% under the conditions of pH 5.5, the biomass mass concentration O. 6 g/L and the initial mass concentration of cadmium ≤20 mg/L. The maximum specific uptake is 1.9 mmol/g dry biomass . The adsorption was fitted with the Freundlich isotherm adsorption equation when the concentration of Cd^2＋ is in a range of 0--100 mg/L. HCl and EDTA can desorb Cd^2＋ from biomass effectively.

Raman Active Phonons in RCoO3 （R=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, and Dy） Perovskites

We examine RCoO3 （R=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sin, Eu, Gd, and Dy） perovskites prepared with the solid-state reaction method by Raman spectroscopy, and report the Raman active phonons in the RCoO3 perovskites crystallized in cubic symmetry for RCoO3 （R=La, Ce, Pr and Nd） and orthorhombic symmetry for RCoO3 （R=Sm, Eu, Gd, and Dy）. It is found that the Raman spectra of RCoO3 perovskites are strongly dependent on the ionic radius of the rare earth elements, and the frequency shift of the most intense modes of the orthorhombic samples are correlated with some structural parameters such as Co-O bond distances, ionic radius of the rare earth elements and Jahn-Teller distortion. It is clear that Raman spectroscopy has the advantage of sensitivity to structure distortion and oxygen motion.

Fluorescence Referencing for Fiber-optic Sensor Using Visible Wavelengths

A kind of fluorescence optic-fiber thermometer is devised based on the ruby and absorbing glass sample. The optic- fiber temperature measurement probe based on ruby is developed. This system is particularly adaptable to the temperature measurement in the range of 0℃ to 130℃. A considerably improved performance is seen in this new device. The drive current to the LED can be easily kept within the required defined bounds through the control circuitry.

Switched adaptive active disturbance rejection control of variable structure near space vehicles based on adaptive dynamic programming

Based on the switched nonlinear system, a switched adaptive Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC) law is proposed for the Variable Structure Near Space Vehicle(VSNSV) with unknown uncertainties and external disturbances. The reduced-order Extended State Observers(ESOs) are constructed for the attitude angle system and the angular rate system to estimate the total disturbance in real time. With the extended state introduced to counteract the effects of uncertainties and disturbances, a systematic procedure is presented for the synthesis of the switched adaptive ADRC strategy. Rigorous proof shows that the estimation errors of the reduced-order ESOs would converge to a small neighborhood of zero in finite time, and that the output of the closedloop system can track a given signal stably for a class of switching signals with average dwell time via the proposed approach. The variable gain control strategy based on Adaptive Dynamic Programming(ADP) with the actor-critic structure is also designed to improve the dynamic performance of the system. Simulation results verify the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed control scheme.

Switching control of morphing aircraft based on Q-learning

This paper investigates a switching control strategy for the altitude motion of a morphing aircraft with variable sweep wings based on Q-learning.The morphing process is regarded as a function of the system states and a related altitude motion model is established.Then,the designed controller is divided into the outer part and inner part,where the outer part is devised by a combination of the back-stepping method and command filter technique so that the’explosion of complexity’problem is eliminated.Moreover,the integrator structure of the altitude motion model is exploited to simplify the back-stepping design,and disturbance observers inspired from the idea of extended state observer are devised to obtain estimations of the system disturbances.The control input switches from the outer part to the inner part when the altitude tracking error converges to a small value and linear approximation of the altitude motion model is applied.The inner part is generated by the Q-learning algorithm which learns the optimal command in the presence of unknown system matrices and disturbances.It is proved rigorously that all signals of the closed-loop system stay bounded by the developed control method and controller switching occurs only once.Finally,comparative simulations are conducted to validate improved control performance of the proposed scheme.

Characteristics of tunable micro-cavity based on one-dimensional photonic crystal doping KTP as defect layer

The tunable micro-cavity based on one-dimensional(1D) photonic crystal doped by KTP is designed.The optical transmission properties in the doped one-dimensional defect photonic crystals are analyzed using transfer matrix method(TMM).According to the electro-optic effect,the refractive index ellipsoid equation is established with the applied alternating current at both coordinate axes,and the characteristics of temperature-optics and modulation are studied.Numerical calculations and experimental results show that the tuning range is ～40 nm.

Extraction efficiency enhancement of LEDs using 2-D photonic crystal

Using photonic crystals (PCs), the extraction efficiency of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be greatly enhanced by the effects of photonic band gap (PBG) and grating diffraction. The two theoretical methods are also discussed. Meanwhile, we demonstrate that LEDs can achieve high extraction efficiency by employing photonic crystal as diffraction grating. PCs with square lattice of cylindrical unit cells are fabricated in GaN layer of GaN-based blue LED. We present a theoretical discussion on the extraction efficiency of PC-LED, which relies on the effective medium theory and transmission matrix method to investigate the effect of lattice constant. The results show that the extraction efficiency of the high performance LEDs can achieve 61.8% when the lattice constant is 270 nm.

Influence of ring-down cavity parameters on intensity transmission property in trace gas concentration measurement

In this paper, we describe the basic principles and system design of continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CW-CRDS). We also particularly study the nature and the behavior of a novel method to detune a laser and apply it to a cavity ring-down spectroscopy experiment. Both simulations and experiments are completed on the relation between the transmission characteristic and different reflectivities, as well as scanning speed. Output electric field equation is deduced. It has been investigated that how photons are coupled to the cavity and how to accumulate the intensity and leak out of the cavity as a function of time. It is noted that both accumulation of intensity and decay times decrease, and the oscillation amplitude increases as the reflectivity increases. Relative intensity increases with decreasing scanning velocity. Additionally, the simulations show that a non-detuned cavity displays the transmitted signals which are highly dependent on the mirror reflectivity and piezoelectric translator (PZT) modulation speed. Simulations also display that the laser switching off is different from detuning.

Composite multiscale coherence and application to functionalcorticomuscular coupling

Though coherence, a classical method to describe the linear correlation between two time series, has wideranging applications, from economics to neuroscience, it fails to illustrate the inherently multi-time scalesbased correlations. In this paper, we proposed a multiscale-like coherence model, defined as composite multiscalecoherence (CMSC) by combining the kth coarse-grain processing with the coherence. We made a comparison withthe multiscale coherence (MSC) with coarse-grain process in numerical data to compare the sensitivity profiles tothe coupling strength, data length and white Gaussian noise. After that, we applied the proposed model to explorethe functional corticomuscular coupling (FCMC) by analyzing the correlation between the EEG and EMG signals.Simulation results reflected that the CMSC method were sensitive to the coupling strength, data length and thewhite Gaussian noise, and presented more stability along the time scale compared to the MSC method. Ourapplication of CMSC methods on the EEG and EMG signals indicated that the FCMC was of multi-time scalecharacteristics and higher coherence mainly consisted in the alpha and beta bands at about scale 10, thoughsignificant area showed a gradual decline with the scale increasing. Further comparison indicated that bothmodels are equally effective to describe the multiscale characteristics of the FCMC at lower time scales, whilesome differences emerge at the high time scales. Both simulation and experimental data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed multiscale-like model to describe the multiscale correlation between two time series. Thisstudy extends the relative researches on the FCMC to the multi-time scale.

Electromechanical coupling driving control for single-shaft parallel hybrid powertrain

The single-shaft parallel hybrid powertrain with the automatic mechanical transmission(AMT)is an efficient hybrid driving system in the hybrid electric bus(HEB),while the electromechanical coupling driving control becomes a complicated question to find a transient optimal control method to distribute the power between the engine and the electric machine(EM).This paper proposes an innovative control method to deal with the complicated transient coupling driving process of the electromechanical coupling driving system,considering the accelerating condition and the cruising condition mostly in the city driving cycle of HEB.The EM might be operated at driving mode or generating mode to assist the diesel engine to work in its high-efficiency area.Therefore,the adaptive torque tracking controller has been brought forward to ensure that the EM implements the demand torque as well as compensate the torque fluctuation of diesel engine.The d?q axis mathematical model and back stepping method are employed to deduce the adaptive controller and its adaptive laws.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control scheme can make the output torque of two power sources respond rapidly to the demand torque from the powertrain in the given driving condition.The proposed method could be adopted in the real control of HEB to improve the efficiency of the hybrid driving system.