Assessing the dynamics of human activity intensity and its natural and socioeconomic determinants in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Investigating the spatiotemporal variation of human activity intensity and its determinants is a crucial basis for further revealing the mechanism of human-environment interaction and optimizing the human development mode.In this study,the human activity intensity on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)from 1990 to 2020 was measured based on the quantitative model of land use data and the actual regional background,and the under-lying natural and socioeconomic determinants were investigated using spatial econometric methods.The results demonstrate that(1)the human activity intensity in QTP has increased by 11.96%,and there are differences in different spatial scales;the areas with high human activity intensity are distributed in the Hehuang Valley where Xining City and its surrounding areas are located,as well as the One-River and Two-River Area where Lhasa City and surrounding areas are located.(2)Human activity intensity has significant positive spatial spillover,suggesting that local changes will cause changes in the same direction in adjacent areas.(3)The human activ-ity intensity in QTP is affected by various determinants.Concerning socioeconomic factors,the economic level has no significant impact on the human activity intensity in QTP,which differs from the general regional law.Both urbanization and traffic conditions have a significant positive effect,and the impact intensity continues to increase.Concerning natural factors,topographic relief has a significant positive effect;the impacts of temper-ature and vegetation coverage have changed from insignificant to a significant positive effect;the impacts of precipitation and river network density have not been verified;there is no linear relationship between altitude and human activity intensity in the entire QTP,while it exists in local regions.Finally,this study proposes three policy implications for the realization of a more harmonious human-environment relationship in QTP.

Effect of heat-disturbance on microbial biomass carbon and microbial respiration in Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) forest soils

Prescribed fire has now become the usual management practice in the Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook.） plantation in southern China. Heat generated during fire may affect carbon （C） dynam- ics in soils. We investigated the microbial biomass C （MBC） and microbial respiration in two Chinese fir forest soils （one is not exposed to fire for the past 88 years, and the other is recently exposed to prescribed fire） after soil heating （100 and 200 ℃） under three moisture regimes [25, 50 and 75 % of water holding capacity （WHC）]. For both soils, significant reduction in MBC with increasing heating temperature was found. Soils without exposing to fire previously had significantly greater MBC concentra- tion than the fire-exposed soils when heated at 100 or 200 ℃. Lower soil water content resulted in higher MBC concentrations in both soils. In contrast, both soils had the highest soil microbial respiration rate at 50 % WHC. Soils without exposing to fire previously had the greatest microbial respiration rates at 200 ℃, while the fire-ex- posed soils when heated at 100 ℃ had greatest microbialrespiration rates. During 14-days post-heat incubation, soil MBC in both soils was greatest after heating at 200 ℃ and 25 % WHC. However, soil previously exposed to fire had the lowest CO2 evolution when incubated at 25 % WHC.

Modern pollen assemblages of the forest communities and their relationships with vegetation and climate in northern China

53 pollen traps and surface samples were collected in order to detect the characteristics of pollen assemblages and their relationships with vegetation and climate in 16 forest communities located in 10 mountains in northern China. The results show that 72% of the pollen taxa (80 taxa) are the same between the traps and the surface samples. The dominant taxa in the plant communities are consistent with the main pollen taxa in the pollen assemblages at the same sites. In Pinus plant communities, both Pinus pollen influx and concentration are higher, indicating the high pollen productivity and good pollen preservation ability of Pinus. In Picea and Abies plant communities, Picea and Abies have lower pollen influxes but higher concentrations, suggesting their low pollen productivities but better pollen preservation abilities. In Betula and Quercus plant communities, Betula and Quercus have higher pollen influxes but lower concentrations, revealing their high pollen productivities but poor pollen preservation abilities. The study of relationships between pollen and vegetation with discriminant analysis shows that pollen assemblages from both trap and surface samples can reflect the characteristics of different communities and distinguish different ecological areas, but surface samples can reflect the dominant components of communities much better than the traps. The study on correlations between pollen assemblages and climate with DCCA reveals that significant correlations exist between pollen assemblages and mean temperature of the coldest month (r = 0.84 for trap samples, r = 0.72 for surface samples), and then annual mean precipitation (r = 0.73 for trap samples, r = 0.71 for surface samples).

Extracting spatial patterns of ocean fishery using GIS and RS —— Taking the East China Sea as an example

The ocean fishery and the corresponding environment are highly interrelated according tothe production experiences of ocean fishing population. The spatial cluster patterns are constructed using the remote sensed data and long-time series fishery production data under the uniform coordinate based on GIS techniques. Thus, the hidden information of distribution regularities between ocean-hydrologic factors and central fishing ground can be extracted from these patterns. It is important to forecast the ocean fishery production.

Concentrations and Distribution Patterns of Rare Earth Elements in Water Body from Intertidal Flat of Tianjin and Influence of Various Factors

Concentrations and distribution patterns of rare earth elements(REEs)in the intertidal flat of Tianjin were studied using P(507) resin and ICP-MS analytical technology. The results show that average concentrations of REEs in the filtered(dissolved REEs), unfiltered and interstitial water are 0.461 μg·L^(-1), 4.98 μg·L^(-1) and 0.845 μg·L^(-1), respectively. Their distribution patterns are similar to those in inland natural rivers, but quite different from those in oceans. The average concentrations of REEs in sediments and suspended matters are 161.2 (mg·L^(-1)) and 168.1 mg·L^(-1), respectively, which are much lower than those in sediments of natural rivers but higher than those in sediments of the continental shelf of East China Sea. It is suggested that REEs in sediments and suspended matters of intertidal flat can have mainly originated from terrestrial soils and thus their transportation and transformation processes are similar with those in rivers, and different from those in continental shelves. Pollutants discharged into the Bohai Bay do·not cause significant effect on REEs in the intertidal flat of Tianjin yet.

Characteristics of the sea ice reflectance spectrum polluted by oil spills based on field experiments in the Bohai Sea

Oil spilled on the sea ice surface in the Bohai Sea of China is studied through the field measurements of the reflectance of a simulated sea ice-oil film mixed pixel. The reflection characteristics of sea ice and oil film are also analyzed. It is found that the mixed pixel of sea ice and oil film is a linear mixed pixel. The means of extracting sea ice pixels containing oil film is presented using a double-band ratio oil-film sea-ice index（DROSI） and a normalized difference oil-film sea-ice index（NDOSI） through the analysis of the reflectance curves of the sea iceoil film pixel for different ratios of oil film. The area proportion of the oil film in the sea ice-oil film pixel can be accurately estimated by the average reflectance of the band of 1 610–1 630 nm, and the volume of the spilled oil can be further estimated. The method of the sea ice-oil film pixel extraction and the models to estimate the proportion of oil film area in the sea ice-oil film pixel can be applied to the oil spill monitoring of the ice-covered area in the Bohai Sea using multispectral or hyperspectral remote sensing images in the shortwave infrared band（1 500–1 780 nm）.

Factors influencing the quality of rural human settlements in a peripheral metropolitan area based on a structural equation model:A case study from Beijing

Rural human settlement is a significant indicator of the living standards of rural residents,and its improvement can contribute to promoting the positive interaction between inhabited environment and the social,economic,and resource environment in the countryside.Based on 557 valid questionnaires of satisfaction evaluation of human settlement in the peripheral metropolitan area of Beijing,this paper analyzed the elemental characteristics and factors influencing human settlement quality using multivariate statistical analysis and a structural equation model.The result shows that,first,the rural residents in a peripheral metropolitan area of Beijing are generally satisfied with the quality of human settlement(satisfaction rate is 66.2%).Specifically,the natural and social environment of the countryside is excellent and harmonious and corresponding standard of countryside infrastructure is advanced,but the quality of public services and follow-up management of facilities are in urgent need of improvement and the imbalance between revenue and expenditure of rural households has led to a continuous increase in the pressures of life.Second,factors such as social atmosphere,appearance of the village,entertainment,living costs,fundamental public services,and production costs have significant effects on human settlement quality in this peripheral metropolitan area,with social atmosphere as the main one.Living costs and supporting services are the main constraints to improvement in the quality of human settlement.

Accumulation of Lathenum with Various Species in Oryzias Latipes Body

The accumulation and absorption kinetics of La by fish (Oryzias latipes) from both water and food were tested in fresh water. The effects of La concentration in water and food and the existence of fulvic acid on the absorption were investigated. It was demonstrated that the amount of La accumulated in fish increases with the increase in La concentration in water and food and exposure duration, which the normal physiological activity of fish was inhibited. With fulvic in the system, the absorption rate decreases significantly indicating that the fulvic combined La is not available to the fish uptake.

Analysis of overseas investment of Chinese textile and garment enterprises

With China＇s accession to the WTO and the demise of MFA, the global industrial network of textiles and garments has undergone accelerated reconstruction. In order to meet the challenges of various forms of trade friction of developed countries and other low-cost challenges of developing countries and less developed countries, overseas investment by China＇s textile industry has become an important strategic choice. Using statistical data, field research and expert interviews, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the overseas investment of Chinese textile enterprises, analyzes the difficulties and challenges faced by textile and garment enterprises,

Basic theory and key technologies for marine geographic information system

Marine geographic information system （MGIS） has great ability to deal with the spatio-temporal problems and has potential superiority when it is applied to oceanography. Using the feature extraction of oceanic phenomena as a case study, the functions of the MGIS are analyzed, and thus the position of MGIS in the oceanography is defined. Comparing the requirement of MGIS with that of the traditional GIS which has been developed in the terrestrial applications in the past four decades, the frame for the functions of MGIS is constructed. According to the established MGIS, some key technologies are discussed in detail with emphasis on the specialities which can distinguish the MGIS from the traditional GIS.

Investment

On February 17, 2016, Ministry of Commerce held the regular press conference, and its spokesman Shen Danyang responded to investment drawing high levels of concern from domestic and overseas media. The veritable records are as follows.

Co-adaptation between modern oasis urbanization and water resources exploitation:A case of Urumqi

水资源利用在在干旱地区的整个绿洲都市化期间总是是很重要的，与在矛盾和协作之间的城市的开发适应。作为一个盒子，水利用的合作改编和城市的生长拿 Urumqi 城市被在水供应和绿洲城市之间的相互作用模仿“ s 阐述人口，经济和环境。在不同都市化阶段，合作改编能不同地被代表，它能被五个阶段总结：基本协作，膨胀协作，膨胀矛盾，适应矛盾，和适应协作。水消费的费用，水使用和效率的比例是主要影响因素帮助合作改编。

Integrated spatial sampling modeling of geospatial data

Spatial sampling is a necessary and important method for extracting geospatial data and its methodology directly affects the geo-analysis results. Counter to the deficiency of sepa-rate models of spatial sampling, this article analyzes three crucial elements of spatial sampling (frame, correlation and decision diagram) and induces its general integrated model. The program of Spatial Sampling Integration (SSI) has been developed with Component Object Model (COM) to realize the general integrated model. In two practical applications, i.e. design of the monitoring network of natural disasters and sampling survey of the areas of non-cultivated land, SSI has produced accurate results at less cost, better realizing the cost-effective goal of sampling toward the geo-objects with spatial correlation. The two cases exemplify expanded application and convenient implementation of the general integrated model with inset components in an inte-grated environment, which can also be extended to other modeling of spatial analysis.

A Catastrophe Model to Assess Soil Restoration Under Ecological Restoration in the Red Soil Hilly Region of China

Current methods that utilize simple data or models to evaluate soil restoration under ecological restoration are not sufficiently rigorous.Soil restoration under ecological restoration measures was evaluated in the red soil hilly region of China by applying the catastrophe model.Among 89 soil sites selected,26(29.21%) were in the middle lobe,10(11.24%) in the upper lobe,and 53(70.79%)in the lower lobe of the process surface in the Cusp catastrophe model.The catastrophic direction of the 26 unstable soil sites was to the upper lobe of the process surface according to vegetation cover change and fieldwork.There was a significant negative correlation of the variation in bifurcation set(? value) with vegetation cover increase,and a higher vegetation cover increase was related to higher unstable probability.The four ecological restoration measures were listed in the order:low-quality forest improvement(LQFI)>arbor-bush-herb mixed plantation(ABHMP)>orchard improvement(OI)>closing measures(CM) according to the proportions of unstable soil sites,which were all higher than no restoration measure,while they were in the order:LQFI<ABHMP<OI<CM according to their ? values,which were all lower than those of no restoration measure.Farmers' assessment of soil restoration under the four ecological restoration measures was in accordance with the proportions of unstable soil sites and inversely proportional to the? value.Therefore,farmers' assessment can prove the evaluation of soil restoration under ecological restoration measures based on catastrophe model.

Input-Occupancy-Output Analysis of Industrial Wastewater Discharge Coeffcients and Backward and Forward Linkages: Multi-Regional Occupancy

This paper provides an extended input-occupancy-output analysis of wastewater discharge coeffcients, as well as backward and forward linkages of Chinese multi-regional industrial sectors in2007. The results show that the direct and total industrial wastewater discharge coeffcients of most of the provincial industrial sectors in China＇s Eastern region are lower than those of the whole country.Both backward and forward linkages of fixed-asset occupancy in industrial sectors in China＇s Central and Western regions are strong. The dissimilarity of cross-sectional data of the relevant industrial wastewater discharge coeffcients and linkages in multi-regional input-output analysis becomes bigger as regions are divided more extensively.

Operating mechanism and set pair analysis model of a sustainable water resources system

There is no altemative to the world＇s water resources, and their increasing scarcity is making it difficult to meet the world population＇s water needs. This paper presents a sustainable water resources system （SWRS） and analyzes the operating mechanism that makes it possible to evaluate the status of such a system. A SWRS can be described as a complex coupling system that integrates water resources, social, economic and ecological systems into a whole. The SWRS＇s operating mechanism is composed of dynamic, resistance and coordination components, and it interacts with and controls the system＇s evolution process. The study introduces a new approach, set pair analysis theory, to measure the state of a SWRS, and an evaluation index system is established using the subsystems and operating mechanism of a SWRS. The evaluation index system is separated into three levels （goal level, criteria level and index level） and divides the index standard into five grades. An evaluation model of the SWRS based on set pair analysis theory is constructed, and an example of SWRS evaluation in Shanghai is presented. The connection degrees of the index in the three levels are calculated, and the connection degree of the goal index is calculated to be 0.342, which classifies the city＇s SWRS condition as grade 2. The sustainable use of water resources in the region is determined to be at a relatively adequate level that meets the requirements of sustainable development.

Quantitative relationship between pollen and vegetation in northern China

205 surface pollen samples from different communities in Northern China were analyzed to understand the quantitative relationship between pollen and its original vegetation. Pollen analysis and vegetation investigation show that the pollen assemblages differ a lot in different vegetation regions. Arboreal pollen account for more than 30% in temperate broad-deciduous forests region. In temperate steppe regions, herb pollen percentages are more than 90%, where Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae are domi- nant pollen types with Artemisia percentages more than 30%. In temperate desert, Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages are more than Artemisia, where ferns are rare. Cyperaceae pollen percentages are more than 20% in sub-alpine or cold meadows. The relations between pollen percentages and vegeta- tion cover indicate that most arboreal pollen shows a close relationship with parent plant covers, most shrubby pollen types have more or less correlations, but most herbs do not show clear correlations. For arboreal pollen types, Picea pollen shows the closest correlation with spruce trees coverage, then is Quercus and Carpinus. Betula, Larix and Juglans have also high correlation coefficients with their plants coverage, but Betula pollen is of overrepresented pollen type and more than 40% in birch forest, while Larix and Juglans pollen is underrepresented and pollen percentages are more than 10% in Larix or Juglans pure forests. Pinus is of overrepresented pollen type, and pollen percentages have some relations with plants cover. Pine forest might present when Pinus pollen percentages are more than 30%. The relations between Ulmus and Populus pollen percentages and vegetation cover are not close, where they are mixed with other arbors, they cannot be recorded easily, but if their pollen percentages are more than 1%, Ulmus or Populus trees should exist. For shrubby pollen types, the correlation be- tween Vitex pollen percentages and vegetation cover is the highest, then is Corylus, Tamariaceae and Nitraria, and their pollen percentages are less than 1% where original plant are absent. Caragana and Spiraea pollen percentages have some relations with vegetation cover. The relations between pollen percentages and vegetation cover are not clear for Rosaceae and Saxifragaceae. For herb pollen types, Cyperaceae pollen has the closest correlation with vegetation cover, where pollen percentages are more than 20% when Cyperaceae are constructive or dominant species in vegetation, and pollen per- centages are less than 5% where Cyperaceae are not constructive or dominant species (cover less than 30%). Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages mainly have close relations with ecological regions. The relations between pollen percentages and cover are not clear for Gramineae, Legumi- nosae and Compositae.