RAD-seq data reveals robust phylogeny and morphological evolutionary history of Rhododendron

Rhododendron is famous for its high ornamental value.However,the genus is taxonomically difficult and the relationships within Rhododendron remain unresolved.In addition,the origin of key morphological characters with high horticulture value need to be explored.Both problems largely hinder utilization of germplasm resources.Most studies attempted to disentangle the phylogeny of Rhododendron,but only used a few genomic markers and lacked large-scale sampling,resulting in low clade support and contradictory phylogenetic signals.Here,we used restriction-site associated DNA sequencing(RAD-seq)data and morphological traits for 144 species of Rhododendron,representing all subgenera and most sections and subsections of this species-rich genus,to decipher its intricate evolutionary history and reconstruct ancestral state.Our results revealed high resolutions at subgenera and section levels of Rhododendron based on RAD-seq data.Both optimal phylogenetic tree and split tree recovered five lineages among Rhododendron.Subg.Therorhodion(cladeⅠ)formed the basal lineage.Subg.Tsutsusi and Azaleastrum formed cladeⅡand had sister relationships.CladeⅢincluded all scaly rhododendron species.Subg.Pentanthera(cladeⅣ)formed a sister group to Subg.Hymenanthes(cladeⅤ).The results of ancestral state reconstruction showed that Rhododendron ancestor was a deciduous woody plant with terminal inflorescence,ten stamens,leaf blade without scales and broadly funnelform corolla with pink or purple color.This study shows significant distinguishability to resolve the evolutionary history of Rhododendron based on high clade support of phylogenetic tree constructed by RAD-seq data.It also provides an example to resolve discordant signals in phylogenetic trees and demonstrates the application feasibility of RAD-seq with large amounts of missing data in deciphering intricate evolutionary relationships.Additionally,the reconstructed ancestral state of six important characters provides insights into the innovation of key characters in Rhododendron.

Marine Ranching Engineering Collaborative Innovation from the Perspective of Ecological Environment

As a resource development model with both economic and ecological functions,the environmental friendliness of marine ranching products meets the environmental needs of consumers.However,the lack of technological innovation ability limits the development of marine ranching.Therefore,this research builds a marine ranching collaborative innovation system with multi-agent participation.Evolutionary game theory is used to analyze strategic choices of all parties and the conditions of system equilibrium,and numerical simulation is used to analyze the effect of relevant factors.This paper integrates the benefits from the improvement of environmental friendliness into the payoff matrix,and explains the significance of collaborative innovation to the development of marine ranching from the perspective of ecological environment.The results showed:the participation willingness of marine ranching enterprises is positively related to open innovation subject,while the participation willingness of the other two parties is negatively related to the government;The incentive effect of collaboration is negatively correlated with the government’s will,positively correlated with the other two parties;The incentive effect of government subsidies positively affects the willingness of the three parties to participate.Finally,suggestions are provided for each participant to maintain the strategic choice of marine ranching collaborative innovation system.

Understanding the adoption context of China’s digital currency electronic payment

Central banks worldwide have started researching and developing central bank digital currencies(CBDCs).In the digital economy context,concerns regarding the integrity,competition,and privacy of CBDC systems have also gradually emerged.Against this backdrop,this study aims to evaluate users’willingness to use China’s digital currency electronic payment(DCEP)system,a digital payment and processing network,and its influencing factors by comprehensively considering and comparing the characteristics of cash and third-party payment services.Combining the push-pull-mooring frame-work(PPM)and task-technology fit(TTF)theory,we discuss the scenarios and mecha-nisms that may inspire users’DCEP adoption intention through an empirical study.The results reveal that privacy concerns regarding the original payment methods and technology-task fitting level of DCEP positively impact users’willingness to adopt DCEP.The technical characteristics of DCEP,users’payment requirements,and government support positively affect users’adoption intention by influencing the task-technology fitting degree of DCEP.Switching cost significantly and negatively impacts adop-tion intention,whereas relative advantage exhibits no significant effect.This research contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence switching intentions and the actual use of DCEP,and provides policy guidance on promoting the efficiency and effectiveness of DCEP.

Carrying Capacity of Marine Region in Liaoning Province

Carrying capacity is one of important studies on coordinating development of population,resources,and environment.At present,the researches on it mainly concentrate on the carrying capacity for population and economy,such as the water resources carrying capacity,the land resources carrying capacity,the environment carrying capacity,etc.Based on the related theories and methods,this paper creatively proposed the concept and meaning of carrying capacity of marine region,and formed the appraisal system.According to the developing situation of marine economy of Liaoning Province in recent years,and by employing the method of the state space,this paper also measured the carrying capacity and carrying state of marine region and discussed the sustainable problems of marine economy of Liaoning.The research results show that the carrying state of marine region of Liaoning is in the state of overloading at present,but taking a favorable turn.

Comparative Study on Thermodynamical and Electrochemical Behavior of Al_(88)Ni_6La_6 and Al_(86)Ni_6La_6Cu_2 Amorphous Alloys

Two amorphous ribbons with the compositions of Al88Ni6La6 and Al86Ni6La6Cu2 were made using the melt-spun method,and their thermal response and electrochemical behavior were studied comparatively.Differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）and electrochemical polarization measurements indicated that Al86Ni6La6Cu2 exhibited slightly higher crystallization temperature（Tx）,lower melting point（Tl）and better corrosion resistance in 0.01 mol·L-1 NaCl alkaline solution.These results demonstrated that Cu（2%）addition could slightly promote the glass forming ability,but it could greatly improve the corrosion resistance of Al88Ni6La6 alloy in 0.01 mol·L-1 NaCl alkaline solution.

Influence of crystallization on corrosion resistance of Al_(86)Ni_6La_6Cu_2 amorphous alloy

The influence of crystallization on the corrosion behavior of Al86Ni6La6Cu2 amorphous alloy in 0.01 M NaCl solution was investigated by electrochemical techniques. The Al86Ni6La6Cu2 amorphous alloy was prepared by melt spinning method, and the partially and fully crystallized states were obtained by controlled annealing. The evolution of the crystallization process after annealing was characterized by differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） and X-ray diffraction. The polarization curves revealed that all samples exhibited spontaneous passivation. The fully amorphous Al86Ni6La6Cu2 sample exhibited the best corrosion resistance. Partial and full crystallization resulted in deterioration of corrosion resistance in comparison with that of the as-spun amorphous state.

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3 by optimized sol-gel synthesis routine

Li3V2(PO4)3 samples were synthesized by sol-gel route and high temperature solid-state reaction.The influence of Li3V2(PO4)3 as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries on electrochemical performances was investigated.The structure of Li3V2(PO4)3 as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries and morphology of Li3V2(PO4)3 were characterized by X-ray diffractometry(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Electrochemical performances were characterized by charge/discharge and AC impedance measurements.Li3V2(PO4)3 with smaller grain size shows better performances in terms of the discharge capacity and cycle stability.The improved electrochemical properties of Li3V2(PO4)3 are attributed to the refined grains and enhanced electrical conductivity.AC impedance measurements also show that the Li3V2(PO4)3 synthesized by sol-gel route exhibits significantly decreased charge-transfer resistance and shortened migration distance of lithium ions.

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of Li[Ni_xCo_yMn_(1-x-y)]O_2 (x, y = 2/8, 3/8) cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

The tmiform layered Li（Ni2/8Co3/8Mn3/8）O2, Li（Ni3/8Co2/8Mn3/8）O2, and Li（Ni3/8Co3/8Mn2/8）O2 cathode materials for lithium ion batteries were prepared using the hydroxide co-precipitation method. The effects of calcination temperature and transition metal contents on the structure and electrochemical properties of the Li-Ni-Co-Mn-O were systemically studied. The results of XRD and electrochemical performance measurement show that the ideal preparation conditions were to prepare the Li（Ni3/8Co3/8Mn2/8）O2 cathode material calcined at 900℃ for 10 h. The well-ordered Li（Ni3/8Co3/8Mn2/8）O2 synthesized under the optimal conditions has the I003/I104 ratio of 1.25 and the R value of 0.48 and delivers the initial discharge capacity of 172.9 mA·h·g^-1, the discharge capacity of 166.2 mA·h·g^-1 after 20 cycles at 0.2C rate, and the impedance of 558 Ω after the first cycle. The decrease of Ni content results in the decrease of discharge capacity and the bad cycling performance of the Li-Ni-Co-Mn-O cathode materials, but the decreases of Mn content and Co content to a certain extent can improve the electrochemical properties of the Li-Ni-Co-Mn-O cathode materials.

Approximate and Conditional Teleportation of an Unknown Atomic State Without Bell-State Measurement with Two-Photon Interaction

一个计划为近似并且有条件地，在洞证完经由二光子的相互作用移植一个未知原子状态的电视被建议。它是裁判员的计划的延期。[11 ][Phys。加快。一 69 (2004 ) 064302 ] ，它基于 Jaynes—在证完的卡明斯模型并且在系统进化和实现远距传物的相应忠实的一个仅仅时间点被给的地方。在我们的计划，二光子的相互作用 Jaynes-Cummings 模型被用来认识到近似、有条件的远距传物。我们的计划不包含钟状态测量和一个另外的原子，仅仅要求二个原子和一个单个模式的洞。计划的忠实比裁判员的高。[11 ] 。计划可以借助于一个单个原子而且一个套住的离子的状态的远距传物被概括到一个洞模式的状态的远距传物到另一个模式不仅。

Electrochemical performance of Al-substituted Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3 cathode materials synthesized by sol-gel method

The effect of Al-substitution on the electrochemical performances of Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode materials was studied.Samples with stoichiometric proportion of Li3AlxV2-x(PO4)3(x=0,0.05,0.10)were prepared by adding Al(NO3)3 in the raw materials of Li3V2(PO4)3.The XRD analysis shows that the Al-substituted Li3V2(PO4)3 has the same monoclinic structure as the un-substituted Li3V2(PO4)3.The SEM images show that Al-substituted Li3V2(PO4)3 has regular and uniform particles.The electrochemical measurements show that Al-substitution can improve the rate capability of cathode materials.The Li3Al0.05V1.95(PO4)3 sample shows the best high-rate performance.The discharge capacity at 1C rate is 119 mA·h/g with 30th capacity retention rate about 92.97%.The electrode reaction reversibility and electronic conductivity are enhanced,and the charge transfer resistance decreases through Al-substitution.The improved electrochemical performances of Al-substituted Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode materials offer some favorable properties for their commercial application.

Effects of Integrated Case Payment on Medical Expenditure and Readmission of Inpatients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease： A Nonrandomized, Comparative Study in Xi County, China

In the past few decades, Chinese government attempted to reduce the economic burden of chronic diseases and lower family financial risk of patients by establishing a nationwide coverage of Social Health Insurance system. However, the payment mode of Social Health Insurance varies across Chinese healthcare settings, and the effectiveness of each mode differs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of integrated case payment on medical expenditure and readmission of inpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）, a complex, multicomponent, chronic condition. A nonrandomized, comparative method was used in this study. Inpatients with COPD before （n=1569） and after the integrated case payment reform （n=4764） were selected from the inpatient information database of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme Agency of Xi County. The integrated case payment comprises the case payment （including price-cap case payment and fixed-reimbursement case payment） and clinical pathway （including clinical pathway A, clinical pathway B and clinical pathway C）. Effects of integrated case payment were evaluated with indicators of per capita total medical expense and readmission within 30 days. A multivariate linear regression and a binary logistic regression were used to conduct statistical analysis. The results showed that case payment, comprising price-cap case payment （β=2382.988, P〈0.001） and fixed-reimbursement case payment β=2613.564, P〈0.001）, and clinical pathway C （β=1996.467, P〈0.001） were risk factors of per capita total medical expenses. Clinical pathway A （β=-1443.409, P〈0.001） and clinical pathway B （β=-1583.791, P〈0.001） were protective factors. The interactive effects of case payment with hospital level （β=0.710, P〈0.001） lowered the readmission rate within 30 days. Meanwhile, clinical pathways A （β=18.949, P〈0.001）, B （β=-19.752, P〈0.001） and C （β=-1.882, P〈0.1） were associated with the rate increase. The findings revealed that integrated case payment ensured the quality of care for inpatients with COPD to some extent. However, this payment mode increased the per capita total medical expense. Further, policy-makers should set reasonable reimbursement standards of case payment, unify the type of case payment, and strengthen the supervision of the reform to enhance its function on medical cost control.

Direct Optical Resolution of Chiral Pesticides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Enantiomer separation is one of the most important prerequisites for the investigation of environmental enantioselective behavior for chiral pesticides.The enantiomeric separation of three chiral pesticides,indoxacarb,lambda-cyhalothrin,and simeconazole,were studied on cellulose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenyl-carbamate)-coated chiral stationary phase(CDMPC-CSP) using high-performance liquid chromatography under normal phase condition.The effects of chromatographic conditions,such as the mobile phase composition including the concentration and type of alcohol modifiers in hexane,flow rate and column temperature,on enantiomer separation were examined.The thermodynamical mechanism of enantioseparation and chiral recognition mechanism were discussed.Better separation were achieved using 20% n-propanol for indoxacarb,2% iso-butanol for lambda-cyhalothrin,and 20% iso-propanol for simeconazole as modifiers in hexane at 25℃ with the selectivity factor(a) of 1.69,1.82 and 1.70,respectively.The resolution factor(Rs) decreased as the flow rate increased from 0.4 to 1.1 ml·min-1.The retention factor(k') and selectivity factor for the enantiomers of analytes decreased as temperature increased.The lna-1/T plots for racemic chiral pesticides were linear in the range of 15-35℃ in hexane/iso-propanol and the chiral separation was controlled by enthalpy.Hydrogen bonding,π-π and dipole-dipole interactions between enantiomers and CDMPC-CSP play an important role in chiral identification,and the fitting of the asymmetric portion of solutes in a chiral cavity or channel of the CSP is also important.

Classification and influencing factors of rural elderly's vulnerability to health-related poverty in central and western regions of China

Objective:To calculate the health poverty vulnerability index of elderly households in rural areas of central and western China,and then to classify these samples,lastly to decompose their influencing factors.Methods:First,based on survey data in 2018,the three-stage feasible generalized least squares was used to calculate the health poverty vulnerability index of elderly households,and then combined with whether the household income was below the poverty line and whether the family was healthy poverty vulnerability,the sample households were divided into four categories,and then used multiple unordered logistic regression to analyze various types of influencing factors,and finally used the Shapley index to decompose the contribution of each influencing factor.Results:The average vulnerability of health poverty was 0.5979±0.25199,with 1169 households greater than or equal to 0.5,accounting for 63.26%;the number of households stuck in poverty,temporary poverty,potential poverty,and escaped from poverty were 489,300,680,and 379 households,accounting for 26.46%,16.23%,36.80%,and 20.51%of the total sample;compared with escaped from poverty families,the three variables of marital status,the number of chronically ill patients,and the number of annual hospitalizations were the com­mon influencing factors of other three types families;The Shapley decomposition showed that the interviewees’education level and family members engaged in non-agricultural work have contributed significantly to the three types,however two indicators:time required to visit a medical institution and self-assessment of health status of the main interviewees showed great differences in different types of families.Conclusion:Rural elderly households have a high level of vulnerability to health poverty;potential poverty house­holds and persistent poverty households account for a large proportion,and continuous intervention should be carried out;it is necessary to unify the implementation of basic poverty alleviation work,but also to enhance refined management capabilities and adopt differentiated intervention measures.

Preparation and electrochemical performance of Li_2Mn_(0.5)Fe_(0.5)SiO_4 cathode material with sol-gel method for lithium ion batteries

Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 material was synthesized by a citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. The influence of the stoichiometric ratio value of n(citric acid) to n(Fe2+-Mn2+) on the electrochemical properties of Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 was studied. The final sample was identified as Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 with a Pmn21 monoclinic structure by X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal phases components and crystal phase structure of the Li2Fe0.5Mn0.4SiO4 material were improved as the increase of the stoichiometric ratio value of n(citric acid) to n(Fe2+-Mn2+). Field-emission scanning electron microscopy verified that the Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 particles are agglomerates of Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 primary particles with a geometric mean diameter of 220 nm. The Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 sample was used as an electrode material for rechargeable lithium ion batteries, and the electrochemical measurements were carried out at room temperature. The Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 electrode delivered a first discharge capacity of 230.1 mAh/g at the current density of 10 mA/g in first cycle and about 162 mAh/g after 20 cycles at the current density of 20 mA/g.

Efficient Scheme for Macroscopic Superpositions and Entanglement of High-Order Squeezed Vacuum States in Cavity QED

我们为由与高质量的因素在一个洞考虑 N 二水平的原子的多光子相互作用产生在高顺序的挤压的真空状态之间的宏观的重叠和纠纷建议一个有效计划，由一块强壮的开车地帮助了。通过洞的特定的选择， detuning ，在原子之间的很多个多党的纠缠的状态和高顺序的挤压的真空说并且洞在高顺序的挤压的真空之中声明罐头被准备，也包括“高顺序的挤压的真空状态的宏观的 Schrödinger 猫”，“宏观的 Schrödinger 猫”的纠缠的状态等等。我们的计划的可能的扩展和申请被讨论。我们的计划在在洞证完的当前的技术以内是可达到的。

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li_2Mg_(0.15)Mn_(0.4)Co_(0.45)SiO_4/C cathode material for lithium ion batteries

The synthesis,structure and performance of Li2Mg0.15Mn0.4Co0.45SiO4/C cathode material were studied. The Li2Mg0.15Mn0.4Co0.45SiO4/C solid solution with orthorhombic unit cell (space group Pmn21) was synthesized successfully by combination of wet process and solid-state reaction at high temperature,and its electrochemical performance was investigated primarily. Li2Mg0.15Mn0.4Co0.45SiO4/C composite materials deliver a charge capacity of 302 mA·h/g and a discharge capacity of 171 mA·h/g in the first cycle. The discharge capacity is stabilized at about 100 mA·h/g after 10 cycles at a current density of 10 mA/g in the voltage of 1.5?4.8 V vs Li/Li+. The results show that Mg-substitution for the Co ions in Li2Mn0.4Co0.6SiO4 improves the stabilization of initial structure and the electrochemical performance.

Statistics and Correlation Properties of Diamagnetic High Rydberg Hydrogen Atom

在磁场的 Rydherg 氢原子的系列与 B 花键基础功能用线性变化方法被计算了[Acta Phys。罪恶。55 (2006 ) 3380 ] 。把我们关于高 Rydberg 精力层次做了一些统计分析的计算基于这些。近邻居的精力间距分发和 3 统计与是的磁场关于抗磁的 Rydberg 氢原子被显示出 0.6 T 和 6 T。多样地交叉的现象，多样地反生气，并且交叉混合了并且精力层次反生气出现在这份报纸。为两个盒子，在更低的精力的范围，精力水平统计性质关门到泊松分发。与增加精力，精力水平统计性质离开到泊松分发并且一步一步地趋于到 Wigner 分发。

Approximate and Conditional Teleportation of an Unknown Atomic State with Dissipative Jaynes-Cummings Model

一个计划为近似并且有条件地，在消散的洞证完移植一个未知原子状态的电视被建议。它是计划的延期[Phys。加快。一 69 (2004 ) 064302 ] ，在洞模式腐烂没被考虑，系统进化的一个仅仅时间点和实现远距传物的相应忠实被给的地方。事实上，洞模式腐烂确实存在并且一定是 delt 与。在这篇论文，我们借助于消散的贾内斯·卡明斯模型在近似、有条件的远距传物的实现上从洞模式腐烂调查影响然后显示出远距传物的实现的忠实的分析表示。或者，我们的计划不包含一个另外的原子，仅仅要求二个原子和一个单个模式的洞。

Approximate and Conditional Teleportation of an Unknown Atomic-Entangled State Without Bell-State Measurement

一个计划为近似并且有条件地，在洞证完移植一个纠缠 unknownatomic 的状态的电视被建议。它是计划的新奇延期[Phys.Rev。一 69 (2004 ) 064302 ] ，在是移植的电视的状态是一个未知原子状态的地方并且在系统进化的一个仅仅时间点和实现远距传物的相应忠实被给的地方。事实上，在那里存在多时间点和相应忠实，它在过去常认识到纠缠 unknownatomic 的状态的近似、有条件的远距传物的这篇论文然后弧被显示出。自然地，我们的计划不包含钟状态测量或一个另外的原子，它在钟状态测量被要求，仅仅要求一 single-modecavity。计划可以被概括借助于一个单个原子的 thecavity-mode-entangled-state 的不仅不仅远距传物和在概括 GHZ 包括的多原子的纠缠的状态的远距传物说。