A novel method of rapidly modeling optical properties of actual photonic crystal fibres

The flexible structure of photonic crystal fibre not only offers novel optical properties but also brings some difficulties in keeping the fibre structure in the fabrication process which inevitably cause the optical properties of the resulting fibre to deviate from the designed properties. Therefore, a method of evaluating the optical properties of the actual fibre is necessary for the purpose of application. Up to now, the methods employed to measure the properties of the actual photonic crystal fibre often require long fibre samples or complex expensive equipments. To our knowledge, there are few studies of modeling an actual photonic crystal fibre and evaluating its properties rapidly. In this paper, a novel method, based on the combination model of digital image processing and the finite element method, is proposed to rapidly model the optical properties of the actual photonic crystal fibre. Two kinds of photonic crystal fibres made by Crystal Fiber A/S are modeled. It is confirmed from numerical results that the proposed method is simple, rapid and accurate for evaluating the optical properties of the actual photonic crystal fibre without requiring complex equipment.

Design of Phosphor-Free Single-Chip White Light-Emitting Diodes Using InAlGaN Irregular Multiple Quantum Well Structures

A novel approach for the design of phosphor-free single-chip white light-emitting diodes （LEDs） is proposed by employing InAIGaN irregular multiple quantum well （IMQW） structures. The electronic and optical properties of the designed InA1GaN IMQWs are analyzed in detail by fully considering the effects of strain, well-coupling, valence band-mixing, and quasi-bound states using the effective-mass Hamiltonian deduced from k. p theory. For comparison, three different types of InAIGaN IMQW structures with ultra-wide band spontaneous emission spectra are analyzed, and the results show that phosphor-free single-chip white light LEDs with more than 20Ohm emission band can be obtained using properly designed InAIGaN IMQW structures.

Calculation of the Coupling Coefficient of Twin-Core Fiber Based on the Supermode Theory with Finite Element Method

Currently, coupled mode theory (CMT) is widely used for calculating the coupling coefficient of twin-core fibers (TCFs) that are used in a broad range of important applications. This approach is highly accurate for scenarios with weak coupling between the cores but shows significant errors in the strong coupling scenarios, necessitating the use of a more accurate method for coupling coefficient calculations. Therefore, in this work, we calculate the coupling coefficients of TCFs using the supermode theory with finite element method (FEM) that has higher accuracy than CMT, particularly for the strong coupling TCF. To investigate the origin of the differences between the results obtained by these two methods, the modal field distributions of the supermodes of TCF are simulated and analyzed in detail.

Multiwavelength All-Optical Clock Recovery of Non-Return-to-Zero Data

A novel scheme of all-optical clock recovery from mutiwavelength non-return-to-zero （NRZ） data stream is proposed and demonstrated. The chirp induced by a chirped fibre Bragg grating and a semiconductor optical amplifier is used to enhance the clock. The clock is recovered after injecting the enhanced signal into the scheme based on the stimulated Brillouin scattering. The experiment is carried out and the dual-wavelength clock is recovered. This novel scheme can realize clock recovery of multiwavelength NRZ signal in the total wavelength range of 3.3nm. This clock recovery technology is transparent to the data bit rate and modulation format, also without pattern dependence.

Similarity principle of microwave argon plasma at low pressure

In order to validate the similarity principle of microwave breakdown, a two-dimensional （2D） fluid model of low- pressure microwave argon plasma is established and solved by the finite-element method. Proportional conditions are used in this model to build three different breakdown processes that meet the premise of a similarity principle, and these breakdown processes are called ＂similar cases＂ in this paper. Similar cases have proportionately sized breakdown regions, where the ratio of frequency of incident microwave f to gas pressure p （f/p）, and the reduced field E/p in them are kept the same. All the important physical parameters such as electron density, electron temperature, and reduced electric field can be obtained from the simulation of this model. The results show that the parameters between similar cases are in constant ratio without changing with time, which means that the similarity principle is also valid in microwave breakdown.

The system of L-band 2 × 10 Gb/s WDM transmission over conventional single mode fibre with 600 km by chirped fibre Bragg gratings dispersion compensation

A chirped fibre Bragg grating according to ITU-T suggested L-band （2nd channel λ1 = 1570.83 nm; 80th channel λ2 = 1603.57 nm） with more than 1800 ps/nm single channel dispersion compensation is presented in this paper, of which the cladding mode loss, the delay curve ripple and the power fluctuation of the reflected spectrum are less than 0.5 dB, 50 ps and 0.25 dB, respectively. With this new FBG as dispersion compensation device, a 2 × 10 Gb/s wavelength division multiplexing （WDM） L-band transmission of 600 km based on conventional single mode fibre （G.652 fibre） is performed without forward error correction. The bit error rate （BER） is less than 10-12 and the power penalties of the 2nd and 80th channel of L-band are 1.8 dB and 2.0 dB, respectively.

A simple model for approximate bandgap structure calculation of all-solid photonic bandgap fibre based on an array of rings

A simple model for approximate bandgap structure calculation of all-solid photonic bandgap fibre based on an array of rings is proposed. In this model calculated are only the potential modes of a unit cell, which is a high-index ring in the low-index background for this fibre, rather than the whole cladding periodic structure based on Bloch＇s theorem to find the bandgap. Its accuracy is proved by comparing its results with the results obtained by using the accurate full-vector plane-wave method. High speed in computation is its great advantage over the other exact methods, because it only needs to find the roots of one-dimensional analytical expressions. And the results of this model, mode plots, offer an ideal environment to explore the basic properties of photonie bandgap clearly.

The transient scattering mechanism of dipole array with reflector

The transient backscattering mechanisms of a dipole array with reflector have been investigated from different aspects： time-domain, frequency-domain, and combined time-frequency domain, using 4 × 8 dipole arrays with reflector as an example. The data of scattering from the arrays under the incidence of Gaussian pulses are obtained by finite differential time domain method. The influences of the array structural parameters, incident wave parameters, and incident angles on the waveforms, spectrum, and time-frequency representations of the backscattered fields of the arrays are analysed and conclusions are drawn. From these characteristics and conclusions, it is possible to deduce the array structure inversely from the backscattered field.

Optimization of a GaN-based irregular multiple quantum well structure for a dichromatic white LED

GaN-based irregular multiple quantum well （IMQW） structures assembled two different types of QWs emitting complementary wavelengths for dichromatic white light-emitting diodes （LEDs） are optimized in order to obtain near white light emissions. The hole distributions and spontaneous emission spectra of the IMQW structures are analysed in detail by fully considering the effects of strain, well-coupling, valence band-mixing and polarization effect through employing a newly developed theoretical model from the k. p theory. Several structure parameters such as well material component, well width, layout of the wells and the thickness of harrier between different types of QWs are employed to analyse how these parameters together with the polarization effect influence the electronic and the optical properties of IMQW structure. Numerical results show that uniform hole distributions in different types of QWs are obtained when the number of the QWs emitting blue light is two, the number of the QWs emitting yellow light is one and the barrier between different types of QWs is 8nm in thickness. The near white light emission is realized using GaN-based IMQW structure with appropriate design parameters and injection level.

Design and fabrication of triangular inner cladding double-clad ytterbium doped fibre for high power lasers

To improve the performance of double clad high power fibre lasers, inner cladding design plays a significant role. A triangular inner cladding and silica structure second cladding with large air holes go acquire high inner cladding numerical aperture are designed. Single mode and high power output of the fibre lasers need the double clad Yb doped fibre with large core. A fibre with annular refractive index distribution core and low numerical aperture to acquire a large mode area fibre core is designed and fabricated. Furthermore co-doping with aluminium （A1） has been used to improve the solubility of ytterbium （Yb） into silicate network, and the core absorption coefficients of two Yb doped fibres are compared with different A1 concentration experimentally.

Suppression of the interactions between fibre gratings used as dispersion compensators in dense wavelength-division multiplexing systems

Chirped fibre Bragg gratings （CFBGs） are required to be concatenated to compensate the fibre dispersion in the dense wavelength-division multiplexing （DWDM） systems. When the channel spacing is small, the performance of CFBGs is degraded, which restricts the usage of fibre gratings. The origin of the interactions between the gratings is analysed and methods of suppressing the interactions are also proposed.

Design and Optimization of a novel structure for efficient side-coupling of high power double-cladding fiber lasers

A novel structure for efficient side-coupling of high power double-cladding fiber lasers is presented. The maximum cou- pling efficiency of this structure is more than 90% for TM-polarization in the +1 and -1 order but is only 40% for TE- polarization. Thus, a multi-layer stair-structure is introduced and optimized by combining transmission algorithm and genetic algorithm to obtain higher coupling efficiencyηfor TE-polarization and the maximum coupling efficiency almost reaches to 70%.

Impact of apodisation functions on group delay and reflectivity ripple of chirped fiber Bragg gratings

Apodisation technology is introduced to optimize fiber Bragg grating based on the analysis of reflectivity spectrum and group delay response of fiber Bragg gratings. The characteristics of Hamming, Gauss and super-Gauss functions are discussed and the optimization effects of the three apodisation functions on ripple smoothness of reflectivity spectrum,group delay and linear degree are compared respectively. As a result,the optimization effects of Hamming function is better than other two functions. When the bandwidth is less than ldB,Super-Gauss function is the best choice and proper parameters （G and m） of super-Gauss function can be selected expediently for wider bandwidth and better ripple smoothness of reflectivitv soectrum.

Analysis and Measurement of the Displacement Sensor Based on an Up-tapered Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

A displacement sensor based on an up-tapered Mach–Zehnder interferometer （MZI） is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. For this purpose, a fiber MZI is fabricated by using a commercial fusion splicer. Then the transmission spectra of the sensors with different middle fiber lengths are measured by bending the MZIs with different movements of the moving stage. The maximum sensitivity of 2.457 nm/mm is achieved while the shifting of the moving stage changes from 3 mm to 3.5 mm. Note that this kind of up-taper configuration is strong in strength, easy to fabricate and low in cost.

All-fibre micro-ring resonator based on tapered microfibre

In this paper, bendloss characteristics of an optical fibre are investigated in detail, and the results show that the resonator with a smaller ring radius, wider free spectrum range （FSR）, higher fineness （f） and quality-factor （Q） can be achieved by using microfibres. Based on the improved fused taper technique, a high-quality microfibre with 5 ttm radius has been fabricated, and an all-fibre micro-ring resonator with a radius of only 500μm is realized using self-coiling coupling method. The good-resonant characteristic makes the all-fibre device be expected to avoid bendloss and connection loss associated with planar waveguide integration.

Fabrication of Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Assisted Mismatched Coupler

We report the fabrication of an optical fiber Bragg grating assisted mismatched coupler based on the fused biconical tapered technology. The investigation of the spectrum properties shows that the coupler has a good filtering property. The drop filtering efficiency as much as 94.2% at 1553.5nm is achieved. Furthermore, using the fabricated coupler, a wavelength de-multiplexing transmission experiment is carried out in a 10Gbps system with NRZ optical signals. Experimental results show that the coupler basically realizes the function of wavelength de-multiplexing.

Mapping Design of a Four-Dimensional 32-ary Signal Constellation over an AWGN Channel

In the bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding,it is desired that any two Hamming neighbors,i.e..signal constellation points whose binary labels are at unit Hamming distance,be separated by a large Euclidean distance.This paper determines the mappings for the 32-ary fourdimensional generalized cross constellation（32-4D-GCC） so that the minimum squared Euclidean distance d_（min）~2 between Hamming neighbors is maximized.Among such mappings,those with minimum multiplicity N（d_（min）~2） are selected.To reduce the large search space,a set of ＂mapping templates,＂ each producing a collection of mappings with the same set partitions of binary labels,is introduced.Via enumeration of mapping templates,it is shown that the optimum d_（min）~2=16and the optimum N（d_（min）~2）=16.Among thousands optimum mappings found by computer search,two of the best performance are presented.

Investigation on the intensity noise characteristics of the semiconductor ring laser

Based on the frequency-domain multimode theoretical model, detailed investigations on the noise characteristic of the semiconductor ring laser （SRL） are first performed in this paper. The comprehensive nonlinear terms related to the third order nonlinear susceptibility Z3 are included in this model; the Langevin noise sources for electric field and carrier density fluctuations are also taken into account. As the injection current increases, the SRL may present several operation regimes. Remarkable and unusual low frequency noise enhancement in the form of a broad low frequency tail extending all the way to the relaxation oscillation peak is observed in any of the operation regimes of SRLs. The influences of the backscattering coefficient on the relative intensity noise （RIN） spectrum in typical operation regimes are investigated in detail.

A kind of photonic crystal fiber with high birefringence and low cofinement loss

The triangular-lattice highly birefringent photonic crystal fibers(PCFs) with gradually increasing diameter of the air holes along radial axis are put forward. The modal birefringence, dispersion and confinement loss of the fundamental mode are simulated by full vector Galerkin finite element method(FEM) with a perfectly matched layer(PML). The results show that this PCF can keep low confinement loss when the rings of air holes are few. When the wavelength is 1.55 μm , the birefringence, the confinement loss of quick-axis and slow-axis are 1.365×10-3, 0.017 dB/m and 0.051 dB/m, respectively. A new way is proposed to fabricate polarization-mainting fibers with high performance.

Investigation on the Fabrication of Photonic Crystal Fibre

Effects of draw parameters, such as drawing temperature and feed speed, on the capillaries and the geometry of the final photonic crystal fibre （PCF） are investigated. Inert gas pressurization is introduced in the preform during the fibre drawing process to finely control the geometry of the PCF so that good uniform in transversal and longitudinal of the final PCF can be realized. Due to the introduction of a special method, the drawing temperature is increased over 1900℃ and the strength of the PCF is enhanced.