Anti-inflammatory effects of fatty acids isolated from Chromolaena odorata

Objective:To identify inhibitors of nitric oxide production and NF-κB activity from Chromolaena odorata（C.odorata）.Methods:The compounds isolated from the aerial parts of C.odorata by bioassay-guided fractionation were investigated for their inhibitory effects on the NO production and NF-κB activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.Results:Six fatty acids （S）-coriolic acid（1）,（S）-coriolic acid methyl ester（2）,（5）-15,16-didehydrocoriolic acid（3）,（S）- 15,16-didehydrocoriolic acid methyl ester（4）,linoleamide（5） and linolenamide（6） were isolated. All compounds inhibited the NO production at concentrations consistent with those required for NF-κB inhibition.Compound 2 was the most active with the IC50 values of 5.22 and 5.73μM. The addition of a double bond in the fatty chain decreased the inhibitory effects while the methyl esterification increased the activities.Conclusions:The fatty acid components in C.odorata with NF-κB inhibitory activity could explain the anti-inflammation property of this plant in traditional medicine.This study could also contribute to the better use of C.odorata for human health care.

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Archidendron clypearia(Jack.) I.C. Nielsen: Results from systematic screening of Vietnamese medicinal plants

Objective: To screen Vietnamese medicinal plants for xanthine oxidase(XO) inhibitory activity and to isolate XO inhibitor(s) from the most active plant. Methods: The plants materials were extracted by methanol. The active plant materials were fractionated using different organic solvents, including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Bioassay-guided fractionation and column chromatography were used to isolate compounds. The compounds structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data, including IR, MS, and NMR. Results: Three hundreds and eleven methanol extracts(CME) belonging to 301 Vietnamese herbs were screened for XO inhibitory activity. Among these plants, 57 extracts displayed XO inhibitory activity at 100 μg/m L with inhibition rates of over 50%. The extracts of Archidendron clypearia, Smilax poilanei, Linociera ramiflora and Passiflora foetida exhibited the greatest potency with IC_(50) values below 30 μg/m L. Chemical study performed on the extract of Archidendron clypearia resulted in the isolation of six compounds, including 1-octacosanol, docosenoic acid, daucosterol, methyl gallate, quercitrin and(-)-7-O-galloyltricetiflavan. The compound(-)-7-O-galloyltricetiflavan showed the most potent XO inhibitory activity with an IC_(50) value of 25.5 μmol/L. Conclusions: From this investigation, four Vietnamese medicinal plants were identified to have XO inhibitory effects with IC_(50) values of the methanol extracts below 30 μg/m L. Compound(-)-7-O-galloyltricetiflavan was identified as an XO inhibitor from Archidendron clypearia with IC_(50) value of 25.5 μmol/L.

Anti-inflammatory effects of alkaloid enriched extract from roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack

Objective: To examine the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of the alkaloid enriched extract(ELA) from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. Methods: The in vitro antiinflammatory effects of ELA were evaluated by examining its inhibitory activities against nitric oxide(NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iN OS) and cyclooxygenase2(COX-2) expressions in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The level of NO produced in the culture media was determined by Griess method. The i NOS and COX-2 protein expressions were analyzed by Western blot. The in vivo effect of ELA was evaluated on LPS-induced septic shock in mice model. Mice mortality was monitored for5 days after injection of LPS. The chemical contents of the ELA were determined by using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Results: The ELA was found to exhibit a significant anti-inflammatory effect in both in vitro and in vivo models. The results demonstrated that ELA dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced NO production as well as the protein iN OS and COX-2 expressions. In the septic shock model, ELA dose-dependently protected mice from LPS-induced mortality. Further study on the isolated components of ELA indicated that 9,10-dimethoxycanthin-6-one may contribute significantly to the antiinflammatory effects of the extract. Conclusions: These results suggest that ELA exhibits the anti-inflammatory activity via suppression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, iN OS,and COX-2 and protects mice from LPS-induced mortality in septic shock model.