Insight into DNA protection ability of medicinal herbs and potential mechanisms in hydrogen peroxide damages model

DNA damage is one of the most important consequences of oxidative stress in the cells. If DNA repair is unable to modify these inducible DNA damages, genomic instability may lead to mutation, cancer, aging and many other diseases. Single cell gel electrophoresis or comet assay is a common and versatile method to quantify these types of DNA damages. DNA damages induced by hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) are one of the proper models for measurement of protective ability of different compounds. So the main aim of this review is to provide an overview about protection ability of medicinal plants and their potential mechanism against H_2O_2 induced DNA damages. In this review, relevant researches on the effect of medicinal plants on DNA damages induced by H_2O_2 and possible molecular mechanisms are discussed.It seems that, medicinal plants are considered as therapeutic key factors to protect DNA from consequences caused by oxidative stress. Sufficient in vitro evidences introduce them as DNA protective agents through different mechanisms including antioxidant activity and some other cellular mechanisms. Moreover, in order to correlate the antigenotoxicity effects with their potential antioxidant property, most of medicinal plants were evaluated in term of antioxidant activity using standard methods. This review highlights the preventive effects of herbal medicine against oxidative DNA damages as well as provides rational possibility to engage them in animal studies and future clinical investigations.

Ethanolic extract of cashew apple inhibits lipid metabolism and ameliorates obesity in atherogenic diet-induced obese rats

Objective:To evaluate the anti-obesity activity of ethanolic extract of cashew apple using various in vitro and in vivo models.Methods:Phytochemical screening was carried out in ethanolic extract of cashew apple,followed by quantification of phenol and flavonoid.Antioxidant potential was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)scavenging assays.The inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of cashew apple on atic lipase was also studied.In addition,anti-obesity activity was determα-amylase and pancreined in two in vivo models,lipid emulsion model and atherogenic diet-induced obese rat model.Levels of postprandial plasma triglycerides were assessed in lipid emulsion model,whereas serum lipid profile,in vivo antioxidants and histopathological studies of the carotid artery and liver were performed in an atherogenic diet-induced obese model.Results:Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates,alkaloids,polyphenols,terpenoids,and steroids.The in vitro assays showed inhibition of otential.Ethanolic extract of cashew appα-amylase and pancreatic lipase and strong antioxidant ple showed significant and timedependent inhibitory activity on postprandial triglycerides after administration of lipid emulsion for 5 h.Ethanolic extract of cashew apple at 200 and 400 mg/kg on day 60 showed a significant reduction in body weight,body mass index and atherogenic index,whereas lipid profile and liver function marker levels in the serum were decreased in a dose-dependent manner at time intervals(day 0,20,40,and 60)compared to the atherogenic diet-induced obese rats.Histological observations showed reduced non-alcoholic fatty liver deposits and decreased atherosclerotic fatty streak plaques(carotid artery)after treatment with ethanolic extract of cashew apple.Conclusions:Ethanolic extract of cashew apple ameliorates obesity,which may be partly mediated by its delayed absorption of cholesterol and carbohydrates.

Mechanisms of MYB-bHLH-WD40 Complex in the Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Plants

Anthocyanins are main coloring substances in plants with various functions such as antioxidant , preventing cardiovascular diseases , and inhibiting oncogenesis. The regulation of transcriptional levels plays a decisive role in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Studies have shown that the transcriptional levels of an- thocyanins are mainly regulated by MYB-bHLH-WD40 ternary complex. This paper summarized the structure characteristics of MYB-bHLH-WD40 ternary complex and its regulatory role in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, focusing on the regulation mechanism of several important model plants by MYB-bHIM-WD40 complex.

Optimization of Fermentation Process for Hyaluronic Acid Production by Streptococcus zooepidemicus

Hyaluronic acid （HA） is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan consisting of alternating D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglueasamine and plays ex- tremely important roles in many biological processes. In this study, we optimized fermentation process for the production of HA by Streptococcus zooepidemicus ATCC35246, including fermentation broth composition and various fermentation parameters. The experimental results showed that the optimal fermentation broth composition was： glucose 45 g/L, yeast extract 10 g/L, tryptone 12 g/L, KH2PO4 2 g/L, K2HPO4 . 3H20 2 g/L, MgSO4 · 7H2O 2 g/L, and （NH4 ）2SO4 0.4 g/L. The optimal parameters involved in fermentation was： liquid volume 20%, pH 6. 0, rotation speed 180 r/min, fermentation temperature 35 ℃, fermentation duration 18 h, CTAB concentration 25 mg/L. Under the optimized conditions, the yield of HA was 0. 305 g/L, which was dramatically improved by 43.87% compared to that of 0. 212 g/L before optimization.

Application of D-Optimal Study Design with Contour Surface Response for Designing Sustained Release Gliclazide Matrix Tablets

An optimized formulation of a sustained release tablet of Gliclazide was developed. The use of Doptimal design with a polynomial statistical model to analyze dissolution data reduced the number of laboratory tests required to obtain an optimal dosage form. The final formulation contained 22 mg of Methocel&regE15LV, 16.5 mg Methocel&regE15 and 10.0 mg of Dibasic Calcium Phosphate per 30 mg Gliclazide sustained release tablet. Dissolution studies performed on tablets from 5000 tablet test batches released greater than 90 percent of loaded drug in eight hours. Drug release from the optimized tablets followed a pattern more closely similar to zero-order than other mechanisms of drug release tested. Storage of tablets in accelerated and ambient conditions for 6 and 12 months respectively did not alter any of the physico-chemical properties, drug release or the drug release rate compared to initial observations and dissolution data of the prepared tablets. The addition of potassium phosphate and monosodium phosphate to the tablet reduced the effect pH has on Gliclazide dissolution compared to the commercially available product.

Chemotherapy of glioblastoma in rats using doxorubicin - loaded nanoparticles

Glioblastomas belong to the most aggressive human cancers with short survival times.Due to the blood-brainbarrier,they are mostly inaccessible to traditional chemotherapy.We have recently shown that doxorubicin boundto polysorbate-coated nanoparticles crossed the intact blood-brain barrier,thus reaching therapeutic concentra-tions in the brain.Here,we investigated the therapeutic potential of this formulation of doxorubicin in vivo using ananimal model created by implantation of 101/8 glioblastoma tumor in rat brains.Groups of 5-8 glioblastoma-

The effect of ethanol on the habit and in vitro aerodynamic results of dry powder inhalation formulations containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride

In the case of dry powder inhalation systems(DPIs),the development of carrierfree formulations has gained increased attention.Thereby,spray-drying is a promising technology and is widely used to produce carrier-free DPIs.Numerous works have been published about the co-spray-drying of active ingredients with various solid excipients and their effect on the physicochemical characteristics and aerodynamic properties of the formulations.However,only a few studies have been reported about the role of the solvents used in the stock solutions of spray-dried formulations.In the present work,DPI microcomposites containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride were prepared by spray-drying in the presence of different ethanol concentrations.The work expresses the roughness,depth and width of the dimples for particle size as a novel calculation possibility,and as a correlation between the MMAD/D_(0.5)ratio and correlating it with cohesion work,these new terms and correlations have not been published–to the best of our knowledge–which has resulted in gap-filling findings.As a result,different proportions of solvent mixtures could be interpreted and placed in a new perspective,in which the influence of different concentrations of ethanol on the habit of the DPI formulations,and thus on in vitro aerodynamic results.Based on these,it became clear why we obtained the best in vitro aerodynamic results for DPI formulation containing 30%ethanol in the stock solution.

Formulation Optimization Utilizing D-Optimal Experimental Design of Oral Capsules Containing Enteric-Coated Pellets of Lansoprazole and<i>in vivo </i>Bioequivalence

An optimized formulation of capsules containing Lansoprazole enteric-coated pellets using D-Optimal design with a polynomial statistical model were prepared by using Eudragit?L100 as an enteric coated polymer to provide resistance to simulated gastric acid dissolution in buffer media. D-Optimal experimental design was used to determine the optimal level for three coating layers that were applied to formulate the enteric-coated pellets including a drug loading layer, a sub-coating, and an outer enteric coating. Dissolution studies were performed on the prepared Lansoprazole capsules. Less than 5 percent of Lansoprazole was released in 60 minutes in an acidic dissolution medium (pH 1.2) and greater than 90 percent of active ingredient was released in the next 60 minutes in a buffer dissolution medium (pH 6.8). The Lansoprazole capsules were stable with no observable change in physico-chemical properties in accelerated and normal storage conditions for 6 and 18 months, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were determined after administration of the D-Optimal design optimized capsules of LPZ to healthy beagle dogs and were statistically compared to Gastevin? capsules as a reference (KRKA, Slovenia) using the non-compartmental method with the aid of WinNonlin 5.2 software. The analysis of variance showed that the two formulations did not demonstrate bioequivalence using a 90% confidence interval range (80% - 120%) of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞. No significant difference in Tmax was found at the 0.95 significance level using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. D-Optimal Experimental Design provided definitive direction for an optimal formulation of capsules containing enteric-coated pellets of lansoprazole loaded within the coating of pellets that provided similar bioequivalence to Gastevin.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells migrate to healthy and damaged salivary glands following stem cell infusion

Xerostomia is a severe side effect of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients. To date, no satisfactory treatment option has been established. Because mesenchymal stem cells（MSCs） have been identified as a potential treatment modality, we aimed to evaluate stem cell distribution following intravenous and intraglandular injections using a surgical model of salivary gland damage and to analyse the effects of MSC injections on the recruitment of immune cells. The submandibular gland ducts of rats were surgically ligated. Syngeneic adult MSCs were isolated, immortalised by simian virus 40（SV40） large T antigen and characterized by flow cytometry. MSCs were injected intravenously and intraglandularly. After 1, 3 and 7 days, the organs of interest were analysed for stem cell recruitment. Inflammation was analysed by immunohistochemical staining. We were able to demonstrate that, after intravenous injection, MSCs were recruited to normal and damaged submandibular glands on days 1, 3 and 7. Unexpectedly, stem cells were recruited to ligated and non-ligated glands in a comparable manner. After intraglandular injection of MSCs into ligated glands, the presence of MSCs, leucocytes and macrophages was enhanced, compared to intravenous injection of stem cells. Our data suggest that injected MSCs were retained within the inflamed glands, could become activated and subsequently recruited leucocytes to the sites of tissue damage.

Refeeding syndrome in Southeastern Taiwan:Our experience with 11 cases

AIM: To present our experience with refeeding syndrome in southeastern Taiwan.

Three new alkaloids isolated from the stem tuber of Pinellia pedatisecta

The present study was designed to determine the chemical constituents of the stem tuber of Pinellia pedatisecta. The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. Three new alkaloids(compounds 1, 2, and 3) were obtained and identified as 9-((5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl)-9 H-purin-6-amine(1), 4-(2-(2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)phenyl acetate(2), and N-(9-((5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl)-9 H-purin-6-yl)acetamide(3). These compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against human cervical cancer He La cells. Compounds 1 and 3 significantly inhibited the proliferation of He La cells with IC_(50) values being 3.02 ± 0.54 and 7.16 ± 0.62 μmol·L^(-1), respectively.

Plant-based synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using salvia macrosiphon Boiss extract and examination of their water treatment

The goal of this study was to synthesize nickel oxide nanoparticles(NiO-NPs)by the sol-gel method,which involved the use of salvia macrosiphon Boiss plant extract,Ni(NO3)2·6 H2 O as a capping agent,and a nickel precursor,respectively.The synthesized NiO-NPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis)spectrophotometer,X-ray diffraction(XRD),field electron scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX),thermo-gravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis(TGA/DTA)and vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM)analyzes.Also,according to the results of UV-Vis,the gap band of nanoparticles was calculated to be in the range of about 2.9-3.9 eV.The photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles on methylene blue(MB)degradation was investigated and according to the results,about 80%MB was apparently degraded in the presence of NiO-NPs under UV-A light(11 W)after 5 h in pH^11.We have evaluated the cytotoxicity of NiO-NPs on the multiple tumor cells by materials method,and all the utilized concentrations were observed to cause non-toxic effects;therefore,it can be suggested that these samples have the potential of being employed in different fields of medicine.

光敏剂间-四羟基苯二氢卟酚及其复合物对人T淋巴细胞白血病细胞的作用

目的 观察光敏剂间-四羟基苯二氢卟酚（mTHPC）及其复合物HSA-mTHPC对人T淋巴细胞白血病细胞（Jurkat）的作用,探讨人血白蛋白（HSA）纳米颗粒作为mTHPC载体的可行性.方法 利用流式细胞仪测定Jurkat细胞对mTHPC及HSA-mTHPC的摄取率,通过测定不同浓度mTHPC及HSA-mTHPC孵育Jurkat细胞后的存活率、细胞膜完整性和增殖率,评价两种药物的摄取率和细胞毒性.结果 浓度1.0 mg/L,孵育4、24 h Jurkat细胞的摄取率为：mTHPC单体：98.07%、99.07% HSA-mTHPG中mTHPC：98.13%、99.19% HSA单体：2.77%、4.84%.光照后Jurkat细胞活性和增殖率呈显著剂量、时间依赖的下降,mTHPC浓度为1.0 mg/L时,4、24、48 h存活率和增殖率分别为13.27%、5.46%、4.99%和2.68%、0.91%、0.62%,HSA-mTHPC对细胞生长和增殖的抑制与mTHPC单体比较未见下降（P＞0.05）.光照后LDH活性呈现显著剂量、时间依赖的上升,mTHPC浓度为1.0mg/L时,4、24、48 h LDH活性分别为：80.99%、99.38%、100.67%.结论 mTHPC是一种杀伤力强的光敏剂型,能有效进入肿瘤细胞,并导致细胞损害.HSA纳米颗粒不影响细胞对mTHPC的摄取,可以作为其载体.

Omicron:increased transmissibility and decreased pathogenicity

Three research papers were published recently to compare the virological properties of the Omicron variant with the earlier variants of concern(VOC).1,2,3 The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 variant,Omicron,was first detected in South Africa in October 2021 and has spread rapidly;within three months,it appeared in more than 87 countries.4 During the surveillance of the epidemiological data and mutations of earlier COVID-19 variants and Omicron,significant differences were revealed mainly in the reproduction rate and hospitalization.