Plant disease management faces ever-growing challenges due to: (i) increasing demands for total, safe and diverse foods to support the booming global population and its improving living standards; (ii) reducing p...Plant disease management faces ever-growing challenges due to: (i) increasing demands for total, safe and diverse foods to support the booming global population and its improving living standards; (ii) reducing production potential in agriculture due to competition for land in fertile areas and exhaustion of marginal arable lands; (iii) deteriorating ecology of agro-ecosystems and depletion of natural resources; and (iv) increased risk of disease epidemics resulting from agricultural intensification and monocultures. Future plant disease management should aim to strengthen food security for a stable society while simultaneously safeguarding the health of associated ecosystems and reducing dependency on natural resources. To achieve these multiple functionalities, sustainable plant disease management should place emphases on rational adaptation of resistance, avoidance, elimination and remediation strategies individually and collectively, guided by traits of specific host-pathogen associations using evolutionary ecology principles to create environmental (biotic and abiotic) conditions favorable for host growth and development while adverse to pathogen reproduction and evolution.展开更多
Plant disease management plays an important role in achieving the sustainable development goals of the United Nations(UN)such as food security,human health,socio-economic improvement,resource conservation and ecologic...Plant disease management plays an important role in achieving the sustainable development goals of the United Nations(UN)such as food security,human health,socio-economic improvement,resource conservation and ecological resilience.However,technologies available are often limited due to different interests between producers and society and lacks of proper understanding of economic thresholds and the complex interactions among ecology,productivity and profitability.A comprehensive synergy and conflict evaluation of economic,sociological and ecological effects with technologies,productions and evolutionary principles as main components should be used to guide sustainable disease management that aims to mitigate crop and economic losses in the short term while maintaining functional farm ecosystem in the long term.Consequently,there should be an increased emphasis on technology development,public education and information exchange among governments,researchers,producers and consumers to broaden the options for disease management in the future.展开更多
Pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV)is a devastating viral pathogen of pepper(Capsicum annuum)but it is unclear whether and how peppers protect against PMMoV infection.The expression of the chloroplast outer membrane prote...Pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV)is a devastating viral pathogen of pepper(Capsicum annuum)but it is unclear whether and how peppers protect against PMMoV infection.The expression of the chloroplast outer membrane protein 24(OMP24)of C.annuum was upregulated under PMMoV infection and it interacted with PMMoV coat protein(CP).Silencing of OMP24 in either C.annuum or Nicotiana benthamiana facilitated PMMoV infection,whereas overexpression of N.benthamiana OMP24 in transgenic plants inhibited PMMoV infection.Both C.annuum OMP24(CaOMP24)and N.benthamiana OMP24(NbOMP24)localized to the chloroplast and have a moderately hydrophobic transmembrane domain that is necessary for their localization.Overexpression of CaOMP24 induced stromules,perinuclear chloroplast clustering,and accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),the typical defense responses of chloroplasts transferring the retrograde signaling to the nucleus to regulate resistance genes.The expression of PR1 and PR2 was also upregulated significantly in plants overexpressing OMP24.Self-interaction of OMP24 was demonstrated and was required for OMP24-mediated plant defense.Interaction with PMMoV CP interfered with the self-interaction of OMP24 and impaired OMP24-induced stromules,perinuclear chloroplast clustering and ROS accumulation.The results demonstrate the defense function of OMP24 in pepper during viral infection and suggest a possible mechanism by which PMMoV CP modulates the plant defense to facilitate viral infection.展开更多
Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security.Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years,including bas...Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security.Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years,including basic research and technologies for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases.Here,we review these milestones and advances,including the identification of new crop-infecting viruses,dissection of pathogenic mechanisms of multiple viruses,examination of multilayered interactions among viruses,their host plants,and virus-transmitting arthropod vectors,and in-depth interrogation of plantencoded resistance and susceptibility determinants.Notably,various plant virus-based vectors have also been successfully developed for gene function studies and target gene expression in plants.We also recommend future plant virology studies in China.展开更多
The co-chaperone DnaJ plays an important role in protein folding and regulation of various physiological activities, and participates in several pathological processes. DnaJ has been extensively studied in many specie...The co-chaperone DnaJ plays an important role in protein folding and regulation of various physiological activities, and participates in several pathological processes. DnaJ has been extensively studied in many species including humans,drosophila, mushrooms, tomatoes, and Arabidopsis. However, few studies have examined the role of DnaJ in wheat(Triticum aestivum), and the interaction mechanism between TaDnaJs and plant viruses. Here, we identified 236 TaDnaJs and performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of conserved domains, gene structure and protein motifs, chromosomal positions and duplication relationships, and cis-acting elements. We grouped these Ta Dna Js according to their domains, and randomly selected six genes from the groups for tissue-specific analysis, and expression profiles analysis under hormone stress, and 17 genes for plant virus infection stress. In qRT-PCR, we found that among the 17 TaDnaJ genes tested, 16 genes were up-regulated after wheat yellow mosaic virus(WYMV) infection, indicating that the TaDnaJ family is involved in plant defense response. Subsequent yeast two-hybrid assays verified the WYMV NIa, NIb and 7 KD proteins interacted with TaDJC(TraesCS7 A02 G506000), which had the most significant changes in gene expression levels after WYMV infection.Insights into the molecular mechanisms of Ta Dna J-mediated stress tolerance and sensitivity could inform different strategies designed to improve crop resistance to abiotic and biotic stress. This study provides a basis for future investigation of the TaDnaJ family and plant defense mechanisms.展开更多
Viruses of thermophiles are of great interest due to their roles in gene transfer, global geochemical cycle and evolution of life on earth. However, the thermophilic bacteriophages have not been studied extensively. I...Viruses of thermophiles are of great interest due to their roles in gene transfer, global geochemical cycle and evolution of life on earth. However, the thermophilic bacteriophages have not been studied extensively. In this investigation, a typical bacteriophage BV1 was obtained from a thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp. 6k512, which was isolated from an inshore hot spring in Xiamen of China. The BV1 contained a double-stranded linear DNA of 35 055 bp, which encodes 54 open reading frames (ORFs). Interestingly, eight of the 54 BV1 ORFs shared sequence similarities to genes from human disease-relevant bacteria. Seven proteins of the purified BV1 virions were identified by proteomic analysis. Determination of BV1 functional genomics would facilitate the better understanding of the mechanism for virus-thermophile interaction.展开更多
Lesion mmic mutants(LMMs)are plants that spontaneously form lesions without pathogeninfection or external stimulus and exhibit resistance to pathogens.Here,a rice LMM was created by ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis,...Lesion mmic mutants(LMMs)are plants that spontaneously form lesions without pathogeninfection or external stimulus and exhibit resistance to pathogens.Here,a rice LMM was created by ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis,named as hpil(hydrogen peroxide induced lesion).Diaminobenzidineand trypan blue staining showed that large amounts of H_(2)O_(2) were produced and cell death was occurredat and around the parts of lesion mimic in the rice leaves.The phenotype of hpil is controlled by a singlerecessive gene,localized at a 2 Mb interval on chromosome 2.The data suggested that hpil is a novelLMM with enhanced bacterial and fungal disease resistance,and multiple pathogenesis-related proteins(PRs)were up-regulated.The proteomes of leaves at three positions(different degrees of lesion mimicseverity)were characterized in hpil compared with its wild type plant.Differentially expressed proteinswere detected by two dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and 274 proteins were identified byMALDITOF/TOFTM.These proteins were related to metabolic process,cellular process and response tostimulus,with mostly down-regulated in hpil leaves.Many of these proteins were related to the Calvincycle,photosynthetic electron transport chain,glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and phosphonates pathways.Some resistance-related proteins including 14-3-3 proteins,OsPR10 and antioxidases such asperoxidase,superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were up-regulated in leaves with lesionmimic.These results provide the foundation for cloning of the target gene and shed light on themechanism involved in autaimmunity of rice.展开更多
OsPRIOa is one of the well known pathogenesis-related genes in rice,and is induced by multiple plant hormones and pathogens.However,the underlying transcriptional regulation mechanisms in response to differe nt signal...OsPRIOa is one of the well known pathogenesis-related genes in rice,and is induced by multiple plant hormones and pathogens.However,the underlying transcriptional regulation mechanisms in response to differe nt signals and their crosstalks are still largely unknown.In order to find new players participated in the activation of OsPRIOa,we systematically analyzed the basal expression patterns as well as the expression responses of a 2.5 kb OsPRIOa promoter in rice transgenic plants after phytohormone and pathogen stimulations.In agreement with the native gene expression,the OsPRIOa promoter can drive glucuronidase(GUS)gene expressing in spots of leaf cells,leaf trichomes,lemmas and paleae,germinating embryos,calli and root tips.The leaf expression of OsPR10a::GUS was dramatically in creased upon jasm onic acid(JA)and cytoki nin(CK)treatme nts,or challe nges of the pathogen Magnaporthe grisea and Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae.Thus,the OsPRIOa promoter reported here can faithfully reflect its native gene expression.The effects of several JA and CK responsive OsWRKY genes on the regulation of OsPRIOa promoter were then inspected by luciferase transient expression assay,and the JA inducible OsWRKYlO transcription factor was found as a new positive regulator of OsPRIOa.However,the key transcription factors of JA and CK signaling pathways,OsMYC2 and B-type response regulators,were not responsible for the activation of OsPRIOa promote Our findings provided new in sights into the regulation of OsPRIOa expression during plan t-hormone/pathoge n interactions,and the OsPRIOa reporter system can be useful to unravel novel regulators from both pathogen and host.展开更多
To obtain the P8 protein of Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) with biological activity,its outer coat protein gene S8 was expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells using the baculovirus expression system.The S8...To obtain the P8 protein of Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) with biological activity,its outer coat protein gene S8 was expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells using the baculovirus expression system.The S8 gene was subcloned into the pFastBacTM1 vector,to produce the recombinant baculovirus transfer vector pFB-S8.After transformation,pFB-S8 was introduced into the competent cells (E.coli DH10Bac) containing a shuttle vector,Bacmid,generating the recombinant bacmid rbpFB-S8.After being infected by recombinant baculovirus rvpFB-S8 at different multiplicities of infection,Sf9 cells were collected at different times and analyzed by SDS-PAGE,Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy.The expression level of the P8 protein was highest between 48-72 h after transfection of Sf9 cells.Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that P8 protein of RGDV formed punctate structures in the cytoplasm of Sf9 cells.展开更多
Cre/loxP,a site-specific recombination system,has been widely used for various purposes,including chromosomal translocations,generation of marker-free transgenic plants,tissue-specific activation of a reporter gene an...Cre/loxP,a site-specific recombination system,has been widely used for various purposes,including chromosomal translocations,generation of marker-free transgenic plants,tissue-specific activation of a reporter gene and efficient heterologous gene expression in plants.However,stable or transient expression of Cre recombinase in plants can cause chlorosis or necrosis.Here,we describe a modified Cre/loxP recombination system using a DNA fragment flanked with loxP sites in the same orientation in which necrosis induced by Cre recombinase in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves was alleviated.The modified system was successfully used to create functional GFP-tagged pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV)and a chimeric virus with coat protein(CP)substitution assembled from separate pro-vector modules.Our results provide a new strategy and flexible technique to construct chimeric virus and infectious clones for plant viruses with large genomes.展开更多
Ferredoxins(Fds)in plastids are the most upstream stromal electron receptors shuttling electrons to downstream metabolic systems and function in various physiological processes of dicots,but their roles in monocots’r...Ferredoxins(Fds)in plastids are the most upstream stromal electron receptors shuttling electrons to downstream metabolic systems and function in various physiological processes of dicots,but their roles in monocots’response to stresses are still unclear.In this study,the functions of OsFd4,the major non-photosynthetic type Fd in rice,were characterized under oxidative stress and Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)infection.OsFd4-knockout mutants displayed no defects in key agronomic traits and blast resistance,but were more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)treatment than the wild type.Transient expression of OsFd4 alleviated H2O2-induced rice cell death,suggesting that OsFd4 contributes to rice tolerance to exogenous oxidative stress.Deletion of OsFd4 enhanced rice immune responses against Xoo.OsFd4 formed a complex in vivo with itself and OsFd1,the major photosynthetic Fd in rice,and OsFd1 transcripts were increased in leaf and root tissues of the OsFd4-knockout mutants.These results indicate that OsFd4 is involved in regulating rice defense against stresses and interplays with OsFd1.展开更多
Plant architecture is a target of crop improvement.The soybean mutant ideal type 1(it1)displays a pleiotropic phenotype characterized by compact plant architecture,reduced plant height,shortened petioles,wrinkled leav...Plant architecture is a target of crop improvement.The soybean mutant ideal type 1(it1)displays a pleiotropic phenotype characterized by compact plant architecture,reduced plant height,shortened petioles,wrinkled leaves,and indented seeds.Genetic analysis revealed that the pleiotropic phenotype was controlled by an incomplete dominant gene.We characterized the cellular phenotypes of it1 and positionally cloned the it1 locus.Detailed morphogenetic analysis of the it1 mutant revealed an excess of xylem cells and expanded phloem,and polygonal pavement cells.Positional cloning showed that the phenotype was caused by a G-to-A mutation in the second exon of the a-tubulin gene(Glyma.05G157300).The mutation altered microtubule arrangement in pavement cells,changing their morphology.Overexpression of Gmit1 resulted in an it1-like phenotype and polygonal pavement cells and microtubules of overexpressors were parallel or slightly inclined.Five suppressor mutants able to suppress the phenotype of it1 were obtained by EMS mutagenesis in the it1 background.All these mutants carried an additional mutation in the it1 gene.These results suggest that the pleiotropic phenotype of it1 is caused by the mutation in the atubulin gene.展开更多
Viral infection commonly induces autophagy,leading to antiviral responses or conversely,promoting viral infection or replication.In this study,using the experimental plant Nicotiana benthamiana,we demonstrated that th...Viral infection commonly induces autophagy,leading to antiviral responses or conversely,promoting viral infection or replication.In this study,using the experimental plant Nicotiana benthamiana,we demonstrated that the rice stripe virus(RSV)coat protein(CP)enhanced autophagic activity through interaction with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2(GAPC2),a negative regulator of plant autophagy that binds to an autophagy key factor,autophagy-related protein 3(ATG3).Competitive pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation(Co-IP)assays showed that RSV CP activated autophagy by disrupting the interaction between GAPC2 and ATG3.An RSV CP mutant that was unable to bind GAPC2 failed to disrupt the interaction between GAPC2 and ATG3 and therefore lost its ability to induce autophagy.RSV CP enhanced the autophagic degradation of a viral movement protein(MP)encoded by a heterologous virus,citrus leaf blotch virus(CLBV).However,the autophagic degradation of RSV-encoded MP and RNA-silencing suppressor(NS3)proteins was inhibited in the presence of CP,suggesting that RSV CP can protect MP and NS3 against autophagic degradation.Moreover,in the presence of MP,RSV CP could induce the autophagic degradation of a remorin protein(NbREM1),which negatively regulates RSV infection through the inhibition of viral cell-to-cell movement.Overall,our results suggest that RSV CP induces a selective autophagy to suppress the antiviral factors while protecting RSV-encoded viral proteins against autophagic degradation through an as-yet-unknown mechanism.This study showed that RSV CP plays dual roles in the autophagy-related interaction between plants and viruses.展开更多
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation mechanism involved in antiviral defense,but the strategies employed by plant viruses to counteract autophagy-related defense remain unknown for the majority of the viruses.Her...Autophagy is an intracellular degradation mechanism involved in antiviral defense,but the strategies employed by plant viruses to counteract autophagy-related defense remain unknown for the majority of the viruses.Herein,we describe how the Chinese wheat mosaic virus(CWMV,genus Furovirus)interferes with autophagy and enhances its infection in Nicotiana benthamiana.Yeast two-hybrid screening and in vivo/in vitro assays revealed that the 19 k Da coat protein(CP19 K)of CWMV interacts with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases(GAPCs),negative regulators of autophagy,which bind autophagy-related protein 3(ATG3),a key factor in autophagy.CP19 K also directly interacts with ATG3,possibly leading to the formation of a CP19 K–GAPC–ATG3 complex.CP19 K–GAPC interaction appeared to intensify CP19 K–ATG3 binding.Moreover,CP19 K expression upregulated GAPC gene transcripts and reduced autophagic activities.Accordingly,the silencing of GAPC genes in transgenic N.benthamiana reduced CWMV accumulation,whereas CP19 K overexpression enhanced it.Overall,our results suggest that CWMV CP19 K interferes with autophagy through the promotion and utilization of the GAPC role as a negative regulator of autophagy.展开更多
Dear Editor,The insect cuticle is a multifunctional coat that defines and stabilizes the shape of the body,appendages and internal organs,serves as a barrier against water and chemical compounds,such as insecticides,p...Dear Editor,The insect cuticle is a multifunctional coat that defines and stabilizes the shape of the body,appendages and internal organs,serves as a barrier against water and chemical compounds,such as insecticides,prevents infection and protects against predators(Moussian,2010).The surface of insects is covered by a lipid layer composed of diverse hydrocarbons,wax esters,fatty acids,fatty alcohols,sterols and triglycerides.Delivery of lipids to the body surface occurs through the cuticle by a nano-canal system consisting of pore canals(PC)and wax canals(WC).展开更多
Plant-parasitic nematodes(PPNs) are destructive pathogens that cause great damage to crops and severely limit food production, hindering our ability to meet the growing worldwide demand for food(Topalovi? and Vesterg?...Plant-parasitic nematodes(PPNs) are destructive pathogens that cause great damage to crops and severely limit food production, hindering our ability to meet the growing worldwide demand for food(Topalovi? and Vesterg?rd,2021). The global crop losses caused by PPNs are estimated to be about 8.8%–14.6% of total crop production and 100–157 billion USD annually(Singh et al., 2013).展开更多
Microplastics provide a new ecological niche for microorganisms,and the accumulation levels of microplastics(MPs)in terrestrial ecosystems are higher than those in marine ecosystems.Here,we applied the zymography to i...Microplastics provide a new ecological niche for microorganisms,and the accumulation levels of microplastics(MPs)in terrestrial ecosystems are higher than those in marine ecosystems.Here,we applied the zymography to investigate how MPs–polyethylene[PE],and polyvinyl chloride[PVC])at two levels(0.01%and 1%soil weight)impacted the spatial distribution of soil hydrolases,nutrient availability,and rice growth in paddy soil.MPs increased the above-ground biomass by 13.0%–15.5%and decreased the below-ground biomass by 8.0%–15.1%.Addition of 0.01%and 1%MPs reduced soil NH4+content by 18.3%–63.2%and 52.2%–80.2%,respectively.The average activities of N-and P-hydrolases increased by 0.8%–4.8%and 1.9%–6.3%with addition of MPs,respectively.The nutrient uptake by rice plants and the enzyme activities in hotspots increased with MP content in soil.The accumulation of MPs in paddy soil could provide an ecological niche that facilitates microbial survival,alters the spatial distribution of soil hydrolases,and decreases nutrient availability.展开更多
Microplastic distribution is non-homogeneous in agricultural soil following plastic film degradation.However,the distribution of microplastics by shape and particle size in different soil aggregates remains unknown.To...Microplastic distribution is non-homogeneous in agricultural soil following plastic film degradation.However,the distribution of microplastics by shape and particle size in different soil aggregates remains unknown.To elucidate the distribution of microplastic shapes and particle sizes in soil aggregates with increasing years of film mulching,four paired fields with film mulching(FM)and no mulching(NM)were examined at 1,5,10,and 20 years after continuous mulching.An increase in soil aggregates of 0.053–0.25 mm diameter was observed;however,soil organic carbon content decreased after long-term FM.Microplastics primarily combined with 0.053–2 mm soil aggregates.Specifically,long-term FM was associated with dominance of film-and fiber-shaped microplastics in soil aggregates of 0.25–2 mm and 0.053–0.25 mm diameter,respectively.Fiber-and granule-shaped microplastics of 0.25–1 mm diameter primarily combined with 0.053–0.25 and 0.25–2 mm soil aggregates,respectively.Film-shaped microplastics of diameter>1 mm and diameter 0.05–0.25 mm primarily combined with 0.25–2 mm soil aggregates.Therefore,distribution of microplastics in soil aggregates can be used to monitor soil health and quality,greatly enhancing our understanding of the risk posed by microplastics to the environment.展开更多
基金supported by the Fujian Technology Plan Project, China (2012N4001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1405213)the Ministry of Science and Technology of National 973 Program of China (2014CB160315)
文摘Plant disease management faces ever-growing challenges due to: (i) increasing demands for total, safe and diverse foods to support the booming global population and its improving living standards; (ii) reducing production potential in agriculture due to competition for land in fertile areas and exhaustion of marginal arable lands; (iii) deteriorating ecology of agro-ecosystems and depletion of natural resources; and (iv) increased risk of disease epidemics resulting from agricultural intensification and monocultures. Future plant disease management should aim to strengthen food security for a stable society while simultaneously safeguarding the health of associated ecosystems and reducing dependency on natural resources. To achieve these multiple functionalities, sustainable plant disease management should place emphases on rational adaptation of resistance, avoidance, elimination and remediation strategies individually and collectively, guided by traits of specific host-pathogen associations using evolutionary ecology principles to create environmental (biotic and abiotic) conditions favorable for host growth and development while adverse to pathogen reproduction and evolution.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72073028)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(2018J01707).
文摘Plant disease management plays an important role in achieving the sustainable development goals of the United Nations(UN)such as food security,human health,socio-economic improvement,resource conservation and ecological resilience.However,technologies available are often limited due to different interests between producers and society and lacks of proper understanding of economic thresholds and the complex interactions among ecology,productivity and profitability.A comprehensive synergy and conflict evaluation of economic,sociological and ecological effects with technologies,productions and evolutionary principles as main components should be used to guide sustainable disease management that aims to mitigate crop and economic losses in the short term while maintaining functional farm ecosystem in the long term.Consequently,there should be an increased emphasis on technology development,public education and information exchange among governments,researchers,producers and consumers to broaden the options for disease management in the future.
基金This work was financially supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1401200)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-24-C-04)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270294)Ningbo Major Special Projects of the Plan‘Science and Technology Innovation 2025’(2021Z106)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Anhui Province,China(2021B558)K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University.
文摘Pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV)is a devastating viral pathogen of pepper(Capsicum annuum)but it is unclear whether and how peppers protect against PMMoV infection.The expression of the chloroplast outer membrane protein 24(OMP24)of C.annuum was upregulated under PMMoV infection and it interacted with PMMoV coat protein(CP).Silencing of OMP24 in either C.annuum or Nicotiana benthamiana facilitated PMMoV infection,whereas overexpression of N.benthamiana OMP24 in transgenic plants inhibited PMMoV infection.Both C.annuum OMP24(CaOMP24)and N.benthamiana OMP24(NbOMP24)localized to the chloroplast and have a moderately hydrophobic transmembrane domain that is necessary for their localization.Overexpression of CaOMP24 induced stromules,perinuclear chloroplast clustering,and accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),the typical defense responses of chloroplasts transferring the retrograde signaling to the nucleus to regulate resistance genes.The expression of PR1 and PR2 was also upregulated significantly in plants overexpressing OMP24.Self-interaction of OMP24 was demonstrated and was required for OMP24-mediated plant defense.Interaction with PMMoV CP interfered with the self-interaction of OMP24 and impaired OMP24-induced stromules,perinuclear chloroplast clustering and ROS accumulation.The results demonstrate the defense function of OMP24 in pepper during viral infection and suggest a possible mechanism by which PMMoV CP modulates the plant defense to facilitate viral infection.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China for financial support(31530062 and 32025031)。
文摘Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security.Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years,including basic research and technologies for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases.Here,we review these milestones and advances,including the identification of new crop-infecting viruses,dissection of pathogenic mechanisms of multiple viruses,examination of multilayered interactions among viruses,their host plants,and virus-transmitting arthropod vectors,and in-depth interrogation of plantencoded resistance and susceptibility determinants.Notably,various plant virus-based vectors have also been successfully developed for gene function studies and target gene expression in plants.We also recommend future plant virology studies in China.
基金Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 30660100)National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2007BAD48B01)National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of CATAS-ITBB (ITBB110304)
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0200507,2017YFD-0201701,and 2018YFD0200408)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901954)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City,China(2019A610415 and 2019A610410)the National Key Project for Research on Transgenic Biology,China(2016ZX08002-001)the China Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System of MOF and MARA(CARS-03)the K.C.Wong Magna Funding in Ningbo University,China。
文摘The co-chaperone DnaJ plays an important role in protein folding and regulation of various physiological activities, and participates in several pathological processes. DnaJ has been extensively studied in many species including humans,drosophila, mushrooms, tomatoes, and Arabidopsis. However, few studies have examined the role of DnaJ in wheat(Triticum aestivum), and the interaction mechanism between TaDnaJs and plant viruses. Here, we identified 236 TaDnaJs and performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of conserved domains, gene structure and protein motifs, chromosomal positions and duplication relationships, and cis-acting elements. We grouped these Ta Dna Js according to their domains, and randomly selected six genes from the groups for tissue-specific analysis, and expression profiles analysis under hormone stress, and 17 genes for plant virus infection stress. In qRT-PCR, we found that among the 17 TaDnaJ genes tested, 16 genes were up-regulated after wheat yellow mosaic virus(WYMV) infection, indicating that the TaDnaJ family is involved in plant defense response. Subsequent yeast two-hybrid assays verified the WYMV NIa, NIb and 7 KD proteins interacted with TaDJC(TraesCS7 A02 G506000), which had the most significant changes in gene expression levels after WYMV infection.Insights into the molecular mechanisms of Ta Dna J-mediated stress tolerance and sensitivity could inform different strategies designed to improve crop resistance to abiotic and biotic stress. This study provides a basis for future investigation of the TaDnaJ family and plant defense mechanisms.
基金The Key Natural Science Foundation of Fujian under contract No. 2007J0004the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 40576076
文摘Viruses of thermophiles are of great interest due to their roles in gene transfer, global geochemical cycle and evolution of life on earth. However, the thermophilic bacteriophages have not been studied extensively. In this investigation, a typical bacteriophage BV1 was obtained from a thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp. 6k512, which was isolated from an inshore hot spring in Xiamen of China. The BV1 contained a double-stranded linear DNA of 35 055 bp, which encodes 54 open reading frames (ORFs). Interestingly, eight of the 54 BV1 ORFs shared sequence similarities to genes from human disease-relevant bacteria. Seven proteins of the purified BV1 virions were identified by proteomic analysis. Determination of BV1 functional genomics would facilitate the better understanding of the mechanism for virus-thermophile interaction.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Plan(Grant No.2019C02006)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2016YFD0200804 and 2016YFD0100601-15)+2 种基金the Key Program of Zhejiang Provincial Foundation for Natural Science(Grant No.LZ16C130002)the Zhejiang Fundamental Public Welfare Research Program(Grant No.LGN19C140008)the State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to Quality and Safety of Agro-products(Grant No.2010DS700124-ZZ1907).
文摘Lesion mmic mutants(LMMs)are plants that spontaneously form lesions without pathogeninfection or external stimulus and exhibit resistance to pathogens.Here,a rice LMM was created by ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis,named as hpil(hydrogen peroxide induced lesion).Diaminobenzidineand trypan blue staining showed that large amounts of H_(2)O_(2) were produced and cell death was occurredat and around the parts of lesion mimic in the rice leaves.The phenotype of hpil is controlled by a singlerecessive gene,localized at a 2 Mb interval on chromosome 2.The data suggested that hpil is a novelLMM with enhanced bacterial and fungal disease resistance,and multiple pathogenesis-related proteins(PRs)were up-regulated.The proteomes of leaves at three positions(different degrees of lesion mimicseverity)were characterized in hpil compared with its wild type plant.Differentially expressed proteinswere detected by two dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and 274 proteins were identified byMALDITOF/TOFTM.These proteins were related to metabolic process,cellular process and response tostimulus,with mostly down-regulated in hpil leaves.Many of these proteins were related to the Calvincycle,photosynthetic electron transport chain,glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and phosphonates pathways.Some resistance-related proteins including 14-3-3 proteins,OsPR10 and antioxidases such asperoxidase,superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were up-regulated in leaves with lesionmimic.These results provide the foundation for cloning of the target gene and shed light on themechanism involved in autaimmunity of rice.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFD0100601-15)Zhejiang Fundamental Public Welfare Research Program(Grant No.LGN19C140008)+2 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Plan(Grant No.2019C02006)Major Scientific and Technological Innovation 2025 Project of Ningbo(Grant No.2019B10004)Major Agricultural Science and Technology Project in Ningbo(Grant No.2016C11017).
文摘OsPRIOa is one of the well known pathogenesis-related genes in rice,and is induced by multiple plant hormones and pathogens.However,the underlying transcriptional regulation mechanisms in response to differe nt signals and their crosstalks are still largely unknown.In order to find new players participated in the activation of OsPRIOa,we systematically analyzed the basal expression patterns as well as the expression responses of a 2.5 kb OsPRIOa promoter in rice transgenic plants after phytohormone and pathogen stimulations.In agreement with the native gene expression,the OsPRIOa promoter can drive glucuronidase(GUS)gene expressing in spots of leaf cells,leaf trichomes,lemmas and paleae,germinating embryos,calli and root tips.The leaf expression of OsPR10a::GUS was dramatically in creased upon jasm onic acid(JA)and cytoki nin(CK)treatme nts,or challe nges of the pathogen Magnaporthe grisea and Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae.Thus,the OsPRIOa promoter reported here can faithfully reflect its native gene expression.The effects of several JA and CK responsive OsWRKY genes on the regulation of OsPRIOa promoter were then inspected by luciferase transient expression assay,and the JA inducible OsWRKYlO transcription factor was found as a new positive regulator of OsPRIOa.However,the key transcription factors of JA and CK signaling pathways,OsMYC2 and B-type response regulators,were not responsible for the activation of OsPRIOa promote Our findings provided new in sights into the regulation of OsPRIOa expression during plan t-hormone/pathoge n interactions,and the OsPRIOa reporter system can be useful to unravel novel regulators from both pathogen and host.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (30970135)The Key Project of Genetically Modified Organisms Breeding(2009ZX08009-044B)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (No.2006J0065)the Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of Fujian Province (2009R10029-3)
文摘To obtain the P8 protein of Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) with biological activity,its outer coat protein gene S8 was expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells using the baculovirus expression system.The S8 gene was subcloned into the pFastBacTM1 vector,to produce the recombinant baculovirus transfer vector pFB-S8.After transformation,pFB-S8 was introduced into the competent cells (E.coli DH10Bac) containing a shuttle vector,Bacmid,generating the recombinant bacmid rbpFB-S8.After being infected by recombinant baculovirus rvpFB-S8 at different multiplicities of infection,Sf9 cells were collected at different times and analyzed by SDS-PAGE,Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy.The expression level of the P8 protein was highest between 48-72 h after transfection of Sf9 cells.Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that P8 protein of RGDV formed punctate structures in the cytoplasm of Sf9 cells.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFD1001800)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS24-C-04)+1 种基金supported by the Science&Technology Public Welfare Project of Ningbo City,China(202002N3005)K.C.Wong Education Foundation,China。
文摘Cre/loxP,a site-specific recombination system,has been widely used for various purposes,including chromosomal translocations,generation of marker-free transgenic plants,tissue-specific activation of a reporter gene and efficient heterologous gene expression in plants.However,stable or transient expression of Cre recombinase in plants can cause chlorosis or necrosis.Here,we describe a modified Cre/loxP recombination system using a DNA fragment flanked with loxP sites in the same orientation in which necrosis induced by Cre recombinase in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves was alleviated.The modified system was successfully used to create functional GFP-tagged pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV)and a chimeric virus with coat protein(CP)substitution assembled from separate pro-vector modules.Our results provide a new strategy and flexible technique to construct chimeric virus and infectious clones for plant viruses with large genomes.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701777)the National Natural Science Foundation for International Exchanges(NSFC-RS)(31911530181)+1 种基金the Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Key Project(2022NZ030014)Key Plant Protection Disciplinary Development Project(Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,103-722022001)to Mo Wang.
文摘Ferredoxins(Fds)in plastids are the most upstream stromal electron receptors shuttling electrons to downstream metabolic systems and function in various physiological processes of dicots,but their roles in monocots’response to stresses are still unclear.In this study,the functions of OsFd4,the major non-photosynthetic type Fd in rice,were characterized under oxidative stress and Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)infection.OsFd4-knockout mutants displayed no defects in key agronomic traits and blast resistance,but were more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)treatment than the wild type.Transient expression of OsFd4 alleviated H2O2-induced rice cell death,suggesting that OsFd4 contributes to rice tolerance to exogenous oxidative stress.Deletion of OsFd4 enhanced rice immune responses against Xoo.OsFd4 formed a complex in vivo with itself and OsFd1,the major photosynthetic Fd in rice,and OsFd1 transcripts were increased in leaf and root tissues of the OsFd4-knockout mutants.These results indicate that OsFd4 is involved in regulating rice defense against stresses and interplays with OsFd1.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172005)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP)of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Plant architecture is a target of crop improvement.The soybean mutant ideal type 1(it1)displays a pleiotropic phenotype characterized by compact plant architecture,reduced plant height,shortened petioles,wrinkled leaves,and indented seeds.Genetic analysis revealed that the pleiotropic phenotype was controlled by an incomplete dominant gene.We characterized the cellular phenotypes of it1 and positionally cloned the it1 locus.Detailed morphogenetic analysis of the it1 mutant revealed an excess of xylem cells and expanded phloem,and polygonal pavement cells.Positional cloning showed that the phenotype was caused by a G-to-A mutation in the second exon of the a-tubulin gene(Glyma.05G157300).The mutation altered microtubule arrangement in pavement cells,changing their morphology.Overexpression of Gmit1 resulted in an it1-like phenotype and polygonal pavement cells and microtubules of overexpressors were parallel or slightly inclined.Five suppressor mutants able to suppress the phenotype of it1 were obtained by EMS mutagenesis in the it1 background.All these mutants carried an additional mutation in the it1 gene.These results suggest that the pleiotropic phenotype of it1 is caused by the mutation in the atubulin gene.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170163)to LSThe program of introducing Talents of Innovative discipline to universities(project 111)(B18042)to LSThe state key laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts(project 2021DG700024-KF202210)to HZ.
文摘Viral infection commonly induces autophagy,leading to antiviral responses or conversely,promoting viral infection or replication.In this study,using the experimental plant Nicotiana benthamiana,we demonstrated that the rice stripe virus(RSV)coat protein(CP)enhanced autophagic activity through interaction with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2(GAPC2),a negative regulator of plant autophagy that binds to an autophagy key factor,autophagy-related protein 3(ATG3).Competitive pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation(Co-IP)assays showed that RSV CP activated autophagy by disrupting the interaction between GAPC2 and ATG3.An RSV CP mutant that was unable to bind GAPC2 failed to disrupt the interaction between GAPC2 and ATG3 and therefore lost its ability to induce autophagy.RSV CP enhanced the autophagic degradation of a viral movement protein(MP)encoded by a heterologous virus,citrus leaf blotch virus(CLBV).However,the autophagic degradation of RSV-encoded MP and RNA-silencing suppressor(NS3)proteins was inhibited in the presence of CP,suggesting that RSV CP can protect MP and NS3 against autophagic degradation.Moreover,in the presence of MP,RSV CP could induce the autophagic degradation of a remorin protein(NbREM1),which negatively regulates RSV infection through the inhibition of viral cell-to-cell movement.Overall,our results suggest that RSV CP induces a selective autophagy to suppress the antiviral factors while protecting RSV-encoded viral proteins against autophagic degradation through an as-yet-unknown mechanism.This study showed that RSV CP plays dual roles in the autophagy-related interaction between plants and viruses.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170163)the Basic Scientific Research Foundation,Ministry of education of China(Z109021801)to Liying SunThe program of introducing Talents of Innovative Discipline to Universities(project 111)(B18042)and(2016KW-069)to Liying Sun。
文摘Autophagy is an intracellular degradation mechanism involved in antiviral defense,but the strategies employed by plant viruses to counteract autophagy-related defense remain unknown for the majority of the viruses.Herein,we describe how the Chinese wheat mosaic virus(CWMV,genus Furovirus)interferes with autophagy and enhances its infection in Nicotiana benthamiana.Yeast two-hybrid screening and in vivo/in vitro assays revealed that the 19 k Da coat protein(CP19 K)of CWMV interacts with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases(GAPCs),negative regulators of autophagy,which bind autophagy-related protein 3(ATG3),a key factor in autophagy.CP19 K also directly interacts with ATG3,possibly leading to the formation of a CP19 K–GAPC–ATG3 complex.CP19 K–GAPC interaction appeared to intensify CP19 K–ATG3 binding.Moreover,CP19 K expression upregulated GAPC gene transcripts and reduced autophagic activities.Accordingly,the silencing of GAPC genes in transgenic N.benthamiana reduced CWMV accumulation,whereas CP19 K overexpression enhanced it.Overall,our results suggest that CWMV CP19 K interferes with autophagy through the promotion and utilization of the GAPC role as a negative regulator of autophagy.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001895,31630057 and 31871954)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M681874)BM was financed by the German Research Foundation(DFG)in cooperation with the National Natural Science Foundation of China(MO1714/10-1).
文摘Dear Editor,The insect cuticle is a multifunctional coat that defines and stabilizes the shape of the body,appendages and internal organs,serves as a barrier against water and chemical compounds,such as insecticides,prevents infection and protects against predators(Moussian,2010).The surface of insects is covered by a lipid layer composed of diverse hydrocarbons,wax esters,fatty acids,fatty alcohols,sterols and triglycerides.Delivery of lipids to the body surface occurs through the cuticle by a nano-canal system consisting of pore canals(PC)and wax canals(WC).
基金funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32250410283, 31800386, and 32000201)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20211319)the Jiangsu Outstanding Postdoctoral Program (2023ZB863)。
文摘Plant-parasitic nematodes(PPNs) are destructive pathogens that cause great damage to crops and severely limit food production, hindering our ability to meet the growing worldwide demand for food(Topalovi? and Vesterg?rd,2021). The global crop losses caused by PPNs are estimated to be about 8.8%–14.6% of total crop production and 100–157 billion USD annually(Singh et al., 2013).
基金We are grateful for financial support from the National Key Research and Development Plan(2019YFC1805100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42107341,21767012)+2 种基金the UK Natural Environment Research Council and the Global Challenges Research Fund(NE/V005871/1)sponsorship by K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo Universitythe Science and Technology Plan of Ganzhou City(GSKF201850).
文摘Microplastics provide a new ecological niche for microorganisms,and the accumulation levels of microplastics(MPs)in terrestrial ecosystems are higher than those in marine ecosystems.Here,we applied the zymography to investigate how MPs–polyethylene[PE],and polyvinyl chloride[PVC])at two levels(0.01%and 1%soil weight)impacted the spatial distribution of soil hydrolases,nutrient availability,and rice growth in paddy soil.MPs increased the above-ground biomass by 13.0%–15.5%and decreased the below-ground biomass by 8.0%–15.1%.Addition of 0.01%and 1%MPs reduced soil NH4+content by 18.3%–63.2%and 52.2%–80.2%,respectively.The average activities of N-and P-hydrolases increased by 0.8%–4.8%and 1.9%–6.3%with addition of MPs,respectively.The nutrient uptake by rice plants and the enzyme activities in hotspots increased with MP content in soil.The accumulation of MPs in paddy soil could provide an ecological niche that facilitates microbial survival,alters the spatial distribution of soil hydrolases,and decreases nutrient availability.
基金This study was supported by the Ningbo Science and Technology Bureau(2021Z101,2022S103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42107341)+2 种基金Scientific Research Projects of the General Administration of Customs(2020HK207)UK Natural Environment Research Council,and Global Challenges Research Fund(NE/V005871/1)the K.C.Wong Magna Fund of Ningbo University.
文摘Microplastic distribution is non-homogeneous in agricultural soil following plastic film degradation.However,the distribution of microplastics by shape and particle size in different soil aggregates remains unknown.To elucidate the distribution of microplastic shapes and particle sizes in soil aggregates with increasing years of film mulching,four paired fields with film mulching(FM)and no mulching(NM)were examined at 1,5,10,and 20 years after continuous mulching.An increase in soil aggregates of 0.053–0.25 mm diameter was observed;however,soil organic carbon content decreased after long-term FM.Microplastics primarily combined with 0.053–2 mm soil aggregates.Specifically,long-term FM was associated with dominance of film-and fiber-shaped microplastics in soil aggregates of 0.25–2 mm and 0.053–0.25 mm diameter,respectively.Fiber-and granule-shaped microplastics of 0.25–1 mm diameter primarily combined with 0.053–0.25 and 0.25–2 mm soil aggregates,respectively.Film-shaped microplastics of diameter>1 mm and diameter 0.05–0.25 mm primarily combined with 0.25–2 mm soil aggregates.Therefore,distribution of microplastics in soil aggregates can be used to monitor soil health and quality,greatly enhancing our understanding of the risk posed by microplastics to the environment.