Evaluation of periglacial landforms and formation of soil properties on the Mount Honaz,SW Türkiye

The main aim of this study is to explain periglacial processes on the summits of Mount Honaz(2571 m a.s.l.),define periglacial landforms,and determine the relationships between morphometric features and topographic factors.Mud circles,stony earth circles,non sorted steps,and non sorted stripes were identified on the summits of Mount Honaz.Pearson's correlation coefficient(r)and linear regression analyses were performed by taking metric measurements from 125 periglacial landforms to describe their morphometric features(length,width,height)of periglacial landforms and explain the relationships between them and topographic factors(elevation,slope).To explain the relationships between periglacial landforms and soil properties,soil samples from 11 periglacial landforms were taken and analysed.Periglacial landforms,which continue to develop on the summits of Mount Honaz today,have been evaluated with present climate data.Analysis of soil samples indicates a notable impact of parent material on the genesis of periglacial landforms.The high ratio of organic matter in mud circle and non sorted step landforms and the high lime ratio in stony earth circle landforms prove a strong relationship between the formation mechanisms of landforms and the soil properties.Furthermore,it is consistent with the findings obtained from the analysis that severe periglacial processes and washing and scavenging events are experienced more on the northern slopes.

The Future Trend of E-Mobility in Terms of Battery Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Climate Change: A Case Study Applied in Hungary

The transportation sector is responsible for 25% of the total Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, whereas 60.6% of this sector represents small and medium passenger cars. However, as noted by the European Union Long-term strategy, there are two ways to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. The first way is characterized by creating more efficient vehicles. In contrast, the second way is characterized by changing the fuel used. The current study addressed the second way, changing the fuel type. The study examined the potential of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as an alternative fuel type to reduce CO2 emissions in Hungarys transportation sector. The study used secondary data retrieved from Statista and stata.com to analyze the future trends of BEVs in Hungary. The results showed that the percentage of BEVs in Hungary in 2022 was 0.4% compared to the total number of registered passenger cars, which is 3.8 million. The simple exponential smoothing (SES) time series forecast revealed that the number of BEVs is expected to reach 84,192 in 2030, indicating a percentage increase of 2.21% in the next eight years. The study suggests that increasing the number of BEVs is necessary to address the negative impact of CO2 emissions on society. The Hungarian Ministry of Innovation and Technologys strategy to reduce the cost of BEVs may increase the percentage of BEVs by 10%, resulting in a potential average reduction of 76,957,600 g/km of CO2 compared to gasoline, diesel, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs).

Burnout among Lebanese nurses: Psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS)

Background: Burnout is a mental condition defined as a result of continuous and long-term stress exposure, particularly related to psychosocial factors at work. This paper aims to examine the psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Questionnaire (MBI-HSS) for validation of use in Lebanon, and to describe burnout and associated factors amongst nurses in Lebanon especially the gender and employment sector. Methods: The psychometric properties of the Arabic version of MBI-HSS were studied amongst a sample of 200 nurses. In this descriptive study, survey data were collected from private and public hospitals. The data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. Results: The results indicated satisfactory reliability through internal consistency for all three scales of the MBI-HSS. The factor analysis was quite satisfactory. Most of staff had scores which indicated they were burnt out. Nearly three quarters (77.5%) reported emotional exhaustion, 36.0% reported depersonalization while almost one third (33.0%) experienced reduced personal accomplishment. Burnout increases for 30-39 years age groups. Married nurses had significantly higher emotional exhaustion. Depersonalization was highest among nurses in private sector, and personal accomplishment was highest among nurses in public sector. Depersonalization proved to be higher in night and rotating shift nurses. Depression, backache, and headache were predictors of burnout. Conclusion: Findings indicate that the main psychometric properties of reliability and validity of the Arabic version of MBI-HSS appear to be satisfactory. Burnout is particularly prominent and severe in the nurses working population. The implications of these findings for interventions that reduce burnout and promote nursing mental health are therefore in the interest of employers, governments and policy makers.

Temperature and Precipitation Fluctuation of Madinah-Al-Munawara, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1959-2011)

The work discusses the temperature and precipitation fluctuation of Madinah-Al-Munawara, Saudi Arabia for a time period of 1959-2011. This is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, the capital of Al Madinah Province and important religious place. For many years now, Royal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is active on national as well as international levels to adopt a more suitable policy for the study of climate changes and reviews it periodically as per country economic desires. The main sectors that affect the temperature and precipitation fluctuations in Saudi Arabia are surface water, coastal management, overgrazing, forestry, livestock, drought, desertification, industrialization, landuse change, tourism, and aridity etc. The paper analyzes the temperature and precipitation fluctuations of Madinah-Al-Munawara in terms of general climatology, climate fluctuation/variation, seasonal distribution and extreme weather events. The mean monthly temperature of the city recorded during 1959-2011 is 28°C having mean maximum temperature of 34°C and mean minimum of 21°C. The mean monthly temperature of the city shows an increase of 1.7°C having 1.2°C increase in maximum temperature and decrease of -1.9°C in minimum temperature. Generally, there is a rise and fall in the temperature condition and shows irregular pattern throughout the period. The total precipitation of the city is 36 millimeters;having a decrease of -0.3 millimeters but in general the trend of precipitation at Madinah-Al-Munawara shows an increasing trend throughout the period. April and November are the wettest, while June, August, September and October are the hottest months of the city. The area is characterized by two main seasons that is winter (5 months) and summer (7 months), which can further be sub-divided into four rainy seasons namely winter, post-winter, summer, and post-summer seasons.

Automated integration of real-time and non-real-time defense systems

Various application domains require the integration of distributed real-time or near-real-time systems with non-real-time systems.Smart cities,smart homes,ambient intelligent systems,or network-centric defense systems are among these application domains.Data Distribution Service(DDS)is a communication mechanism based on Data-Centric Publish-Subscribe(DCPS)model.It is used for distributed systems with real-time operational constraints.Java Message Service(JMS)is a messaging standard for enterprise systems using Service Oriented Architecture(SOA)for non-real-time operations.JMS allows Java programs to exchange messages in a loosely coupled fashion.JMS also supports sending and receiving messages using a messaging queue and a publish-subscribe interface.In this article,we propose an architecture enabling the automated integration of distributed real-time and non-real-time systems.We test our proposed architecture using a distributed Command,Control,Communications,Computers,and Intelligence(C4I)system.The system has DDS-based real-time Combat Management System components deployed to naval warships,and SOA-based non-real-time Command and Control components used at headquarters.The proposed solution enables the exchange of data between these two systems efficiently.We compare the proposed solution with a similar study.Our solution is superior in terms of automation support,ease of implementation,scalability,and performance.

Degree of Male Mobility as a Risk Factor for HIV in High In-Migration Districts of Maharashtra, India

Background: Mobile males are vulnerable to HIV and are potential bridge for HIV transmission to their sex partners, including spouses. To understand how mobility accentuates vulnerability to HIV, we assessed the association of degree of male mobility with paid sex, alcohol use and condom use at all places visited by migrants in past two years. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was done among male migrant workers [n = 2991] in five high in-migration districts of Maharashtra in India during 2007-08. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that higher mobility [moving 3+ places in the past two years] was associated with “sexual debut” in paid sex [3.7% Vs 6.9%, AOR = 1.70, p < 0.001] and having sex with sex worker at the current place of destination [8.7% Vs 16.9%, AOR = 2.10, p < 0.001], at the previous place of destination [7.2% Vs 15.1%, AOR = 2.05, p < 0.001], and at the place of origin [0.6% Vs 1.6%, AOR = 2.31, p < 0.001]. However, higher mobility was associated with unpaid sex with non-marital female partners [28.4% Vs 37.2%, AOR = 1.48, p < 0.001] and less consistent condom use at the current place [26.6% Vs 23.4%, AOR = 0.45, p < 0.05] as well as at place of origin [12.2% Vs 7.2%, AOR = 0.48, p < 0.01]. In addition, alcohol use prior to sex was more among more mobile migrants relative to less mobile migrants at current place [6.1% Vs 11.2%, AOR = 1.82, p < 0.001] and previous place [7.0% Vs 13.0%, AOR = 1.77, p < 0.001] of destination. Conclusion: Findings suggest that compared to the less mobile, highly mobile men report higher HIV risk behaviours: paid sex, alcohol use prior to paid sex and inconsistent condom use, at all locations along the routes of mobility. Interventions need to target men who are highly mobile along the routes of mobility and not at destination sites alone.

Morphometric Analysis of Kakoi River Watershed for Study of Neotectonic Activity Using Geospatial Technology

Morphometric analysis is defined as the quantitative measurement of landscape shape. Morphometric studies of a watershed helps the researcher to compare different landform and calculate the geomorphic indices that may be useful for identifying a particular characteristic such as the level of neotectonic activity in a watershed. The present study has been carried out in Kakoi River Watershed which is a part of Lower Subansiri River Basin in Assam. The study area is geo-dynamically unstable region characterized by active faults, continuing crustal movements and complicated structural region which fall under the seismic zone V of India. In recent century, the Lower Suabsiri River Basin has gone tremendous morphological changes due to active tectonics activities. After the Assam Earthquake of 1950, some of the rivers like Subansiri and its tributaries Dirgha, Kadam and Kakoi suddenly changed their channels giving birth to new channels. The present study is to examine the neotectonic domains and the changes of river course. The geomorphic indices such as Hypsometric Integral (HI), Elongation ratio (Re), Asymmetry Factor (AF), Stream-length Gradient Index (SI), Mountain Front Sinuosity (Mfs), Basin shape index (Bs), Ratio of Valley floor width to Valley Height (Vf) and Channel sinuosity (S) etc. have been studied from remote sensing data. The results shows that the study area is under active tectonic area based on Vf (0.301), Rl (0.461), Bs (3.6), Sl (165.73) and other parameters such as S (1.38) and Mfs (2.02) indicated as moderate active tectonic region. Utilization of geospatial technology and remote sensing data in the present study becomes more reliable and helpful in analyzing, monitoring and understanding the landform changes in a watershed.

Risk Management Strategies of Vulnerable Rural Households in Southeast Asia： A Case Study from Vietnam

In the Uplands of Southeast Asia, poor and near-poor farm households endure considerable livelihood vulnerability. Access to formal insurance services is scarce. Rural farm households in mountainous Northern Vietnam have developed alternative risk management strategies. This article investigates the theoretical links between poverty, vulnerability and risk. The concept of vulnerability to poverty lays the analytical framework. Based on empirical evidence from more than 200 ethnic minority households, major risks and risk management strategies are presented and analyzed. Results suggest that households suffer from limited endowment with and access to capital assets and service institutions. Human and economic risks （e.g. illness of family members and loss of livestock） were identified as the main components affecting rural livelihoods. Constrained access to adequate risk management strategies increase household＇s vulnerability, drowning them more and more in poverty. Major policy implications are that anti-poverty programs should focus on a broader target group, the currently poor as well as the vulnerable households.

Greek-Macedonian Relations in the Context of Developing a New System of International Relations

In April 1993, under UN Resolution 817, the Republic was admitted to the UN under the temporary name of ＂The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia （FYROM）＂ to resolve differences that have arisen in connection with the name of the State. After four years of debates Macedonia and Greece signed agreement on the normalization of the relations. Greece has agreed to accept Macedonia as a sovereign state, to remove the economic embargo, and Skopje vice-versa refused from the emblem and national flag with the star of Verginia. Macedonia also declared that it had no territorial claims on Greece. At the beginning the US were rather passively reacting to events in the region, meanwhile, Greece has actively continued to pressure on Macedonia. Profound differences in Macedonian issue led Greece into conflict with the US and the EU. Recently there has been extremely active and growing interest in stabilizing the region by the EU and the US. It becomes more apparent as energy resources for the US and European countries are exported through the Balkan Peninsula. In addition, the international community is concerned about the increasing terrorist activity in the peninsula, possible Islamization and further destabilization of the region.

Chemical Composition of the Edible Part and the Waste of Brachyuras

Flavorful meat and great economic importance, crabs and swimming crabs are appreciated throughout the Brazilian coast, where its waste is discarded by fishermen and consumers. In order to verify the centesimal composition, these animals caught in Sepetiba Bay （Rio de Janeiro, Brazil）, 20 samples of Ucides cordatus, Cardisoma guanhumi, Menippe nodifrons, Callinectes danae and C. exaperatus had their edible and waste parts （shells and hepatopancreas） analyzed in the Laboratory of Bromatology of the UFRRJ. The analysis revealed that the meat of crustaceans is protein （12.68% to 25.56%） and low in fat （0.37% to 0.67%）, sticking to a more demanding consumer market for thin products; the waste has already presented a protein content ranging from 15.75% to 27.64% and fat from 0.75% to 3.27%, with values of calcium （17.96% to 25.23%） and phosphorus （0.93% to 1.55%）, setting a precedent for use in animal feed through future studies in area.

Policy and research frame of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic:reflections on urban informality

How has the informality of urban slums exposed a gap in policy formulation and research questions in the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic?This paper seeks to identify the appropriate questions and policy frame that would assist future researchers and policymakers on the subject of pandemics in densely populated urban settlements.The authors argue that the nexus between asking the appropriate questions and developing appropriate policy response measures during a pandemic can significantly impact the outcome of the response.The paper examines how the government of Kenya's response to the COVID-19 pandemic reveals a deep-rooted socio-economic and cultural inequality when"blanket"policies are adopted without taking into consideration the tnique dynamics characterizing the society.The findings show that the effectiveness of implementing COVID-19 containment policies such as lockdowns,the cession of movement,working from home,distance learning,and social distancing are affected by other factors such as the nature of jobs,one's income levels,where someone lives,cultural beliefs,access to water,sanitation,intemet,and medical facilities.This means that a significant number of people within the society experience a double tragedy from the pandemic and impact of government response measures.Yet most of the existing literature has focused on the causes,spread,and impact of the pandemic on health institutions,economies,and public health with little emphasis on the impact on policy measures especially on the vulnerable segments of the society.This paper,therefore,looks at the question of how the various public health intervention strategies disrupt or construct the livelihood of the already complex informal settlement.It provides policymakers and researchers with a number of questions that can frame policy and research during a pandemic with important consideration to urban informality.

The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: Nigeria Experience

This study investigated the impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth in Nigeria. Secondary source of data was employed in this study from 1986 to 2017 which were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin (2017) published in 2018 and World Development Indicator published in 2019. Descriptive and regression analyses were used as the estimation techniques. The findings of the study revealed that the coefficient value of LFDI is 0.633506 and its p-value is 0.0002 implying that a unit increase in LFDI will increase LGDP with the value of 0.633506. The coefficient value of RINTR is 0.004127 with p-value of 0.310 indicating that a unit increase in real interest rate will increase gross domestic product, but it is not significant. Also, LDI coefficient value is 1.758036 with p-value of 0.0688 implying that a unit increase in domestic investment will increase gross domestic product positively with the value of 1.758036 which is significant at 10% but not significant at 5% alpha level. The coefficient value of exchange rate is 0.835206 with the p-value of 0.0000 signifying that exchange rate is positive and significant to economic growth. It was concluded that foreign direct investment was positive and significant to economic growth of Nigeria while the domestic investment was also positive but not significant at 5% alpha level.

Supporting farmer-managed irrigation systems in the Shigar valley, Karakorum： Role of the government and Aga Khan Rural Support Programme

Farmer-managed irrigation systems(FMIS) in the high altitude valleys of the Karakorum,Pakistan, continue to be managed effectively despite increased pressure on the social arrangements that sustain them. Colonial era records shows that over a century ago government agencies undertook irrigation support projects. In the past three decades,government agencies and the non-government agency Aga Khan Rural Support Programme(AKRSP), which channels foreign funds into the region, have actively engaged in the provision of irrigation support. This article seeks to explore whether such projects support or undermine farmer-managed irrigation systems and the complex institutional arrangements that underpin them. Field research using ethnographic and participatory methods was conducted in spring 2013 in the upper Shigar valley, Skardu district, GilgitBaltistan. The findings show that irrigation development is a political activity that involves village-based actors, religious leaders, local politicians,and government and non-government agencies.Government agencies operate in a largely top-down,engineering mode, their larger projects limited to villages suffering water scarcity. The local government provides small funds for renovation work of FMIS,though allocation of funds is highly politicized. Nongovernment agencies, for a variety of reasons including donor-funding cycles, apply a one-size-fitsall ‘participatory' model in an attempt to socially engineer rules and institutions. In communities divided by factionalism the use of such external models that stress formation of committees are unlikely to yield positive results, and could instead contribute to undermining the very systems they seek to support. This research argues that irrigation interventions should take care to build upon the rich and complex social arrangements that have sustained FMIS through the centuries.

Globalization and Socio-educational Inequalities： A Study of Privatization of Higher Education in India

India is the world＇s largest democracy. The preamble of the constitution enshrines the values of a socialist, secular and equality. The aim was to create a society, based on fair and equitable distribution of resources and bringing the weaker sections to the mainstream of the society. However with the entry of globalization rapid changes were being made in the structural policy. Markets started taking over from where the state left off. it has been two decades and half since the liberalization, privatization and globalization phase was ushered in. Subsequently, privatization of education is rampant in each part of education system of India. The main objective of this paper is to find out socio-educational inequality at higher education level and to explore the educational participation, attainment and performance of scheduled castes at higher education level. Basically, this study is an empirical and exploratory research. Data collection and analysis were done through the data triangulation methods in this research process.

Erratum to “Occupational Exposures to Blood and Body Fluids (BBF): Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Health Care Workers in General Hospitals in Lebanon”

The original online version of this article (Sabbah, I., et al. (2013) Occupational exposures to blood and body fluids (BBF): Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice among health care workers in general hospitals in Lebanon. Health, 5, Article ID: 26524. doi: 10.4236/health.2013.51010.) unfortunately contains a mistake. The authors wish to correct the errors: in Table 5, page 74: in the column concerning Exp (β). So, in paragraph 3.4., page 74 (Factors Influencing the Accidental Exposure to BBF), there are three numbers that must be changed without any others changes in the content of the manuscript.

Depression and health-related quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes attending tertiary level hospitals in Dhaka,Bangladesh

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and depression are closely linked.People with T2DM are at increased risk of developing depression and vice versa.T2DM and depression comorbid conditions adversely affect Health-Related Quality of Life(HRQOL)and management of T2DM.In this study,we assessed depression and HRQOL among patients with T2DM in Dhaka,Bangladesh.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in two tertiary-level hospitals in Dhaka,Bangladesh.Data were collected from 318 patients with T2DM.A set of standard tools,PHQ-9(for assessing depression)and EuroQol-5D-5L(for assessing the HRQOL),were used.Statistical analyses,including Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests,Wilcoxon(Mann-Whitney),and Spearman’s correlation coefficient tests,were performed using SPSS(v.20).Results The majority of the patients(58%)were females,with a mean age(standard deviation)of 52±10 years,and 74%of patients lived in urban areas.The prevalence of depression was 62%(PHQ-9 score≥5).Over three-quarters(76%)reported problems in the anxiety/depression dimension of EQ-5D,followed by pain/discomfort(74%),mobility(40%),self-care(36%),and usual activities(33%).The depression and T2DM comorbid condition were associated with all the five dimensions of EQ-5D(χ^(2)statistics with df=1 was 52.33,51.13,52.67,21.61,7.92 for mobility,self-care,usual activities,pain/discomfort,and anxiety/depression dimensions respectively,p-<0.01).The mean EQ-5D index(0.53 vs.0.75)and the mean EQ-5D VAS(65 vs.76)both showed lower values in T2DM patients with depression compared to T2DM patients without depression(Wilcoxon test,p-<0.001).Conclusions We conclude that the majority of the patients with T2DM had comorbid conditions,and the HRQOL was negatively affected by comorbid depression in T2DM patients.This suggests the importance of timely screening,diagnosis,treatment,and follow-up of comorbid depression in T2DM patients to improve overall health and QOL.

Quality indicators in respiratory therapy

Quality indicators in healthcare refer to measurable and quantifiable parameters used to assess and monitor the performance,effectiveness,and safety of healthcare services.These indicators provide a systematic way to evaluate the quality of care offered,and thereby to identify areas for improvement and to ensure that patient care meets established standards and best practices.Respiratory therapists play a vital role in areas of clinical administration such as infection control practices and quality improvement initiatives.Quality indicators serve as essential metrics for respiratory therapy departments to assess and enhance the overall quality of care.By systematically tracking and analyzing indicators related to infection control,treatment effectiveness,and adherence to protocols,respiratory care practitioners can identify areas to improve and implement evidence-based changes.This article reviewed how to identify,implement,and monitor quality indicators specific to the respiratory therapy departments to set benchmarks and enhance patient outcomes.

Aviation Safety and Data Mining in Marketing Dimension

The aviation industry is a sector that is developing, changing and growing every day in terms of technological and legal framework. There are generally three factors that enable airlines to hold on to the market. These factors are safety, service quality and price. Airline companies can analyze the customers in the market with a focus on price and quality and develop a business model according to their expectations. For example, business class and economy class passenger expectations are different from each other, so the service and price to be offered to them will be different. However, all customers have one common expectation and that is safety. No matter how high quality the service is or how cheap the price is, no one wants to fly with an airline or plane that is not safe. From an airline company’s point of view, an accident or breakdown of one of the company’s aircraft can cause irreparable image loss and financial damage. If we look at past examples, we see that there are many airline companies or maintenance organizations that could not recover after an accident and went bankrupt. Safety is an indispensable factor. Therefore, there is a unit in the sector called the safety management system (SMS), which collects data by taking a proactive and reactive approach. The way and purpose of the safety management system is to take a proactive approach to recognize and prevent unsafe situations before they cause accidents or breakdowns, or to take a reactive approach to find the causes of accidents and breakdowns that have occurred as a result of certain factors and to take the necessary measures to prevent the same situations from happening again in the sector. The field of data mining, which is necessary to predict the future behavior of customers in the field of marketing, is an area that marketing also values. In this study, data mining studies to ensure safety in the aviation industry and the security of customer information in marketing will be emphasized, firstly, the concept and importance of data mining will be mentioned.

Dynamic Pricing Strategies Using Artificial Intelligence Algorithm

Pricing strategies can have a huge impact on a company’s success. This paper focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of using artificial intelligence in dynamic pricing strategies. A good understanding of the possible benefits and challenges will help companies to understand the impact of their chosen pricing strategies. AI-driven Dynamic pricing has great opportunities to increase a firm’s profits. Firms can benefit from personalized pricing based on personal behavior and characteristics, as well as cost reduction by increasing efficiency and reducing the need to use manual work and automation. However, AI-driven dynamic rewarding can have a negative impact on customers’ perception of trust, fairness and transparency. Since price discrimination is used, ethical issues such as privacy and equity may arise. Understanding the businesses and customers that determine pricing strategy is so important that one cannot exist without the other. It will provide a comprehensive overview of the main advantages and disadvantages of AI-assisted dynamic pricing strategy. The main objective of this research is to uncover the most notable advantages and disadvantages of implementing AI-enabled dynamic pricing strategies. Future research can extend the understanding of algorithmic pricing through case studies. In this way, new, practical implications can be developed in the future. It is important to investigate how issues related to customers’ trust and feelings of unfairness can be mitigated, for example by price framing.

Mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between parental disapproval of the child and alexithymic personality

BACKGROUND Alexithymia is defined as difficulties in identifying,expressing,and understanding emotions.An unapproving environment during childhood is defined as the child not receiving emotional approval from their parents,being punished,or having their emotions devalued.The formation of self-esteem is shaped by the influence of parental behavior during childhood.The commu-nication that the child establishes with their parents contributes to their increased self-esteem and sense of importance.The absence of this may play a role in developmental psychopathology.AIM To examine the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between a disapproving environment in childhood and alexithymia.METHODS The research in the relational screening model was conducted with 404 participants.Demographic Information Form,Disapproving Environment Scale in Childhood,Toronto Alexithymia Scale,and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used as data collection tools.Hayes’bootstrapping technique was used in the analysis of the data obtained from the research.RESULTS As a result of the analyses,parental disapproval positively predicted the level of alexithymia(rmother=0.51,rfather=0.52,P<0.05)and negatively predicted selfesteem(rmother=-0.75,rfather=-0.67,P<0.05).Additionally,self-esteem negatively predicted alexithymia(r=-0.58,P<0.05).It was observed that self-esteem had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between parental disapproval and alexithymia.Family types were analyzed separately as chaotic,approving,perfect,and typical.Of these,the chaotic family type positively predicted alexithymia(r=0.33,P<0.05)and negatively predicted self-esteem(r=-0.60,P<0.05).The approving family type negatively predicted alexithymia(r=-0.43,P<0.05)and positively predicted self-esteem(r=0.61,P<0.05).The perfect family type negatively predicted alexithymia(r=-0.27,P<0.05)and positively predicted self-esteem(r=-0.45,P<0.05).CONCLUSION The type of family in which the child grows up in and parental disapproval during childhood affected the child’s self-esteem and caused alexithymic personality traits.